Tarrall Yanzu conducted research on waste management systems to encourage household recycling. He reviewed literature on the types and impacts of waste, finding that while household recycling rates have increased in the UK, more can be done to encourage full participation and reduce waste sent to landfills. His research covered existing waste collection and composting systems. He plans to develop a technical specification and concept designs for a new waste management system to further increase household recycling rates.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
This paper aims to identify Key determinants for
successful Project Implementation in the state of West Bengal
with special focus in the Durgapur Industrial area. The research
is motivated by the fact that of late there has been limited success
in Project Implementation in West Bengal which had earlier been
very successful in large scale project Implementation. Project
related Professionals of the region were deliberated and
interviewed. An objective realization instrument developed using
47 factors identified in the research as possible drivers in Project
implementation based on Likert’s seven point scale of ranking.
Weighted scores of respondents who have been involved in
project implementation in the area to the factors were analysed
using Factor Analysis, while the effects of the quantified weight of
the critical factors were analysed using regression tool. Result of
the analysis clearly identifies the Key determinant among all
factors which are essential for successful Project Implementation.
The 47 factors are further grouped into few segments like
Human, Resource, and Infrastructure etc. So through this
research segment priority is also determined for the area and
project manager based on priority can devote their time and
energy to ensure that the Project is successfully completed. The
customisation of Project planning and Project design has been
the key determinant for successful project implementation
Background: Because of its wonderful taste, as well as
numerous nutritional and medicinal qualities valued especially
in the 20th century apple fruit is preferred worldwide.
Objective: The current work presents the antioxidant
specifications of several varieties of apples distributed in
Republic of Bulgaria and also methodology/equipment and
method for the preparation of the apples for the experiment/
used to determine the antioxidant characteristics.
Methods: We use the following methods:
spectrophotometric method; systematic approach and a critical
analysis of the accessible Research Periodicals
Results: We obtain nectar from apples by their
immediate squeezing prior the experiment using a juicer. (1)
Mix the three tubes with electromagnetic stirrer VORTEX 2
GENIE for 10 seconds. (2) Place the tubes in a water bath for
10-15 minutes at 380C. (3) Put the tubes in cold water for 5
seconds to stop the reaction. (4.) Identification of the activity of
the samples with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer; ThermoScientific;
Used length λ = 560 nm.
CONCLUSION:
1. Choose fully ripe fruits to generate the highest
amount of antioxidants.
2. The studied varieties of apples can be arranged
according to their antioxidant activity as follows: Grey smith,
Aidere, Golden Delicious, Jonah Gold, Golden Delicious, Red
Delicious, Chadeo, Mutsu, and Florina
The importance of employee satisfaction and work motivation is growing all the time in the companies. Many researchers have been made to find out the effect the job satisfaction and motivation have in the productivity of the company. This paper is about the employee satisfaction in a Pharmaceutical company in India. This paper wanted to find out in practice what the level of employee satisfaction in a company is. After the target organization had been found, the research question will composed: what is the level of employee satisfaction in. The main subjects will be leadership and motivation, and the affect they have on employee satisfaction. To find out the results for the research, questionnaires will be delivering to the employees, in the company. The purpose of this kind of research is to find out which factors could be improved in the target company and how to make employees enjoy their work every day.
Keywords- employee satisfaction, work motivation, leadership, Expectation, Wages.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
This paper aims to identify Key determinants for
successful Project Implementation in the state of West Bengal
with special focus in the Durgapur Industrial area. The research
is motivated by the fact that of late there has been limited success
in Project Implementation in West Bengal which had earlier been
very successful in large scale project Implementation. Project
related Professionals of the region were deliberated and
interviewed. An objective realization instrument developed using
47 factors identified in the research as possible drivers in Project
implementation based on Likert’s seven point scale of ranking.
Weighted scores of respondents who have been involved in
project implementation in the area to the factors were analysed
using Factor Analysis, while the effects of the quantified weight of
the critical factors were analysed using regression tool. Result of
the analysis clearly identifies the Key determinant among all
factors which are essential for successful Project Implementation.
The 47 factors are further grouped into few segments like
Human, Resource, and Infrastructure etc. So through this
research segment priority is also determined for the area and
project manager based on priority can devote their time and
energy to ensure that the Project is successfully completed. The
customisation of Project planning and Project design has been
the key determinant for successful project implementation
Background: Because of its wonderful taste, as well as
numerous nutritional and medicinal qualities valued especially
in the 20th century apple fruit is preferred worldwide.
Objective: The current work presents the antioxidant
specifications of several varieties of apples distributed in
Republic of Bulgaria and also methodology/equipment and
method for the preparation of the apples for the experiment/
used to determine the antioxidant characteristics.
Methods: We use the following methods:
spectrophotometric method; systematic approach and a critical
analysis of the accessible Research Periodicals
Results: We obtain nectar from apples by their
immediate squeezing prior the experiment using a juicer. (1)
Mix the three tubes with electromagnetic stirrer VORTEX 2
GENIE for 10 seconds. (2) Place the tubes in a water bath for
10-15 minutes at 380C. (3) Put the tubes in cold water for 5
seconds to stop the reaction. (4.) Identification of the activity of
the samples with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer; ThermoScientific;
Used length λ = 560 nm.
CONCLUSION:
1. Choose fully ripe fruits to generate the highest
amount of antioxidants.
2. The studied varieties of apples can be arranged
according to their antioxidant activity as follows: Grey smith,
Aidere, Golden Delicious, Jonah Gold, Golden Delicious, Red
Delicious, Chadeo, Mutsu, and Florina
The importance of employee satisfaction and work motivation is growing all the time in the companies. Many researchers have been made to find out the effect the job satisfaction and motivation have in the productivity of the company. This paper is about the employee satisfaction in a Pharmaceutical company in India. This paper wanted to find out in practice what the level of employee satisfaction in a company is. After the target organization had been found, the research question will composed: what is the level of employee satisfaction in. The main subjects will be leadership and motivation, and the affect they have on employee satisfaction. To find out the results for the research, questionnaires will be delivering to the employees, in the company. The purpose of this kind of research is to find out which factors could be improved in the target company and how to make employees enjoy their work every day.
Keywords- employee satisfaction, work motivation, leadership, Expectation, Wages.
Background and objectives: Iron is one of the major component
of hemoglobin, is required for transport of oxygen, ferritin is a
protein for storage iron, and transferring is a protein for iron
transport, all these it may be change in breast cancer.
The aim of present study was to measure the serum ferritin, iron,
total iron binding capacity, transferring, and C-reactive protein
concentration in breast tumors.
Material and method: A prospective study was carried out from
April 2013 to August 2014 by clinical biochemistry department in
College of Pharmacy-University of Sulaimani on (45) healthy
female individuals, (group 1) and (50) females with breast tumor
(group 2).
Results: The mean value of serum iron, transferring, total iron
binding capacity were significantly lower in females with breast
tumors (group 2), than that of healthy female individuals, (group
1), while serum ferritin was significantly higher in females with
breast tumors (group2), than that of healthy individuals (group
1).
Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study it can be
concluded that breast tumors can cause deficient of all iron
profile except ferritin will be increase in female breast cancers.
Key words- Serum iron, S.Ferritin, S. Total iron binding, S.
Transferrin, S.C-Reactive protein, breast tumors.
Мы организовываем 5 недель активностей, которые взорвут вашу группу! Что сделать, чтобы полюбиться участникам? Как создать элиту группы? Как заполучить доверие и лояльность? Об этом в нашей презентации!
This paper describes the architecture of second
generation current conveyor (CCCII)and designing an
amplifier using second generation current conveyor. The
designed amplifier through CCCII+ can be used in various
analog computation circuits and is superior in
performance than the classical opamp. It provides better
gain with higher accuracy. The presented approach over
here is to design current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers
using current controlled current conveyor (CCCII). The
second generation CCCII has the advantage of electronic
adjustability over the CCII i.e. in CCCII, the X-terminal
intrinsic resistance can be adjusted througha bias current
is possible. The CCCII has been designed to work both as
current amplifier and voltage amplifier. Various
simulations have been carried out to obtain the desired
results.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Data mining , knowledge discovery is the process
of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it
into useful information - information that can be used to increase
revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a
number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to
analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize
it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data
mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among
dozens of fields in large relational databases. The goal of
clustering is to determine the intrinsic grouping in a set of
unlabeled data. But how to decide what constitutes a good
clustering? It can be shown that there is no absolute “best”
criterion which would be independent of the final aim of the
clustering. Consequently, it is the user which must supply this
criterion, in such a way that the result of the clustering will suit
their needs.
For instance, we could be interested in finding
representatives for homogeneous groups (data reduction), in
finding “natural clusters” and describe their unknown properties
(“natural” data types), in finding useful and suitable groupings
(“useful” data classes) or in finding unusual data objects (outlier
detection).Of late, clustering techniques have been applied in the
areas which involve browsing the gathered data or in categorizing
the outcome provided by the search engines for the reply to the
query raised by the users. In this paper, we are providing a
comprehensive survey over the document clustering.
Removal of noise is a determining track in
the image rebuilding process, but denoising of image remains a
claiming problem in upcoming analysis accomplice along
image processing. Denoising is utilized to expel the noise from
corrupted image, where as we need to maintain the edges and
other detailed characteristics almost accessible. This noise gets
imported during accretion, transmitting & receiving and
storage & retrieval techniques. In this paper, to discover out
denoised image the modified denoising technique and the local
adaptive wavelet image denoising technique can be obtained.
The input (noisy image) is denoised with the help of modified
denoising technique which is form on wavelet domain as well as
spatial domain along with the local adaptive wavelet image
denoising technique which is form on wavelet domain. In this
paper, I have appraised and analyzed achievements of
modified denoising technique and the local adaptive wavelet
image denoising technique. The above procedures are
contemplated with other based on PSNR between input image
and noisy image and SNR between input image and denoised
image. Simulation and experimental outgrowth for an image
reflects as the mean square error of the local adaptive wavelet
image denoising procedure is less efficient as compare to
modified denoising procedure including the signal to noise
ratio of the local adaptive wavelet image denoising technique is
effective than other approach. Therefore, the image after
denoising has a superior visual effect. In this paper, these two
techniques are materialized with the help of MATLAB for
denoising of image
The present study was conducted at Lucknow
District in Uttar Pradesh. The purpose of this study is to
document how being perform in extra-curricular activities can
influence development in academics, social skills, and high school
completion. In this paper we study the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance of eighth-and
ninth graders. 120 students of age group between 13 to 16 years
comprised the sample of the study. Self-made questionnaire for
school students were administered. Data was analyzed in term of
percentage and t-test analysis. The statistical analysis revealed
that all the 6 types of extracurricular activities, viz. Yoga, Horse
riding, Sport activities, Dance, Music and Indoor and outdoor
activities together showed significant role in some extracurricular
activities and Student’s performance of Government and Private
School. Students who participate in extracurricular activities
generally benefit from the many opportunities afforded them.
Benefits of participating in extracurricular activities included
having better grades, having higher standardized test scores and
higher educational attainment, attending school more regularly,
and having higher a higher self-concept. Those who participate in
out-of-school activities often have higher grade point averages, a
decrease in absenteeism, and an increased connectedness to the
school. Finally, we discuss the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance and whether
such participation is advisable
Green Building Rating Systems and the Role of the Project ManagerDavis Ciprikis
Dissertation in Bs.c. in Construction Management year 2016 in Green Building Rating Systems and the Role of the Project Manager that looks at BREEAM and LEED in the Irish construction industry with comprehensive literature review followed by semi structured interviews with different professional backgrounds.
New product development for upcycling and circular economy focusing on everyd...Kyungeun Sung
"New product development for upcycling and circular economy focusing on everyday electronic products" presentation slides used at the International Upcycling Festival 2024 on 11 April 2024, funded by DMU Higher Education Innvoation Funding and AHRC for the International Upcycling Research Network project.
the report title is to study the effect of the biodegradable material and particulate matter in effluent treatment plant in particulate industry. the process and the design discussion in the report.
Background and objectives: Iron is one of the major component
of hemoglobin, is required for transport of oxygen, ferritin is a
protein for storage iron, and transferring is a protein for iron
transport, all these it may be change in breast cancer.
The aim of present study was to measure the serum ferritin, iron,
total iron binding capacity, transferring, and C-reactive protein
concentration in breast tumors.
Material and method: A prospective study was carried out from
April 2013 to August 2014 by clinical biochemistry department in
College of Pharmacy-University of Sulaimani on (45) healthy
female individuals, (group 1) and (50) females with breast tumor
(group 2).
Results: The mean value of serum iron, transferring, total iron
binding capacity were significantly lower in females with breast
tumors (group 2), than that of healthy female individuals, (group
1), while serum ferritin was significantly higher in females with
breast tumors (group2), than that of healthy individuals (group
1).
Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study it can be
concluded that breast tumors can cause deficient of all iron
profile except ferritin will be increase in female breast cancers.
Key words- Serum iron, S.Ferritin, S. Total iron binding, S.
Transferrin, S.C-Reactive protein, breast tumors.
Мы организовываем 5 недель активностей, которые взорвут вашу группу! Что сделать, чтобы полюбиться участникам? Как создать элиту группы? Как заполучить доверие и лояльность? Об этом в нашей презентации!
This paper describes the architecture of second
generation current conveyor (CCCII)and designing an
amplifier using second generation current conveyor. The
designed amplifier through CCCII+ can be used in various
analog computation circuits and is superior in
performance than the classical opamp. It provides better
gain with higher accuracy. The presented approach over
here is to design current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers
using current controlled current conveyor (CCCII). The
second generation CCCII has the advantage of electronic
adjustability over the CCII i.e. in CCCII, the X-terminal
intrinsic resistance can be adjusted througha bias current
is possible. The CCCII has been designed to work both as
current amplifier and voltage amplifier. Various
simulations have been carried out to obtain the desired
results.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Data mining , knowledge discovery is the process
of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it
into useful information - information that can be used to increase
revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a
number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to
analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize
it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data
mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among
dozens of fields in large relational databases. The goal of
clustering is to determine the intrinsic grouping in a set of
unlabeled data. But how to decide what constitutes a good
clustering? It can be shown that there is no absolute “best”
criterion which would be independent of the final aim of the
clustering. Consequently, it is the user which must supply this
criterion, in such a way that the result of the clustering will suit
their needs.
For instance, we could be interested in finding
representatives for homogeneous groups (data reduction), in
finding “natural clusters” and describe their unknown properties
(“natural” data types), in finding useful and suitable groupings
(“useful” data classes) or in finding unusual data objects (outlier
detection).Of late, clustering techniques have been applied in the
areas which involve browsing the gathered data or in categorizing
the outcome provided by the search engines for the reply to the
query raised by the users. In this paper, we are providing a
comprehensive survey over the document clustering.
Removal of noise is a determining track in
the image rebuilding process, but denoising of image remains a
claiming problem in upcoming analysis accomplice along
image processing. Denoising is utilized to expel the noise from
corrupted image, where as we need to maintain the edges and
other detailed characteristics almost accessible. This noise gets
imported during accretion, transmitting & receiving and
storage & retrieval techniques. In this paper, to discover out
denoised image the modified denoising technique and the local
adaptive wavelet image denoising technique can be obtained.
The input (noisy image) is denoised with the help of modified
denoising technique which is form on wavelet domain as well as
spatial domain along with the local adaptive wavelet image
denoising technique which is form on wavelet domain. In this
paper, I have appraised and analyzed achievements of
modified denoising technique and the local adaptive wavelet
image denoising technique. The above procedures are
contemplated with other based on PSNR between input image
and noisy image and SNR between input image and denoised
image. Simulation and experimental outgrowth for an image
reflects as the mean square error of the local adaptive wavelet
image denoising procedure is less efficient as compare to
modified denoising procedure including the signal to noise
ratio of the local adaptive wavelet image denoising technique is
effective than other approach. Therefore, the image after
denoising has a superior visual effect. In this paper, these two
techniques are materialized with the help of MATLAB for
denoising of image
The present study was conducted at Lucknow
District in Uttar Pradesh. The purpose of this study is to
document how being perform in extra-curricular activities can
influence development in academics, social skills, and high school
completion. In this paper we study the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance of eighth-and
ninth graders. 120 students of age group between 13 to 16 years
comprised the sample of the study. Self-made questionnaire for
school students were administered. Data was analyzed in term of
percentage and t-test analysis. The statistical analysis revealed
that all the 6 types of extracurricular activities, viz. Yoga, Horse
riding, Sport activities, Dance, Music and Indoor and outdoor
activities together showed significant role in some extracurricular
activities and Student’s performance of Government and Private
School. Students who participate in extracurricular activities
generally benefit from the many opportunities afforded them.
Benefits of participating in extracurricular activities included
having better grades, having higher standardized test scores and
higher educational attainment, attending school more regularly,
and having higher a higher self-concept. Those who participate in
out-of-school activities often have higher grade point averages, a
decrease in absenteeism, and an increased connectedness to the
school. Finally, we discuss the possible influence of
extracurricular activities on student’s performance and whether
such participation is advisable
Green Building Rating Systems and the Role of the Project ManagerDavis Ciprikis
Dissertation in Bs.c. in Construction Management year 2016 in Green Building Rating Systems and the Role of the Project Manager that looks at BREEAM and LEED in the Irish construction industry with comprehensive literature review followed by semi structured interviews with different professional backgrounds.
New product development for upcycling and circular economy focusing on everyd...Kyungeun Sung
"New product development for upcycling and circular economy focusing on everyday electronic products" presentation slides used at the International Upcycling Festival 2024 on 11 April 2024, funded by DMU Higher Education Innvoation Funding and AHRC for the International Upcycling Research Network project.
the report title is to study the effect of the biodegradable material and particulate matter in effluent treatment plant in particulate industry. the process and the design discussion in the report.
Homesense was an open research project that ran from 2010 to early 2011. It investigated whether we could design smart homes from the bottom up. This is the final report that outlines the process & findings.
The slide about sustainable of green building on design efficiency and the effect to human society, world and health. The content also support United Nation sustainable goal and carry unethical problem and suggestion to overcome.
1. Name: Tarrall Yanzu
Supervisors: Dave Cheshire/ Chris Wayman
Faculty: Computing and Engineering
University: Staffordshire University
Award Title: Product Design Technology
Date: 2/28/2014
WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM DESIGNED TO
ENCOURAGE HOUSEHOLD
RECYCLING
Waste management system that will contribute significantly
to the increase of recycling within households
2. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DESIGNED
TO ENCOURAGE HOUSEHOLD RECYCLING
Waste management system that will contribute significantly to the increase of
recycling within households
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to encourage/increase household recycling in the UK as research has
indicated that household recycling in England alone has reached 43.5% in 2013 which is a significant
increase over the years but still not 100%. The objective of this project is the introduction of a new
recycling system that will contribute significantly to the increase of recycling within households in
England by approximately 40% over the period of 5/6 years. The design process was produced whereby
adequate research was shown to highlight the causes and effects of waste disposal. The design process
also covered the following research topics: types of waste/ waste management, need for a new product,
research on household recycling around the world, opinions based on reason why some people choose
not to participate in recycling and laws/directives on recycling in the UK. Market research – survey
was constructed and distributed via social networking sites to collect potential customer feedback on
household waste management. A technical specification was produced to define the envelope within
which the design solution would lie. resources needed to be used to produce a successful concept design
were listed, Gantt chart and CPM (critical path method) was produced to highlight what production is
to be completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those periods and
health and safety aspects in regards to product design were listed with the inclusion of a risk
assessment form. Ethics in regards to issues associated with research projects and importance and
relevance of an understanding of ethics to a practicing engineer was also included in the report.
The design implementation stage – concept generation/ideas were analyzed and developed to
compromise technical specification, technology aspects of the product was finalized and explained with
the combination of sketches and text. Final idea was developed and modelled. Project was concluded,
summarizing the outcome and achievements and recommendations summarized failed achievements
and how product could be further developed/improved.
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success and the final outcome of this project required guidance and assistance from people, I am
tremendously grateful to have received this from the start to the end of this project. This project would
have be extremely difficult without the guidance and assistance and I would express my gratitude for
their help.
I have huge respect and thanks for Mr. Chris Wayman and Mr. Dave Cheshire for supervising and
giving me the opportunity to progress with this project as I was able to apply the knowledge gained
from previous lectures and tutors to this project.
I owe a profound gratitude to my 1st supervisor Dave Cheshire, who took keen interest on my project
and guided me along the way, reserving time to recap on my project on weekly basis. I also owe a
profound gratitude to my 2nd supervisor Chris Wayman for guiding me to approach this project with
the right attitude and the ability to find out relevant information for this project.
I would not forget to thank the participants that completed the survey that was distributed via the
social networking sites Facebook and twitter, without the feedback, it would have been difficult to end
up with a final product.
I my acknowledgement goes out to Staffordshire University’s computing, engineering and technology
department for providing me with the correct equipment that made it successful to complete this
project. Also would like to extend my sincere regards to all my family and friends for their timely
support throughout the project.
Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank God for giving me the strength and power and ability
to successfully produce a well-rounded project.
Tarrall Yanzu
5. 1. INTRODUCTION
The subject area of the project is causes and effects of Waste disposal. Large amounts of waste is
produced within households, ranging from organic to non-organic, hazardous and non-hazardous and
most of this waste are collected and transported to landfills. Waste disposal is a topic of significant
importance as the disposal of waste has major implications on the environment and the people within
it. Lifestyle changes such as the introduction of more fast food shops are creating additional waste
that are not biodegradable. Waste transported to landfill sites release harmful chemicals and
greenhouse gasses, habitat destruction and global warming is affecting deforestation as rainforests
are not being preserved, huge amounts of energy is used to product materialistic products that a made
from raw materials which is not helping to preserve natural resources. Furthermore, new packaging
and technological based products are being industrialized and most of these products are not
biodegradable.
This project contributes meaningfully to the waste management process to help create a healthier
environment. As large amounts of waste is produced within households, the introduction of a new
disposal technology/system to increase household recycling will help reduce habitat for rodents/insects
that otherwise pose public health risks. The introduction of a new technology will significantly the
transportation of waste to landfill sites, also beneficial to the recycling process as recycled waste will
distributed directly to manufacturers ready to be used to manufacture new products. The
environment-agency.go.uk (2014) states that the main regulatory in the sustainable waste of waste
management is to protect the people and the environment through a system of waste permitting;
compliance assessment monitoring and enforcements.
The subject area of the project is looking into the causes and effects of waste disposal with the aim to
produce a system that will encourage household recycling. Research will be conducted into the reasons
why there is a need for a recycling system that will encourage households to recycle on a regular basis.
Research will cover various forms of waste, from solid waste to organic waste, effects of kitchen waste,
waste handing in various countries/continents and recycling in the home.
Based on research found, a project plan/scheduling will be designed with the aim to produce a technical
specification that will define the envelope within which the design solution. The design
implementations will concept generation/ideas will analyzed and developed to compromise technical
specification, technology aspects of the product will be finalized and explained with the combination
of sketches and text. Final idea will be developed and a CAD/prototype models will be produced. Project
will be concluded, summarizing the outcome and achievements and recommendations will summarize
failed achievements and how product could be further developed/improved.
6. 2. DESIGN PROCESSES
2.1 Literature Review
Literature review on waste disposal, the problems surrounding waste disposal and how it affects the
environment and the people within it. To successfully review the topic of waste disposal, the principles
of waste disposal needs to be understood, aims and objectives of the project needs to be defined,
primary and secondary sources should be critically analyzed and referenced.
Need for a new recycling system
As shown in Figure 1, Pat Thomas (2013) direct Gov. Records the gradual increase of waste
recycling between the years 2001 and 2013 in England. This research indicates that the household
waste recycling rate reached 43.2% in the year 2012/2013. This is huge progress from the year 2001
when the recycling rate was only 11%. Although there has been a significant increase in the rate of
recycling, it is below the government target of 50% for the same year. Although the government are
making significant steps to hitting the target, the initial target is to encourage 100% of households in
England to recycle therefore a significant amount of work need to be done to encourage all households
to fully engage with household recycling.
This research also shows that the green waste transported for compost in the year was over 27% lower
than in 2012. This was likely due to temperature changes and poor weather conditions meaning less
green waste was produced. Household waste has fallen by 12% since 2006/07 down 22.6 million tons.
This is equivalent to 423kg of waste per person. The EU target 50% of household waste recycling by
the year 2020.
7. Residual waste has fallen between households, fallen by 40% since 2002/03 down to 12.9 million
tonnes in 2012/13.
Waste disposal
Waste is a big talking point when it comes to environmental issues. The generation of waste starts
from homes to schools/workplace and various sources. Materialistic items surround humans
everywhere and approximately 50% of these materialistic items end up in the waste over a period time.
Hamer G. (2003) states that the definition of pollution is the introduction of substances into the
environment by humans, materials/energy that causes hazards to natural health and harm to living
resources and ecological systems and damage to the structures and amenities or that interfere with
the legitimate uses if the environment. Revenue system is put in place for major cities to invest in
recycling, consequences such as loss in job opportunities within recycling and composting follows the
city that fails to do so. Waste is produced in the form of liquid or solid. Waste in the form of liquid in
certain circumstances can be transformed into solid form before disposal. Below are the types of waste:
• Liquid waste
• Solid waste
• Recyclable waste
• Organic waste
Liquid Waste
A river of waste is a video documentary that highlights potential hazards caused by factory farms
by waste disposal. Exposing a huge health and environmental scandal in our modern industrial
systems. This is a source that highlights the exposure of waste into rivers, leaving the rivers oxygen
depleted.
8. Video. (2008). A river of waste. Available: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/river-waste/.
Last accessed 19th November 2013.
Waste disposal in the kitchen
Waste management and resources embodies within the waste are the key priorities in achieving a
sustainable development. The waste hierarchy is a waste management option that can be put in place
in order control waste. Reduction, reuse, recovery (recycling, composting), energy recovery and
disposal are the order of hierarchy.
Page 2/3 from the International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture states
that a kitchen waste composter was designed to allow parallel experiments into kitchen waste. Kitchen
waste is known to be a big contributor to waste in landfills. Chin N L. (2013) states that kitchen
waste disposal contains approximately 80% of moisture to landfills, causing various problems example
putrefaction, offensive odour and pollution of ground and surface water by leachate. The aim behind
the experiment was for the kitchen composter to blend waste, separating liquid waste from solid waste.
Below is a schematic diagram of the designed kitchen waste composter.
Organic Waste types
- paper
- glass/ceramics
- metals
- Plastics
- Leather/rubber
- Wood/bones/straws
- Textiles
- Vegetable matter
- Miscellaneous
- Grease
Organic Waste
- Organic waste is generally produced whenever there is human habitation
- Household waste, agricultural waste, produce harmful greenhouse gases.
- Most organic waste produced within house households can usually be composted
- Organic waste is usually transported to landfill sites and most of the hazardous waste is
usually broken down by microorganisms to form leachate which contains bacteria
9. - Minimal efforts are made to reclaim the valuable nutrients or energy content of organic waste
- Human organic waste is usually pumped to a treatment plant where it is treated
Grease Waste Management
- Grease waste causes major problems to drains and sewers, causing blockages if disposed of
through drains or sinks.
- Causes pollution through rain water pipes or gullies in rivers and streams
The number of blockages and pollution relating to grease is increasing with approximately 200,000
sewer blockages throughout the UK every year. Currently, grease traps and grease interceptors are
components that are specially designed to separate fat oil and grease from the rest of waste water,
furthermore food macerators are appliances designed to chop and grind food into small pieces prior to
disposal into the drainage systems. Collected grease waste can be transformed into bio diesel for
transport fuel or for incineration for the generation of electricity.
Food: Fruit and vegetable (by-product management)
- Organic waste can be transformed into energy and compost or used as fertilizers.
- Just like any other organic waste, organic food tend to be transported to landfills where they
decompose and produce methane, a harmful greenhouse gas.
- Organic food disposal contributes to the climate change gases when it’s being produced,
processes, transported and stored.
- English households throw away between £250-£400 worth of potential edible food a year.
Plastic Waste Management
- Plastic accounts for approximately 25% of all refuse in landfills
- Plastic debris in water ways often photo degrades which is then consumed by sea animals,
some of which end up in the human diet.
- Large percentage of improperly disposed plastic ends up floating in oceans
- A very small percentage of plastic is recycled on a yearly basis
- Plastic is no-biodegradable, 275000 tons of plastic is used each year in the UK alone.
- 40 kg of plastic per year is thrown away per household in the UK.
- UK bottled water industry is worth 2bn per year.
- 35% of PET plastic bottles in the UK household waste are now collected for recycling in the
UK.
- Britain consumes 3bn liters of bottled water per year
As stated by Arena U et al results indicates that the production of 1kg of flakes recycled PET requires
a total amount of gross energy that is in the range of between 42 and 55 MJ, dependent on whether
the process wastes (mainly coming from sorting and reprocessing activities) were sent or not to the
energy recovery. The same quantity of virgin PET requires more than 77 MJ. The energetic and then
environmental saving is so remarkable even for PE being 40-49 MJ for the recycled polymer and about
80 MJ for the virgin polyolefin. The results were conducted with the assumption that the final
utilization can use the virgin/recycled polymer without any difference.
10. Tried and tested system
Schematic diagram of the designed kitchen waste composter. 1 = Turner's handle,
2 = perforated cover, 3 = body, 4 = handle, 5 = blade, 6 = window, 7 = tray, 8 = light Abdullah et
al. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 2013 2:3
A useful source detailing an experiment that was conducted to separate solid waste from liquid waste.
Although the design is effective, I believe that an automated design would be a better process of
blending and separating solid waste from liquid waste as the manual process will be time consuming
and tough for consumer to operate.
Existing kitchen waste units
Existing kitchen waste units range from 20 liters to 70 liters. Aesthetics features, material choice,
brand and functionality determines the price of the product. Some modern kitchen waste units have
unique touch-bar makes it easy to open the bin from any angle, If your hands are full, just tap with
your elbow, bump with your hip, or nudge with your knee. Some modern kitchen waste units are
operated via sensor to cut down on the footwork, they open immediately and automatically from any
11. angle with just a wave of the hand. No need to move in front of the bin to operate a pedal. Just wave
the sensor bin open from anywhere within reach. It’s a smarter, easier way to throw away rubbish.
Existing composters
Composting is an existing process that is used to recycle most organic waste. Compost has the ability
to help restore poor soils. Composting is shown to suppress plant diseases and pests, reduce/eliminate
the need for chemical fertilizers and promote higher yields of agricultural crops.
Organic material composting averted from landfills ultimately avoids the production of methane and
leachate formulation from landfills. Composting has the ability to prevent pollution in storm water
runoff from reaching surface water resources. The ability to composting as a recycling process can
reduce the need for water, fertilizers and pesticides. In some aspects, it serves a marketable commodity
and a low cost alternative to standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments. Composting
prolongs landfill life by diverting organic material from landfills and provides a less costly alternative
to conventional methods of cleaning contaminated soil.
Granting composting is positive process of recycling organic waste, there are also flaws associated with
this process, the composting process takes up a lot of time to complete which is a major disadvantage
as time is one of the major reasons why there is a division between the people that participate in
recycling and the people that do not participate in recycling. Cost of equipment and land required are
also factors that disadvantage the composting process.
Household waste management in Sweden
The management of solid waste produced by households is an important factor as most the solid waste
end up being transported to landfills. Bartelings H. and Sterner, T. 1999 states that a weight based
billing system for households in Sweden was introduced whereby 1kg of waste was charged to per
household and recycling centers were set up to campaign and promote green shopping.
Reason on why people don’t participate in recycling
Although the precipitation of recycling on average has increased significantly over the years in the
UK, there is still a large percentage of individuals that do not contribute to the recycling system due
to various reasons. A better understanding of ‘why’ and ‘how’ will help proponents of recycling and
increase participation.
12. Reasons:
Inconvenience: some people don’t have a recycling system where they live. Items have to be collected
and driven to the nearest disposing station which takes too much extra effort.
Storage: storage is another barrier especially multi housing families. No extra space and people don’t
want to keep building up waste in or around their houses due to hygiene purposes.
Confusing programs: dumpsters do not have clear instructions which prevents people from using
the system even though it made recycling more convenient. The complexity of the various types of
plastic that was to be recycled and the various types of cardboard that were to be recycled were
contributions to the complexity of the recycling process.
Funding disagreements: the philosophy of city funded programs is a system that prevents some
people from participating in recycling activates as they believe that their taxes would be more
beneficial in other areas other than recycling programs. Some people believe that people that are into
recycling should do it on their own as it’s not the governments place to decide which causes they
support. Some people find the superior attitude of many pro recyclers an enormous turnoff.
Business: Non recyclers are skeptical of environmental claims as they believe that these claims are
rarely economic. They believe that some recycling systems are not cost effective. It is believed that
there are benefits and downsides to recycling, time is the most precious resource when recycling on
the individual side. On the city level, its time, effort and money. It is a question of whether recycling
is the best use of the money, or if it would be better spent on education or health care. There are always
trade-offs. Furthermore they see no personal benefits of recycling.
The resources that are used to recycle products are also factors that prevent people from recycling. An
example is the recycling of diapers. Whilst people are critical of plastic diapers, cleaning cloth diapers
use water and energy, as well as requiring the use of chemicals that could eventually get back into the
water supply, these are strong detergents.
Some young adults in education system do not participate in the recycling programs are not set up
properly within their schools or colleges therefore the importance of recycling is not enforced on them.
Overall the lack of convenience for those who do not have a good program is a factor that prevents
people from participating in recycling. More visibility of recycling campaigns could increase the
excitement among teenagers, some of whom are simply disconnected from recycling, it is important
not to ignore this.
Recycling – Industry
Most retail operations such as shopping centers, convenience stores, hardware and grocery stores
generate unlimited quantity of waste on a day to day basis. This type of waste can be hazardous to the
work place and disposal costs of loose cardboard waste can be reasonably high. It has been estimated
that the UK food and drink manufacturing sector has the potential to save approximately 720,000
tonnes - £404 million per annum by implementing operational improvements and becoming more
resource efficient within the food and packaging area.
13. Current laws and directives on industry recycling – batteries
Systems should be set up whereby old batteries can be returned for free so that recycling can take
place.
55% of all batteries that are collected should be recycled
Consumers must be informed about eco-friendly batteries
Aims to increase the recycling of batteries
Directive was issued by the European commission in march 2011
Batteries that have more than 5ppm of cadmium by weight are banned.
Kyoto agreement
The UK must reduce its current emissions by 12.5%
Amis to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gasses.
Landfill directive
Waste acceptance criteria must be met before materials are disposed in landfills.
Specifies a ban on certain waste products entering landfills
Landfills are split up into 3 groups
Hazardous
Non-hazardous
Inert waste
Aims to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill sites
The EC landfill directive came into force in the UK in June 2002
Packaging waste directive
The European commission targets for packaging recycling are:
Glass -71%
Paper – 70%
Aluminum – 35.5%
Steel – 61.5%
Plastic – 23.5%
Wood – 21%
Member states must implement a system for recycling packaging materials.
Aims to reduce and recover packaging waste
Directive was issued in 1994 by the European commission
Special waste regulations
The movement of hazardous waste must be tracked until it reaches its destination with the
exception of household waste.
Aims of reduction and better handling of hazardous waste materials.
14. Market research
A Yes or No Questionnaire was constructed on Survey monkey and distributed to potential
customers through social sites such as Facebook and twitter. Questionnaire reached participants
quickly and feedback was recorded and presented in a bar chart via the survey monkey website. As
the questionnaire was objective, feedback was compared and contrasted against the research that
was conducted previously and helped to pinpoint the direction that the project was going to take
from this point onwards.
1. Do you think that recycling is important?
2. Do you support the principle of waste minimization?
3. Do you think that new products need to be introduced to encourage recycling?
4. Do you think that waste management in homes could be improved?
5. Do you believe in keeping a clean environment?
6. Would you be willing to spend a considerable amount of money on a waste management product
to encourage recycling?
7. Do you currently participate in waste recycling?
8. Do you support the transportation of waste to landfills?
The bar chart displays the feedback from 14 participants that answered every question that was
provided in the questionnaire. Yellow bars represents all the questions answered with a ‘YES’ and
the blue bars represent the questions answered with a ‘No’.
Refer to Appendix 3 for result analysis
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8
Feedback Chart
YES NO
15.
16. 2.2 Project Planning and Scheduling
This segment of the report summarizes the planning, resources needed, tech spec, scheduling. The
project is currently in the research stage and sufficient research has been completed to allow for future
planning through setting goals and milestones. Planning is a critical step between the initial ideas
and the execution of the final idea so this will be done in detail in order to make sure the best possible
design solution for the design problem is reached.
Technical specification designed to define the envelope within which the design solution will lie.
Product Design Specification (PDS) – Waste Management system for household use
17. PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION
Category: Metric Value/s
Performance:
Encourage/increase household recycling in the UK as research
has indicated that household recycling in England alone has
reached 43.5% in 2013. The product must contribute
significantly to the increase of recycling within households in
the UK by approximately 40% over the period of 5/6 years.
To prevent manual waste transportation paths in the kitchen
which is a contributing factor towards health and safety issues
in congested areas of the kitchen
Subsidise towards the collection, separation and storage of
waste, preventing poor health and hazardous issues.
Intended to prevent regular cleaning which is a procedure that
can be very unhygienic for the intended user.
Must prevent bad odour
Must compress waste to allow more waste collection and
recycling
Assembling time 30 seconds
Forces Should be able to withstand a force
worth 1000N
Weight Up to 70 litres
Size:
Product must be approximately H50cm, W40cm by L56cm and
must be placed approx. 10cm away from kitchen sink. Research
indicates that the standardised size of waste units used in the
kitchen is approximately H61.5cm, W37.5cm by D36.5cm with
generally a 30 litre capacity, the intention is for the product to
be twice the size of standardised waste units to deliver better
performance. The size must constant for all households.
Width Within 30 – 40 cm
Capacity Within 50 – 70 litres
Height 50 – 73 cm
Radius (diameter) 25 – 40 cm
Total Length 46 – 56 cm
Weight:
The weight of the product will vary depending on the content
waste inside of it. The product must carry up to 75 litres of
waste. The weight of the product will not have any bearing on
the user/users.
Overall Weight Max 75 litres
Quantity:
1 single unit per household. Small production runs (batch
production) will be the appropriate method of introducing the
product onto the market as it will help reduce the cost pf capital
through the use of a single production run.
Unit Numbers 1 for 1 (1 per household)
Cost/s:
Top quality modern, stylish stainless steel kitchen waste units
on the market retail from £50- £200. As the main purpose of the
product is to encourage all households in the UK to recycle, the
price of the product must be affordable but manufacturing
aspects such as the incorporated technology needs to be taken
into consideration.
Unit
Manufacturing cost
(est.)
£120
Unit Cost (est.) £150 per household
Customers/Target Market:
Potential customers for the product are mainly adults that
own/rents a house or a flat. Age range from 20+ but still needs
to be acceptable for the widest range of demographics. The
product must also target major institutions around the country
such as schools/ universities, hospitals and retail shops.
Potential customer 20+ years
User 10+ years
Aesthetics/ materials/finish:
The combination of materials together with the choice of colour,
style and shape will contribute greatly to the aesthetical aspects
of the product and give the product a professional look. The
importance of recycling must me indicated/incorporated into
the aesthetics of the product.
The product must be manufactured with the environment in
mind. Recycled materials must be used where possible and
some parts of the product must be recyclable after its useful
working life.
A combination of plastic and metal would ideal materials that
will give the product the modern/professional finish.
Colour Numbers #5d8aa8
#6050dc
(colour numbers from colour HEX)
Product Life span:
If maintained correctly the machine will have a minimum life
of 7 years and an optimal life of 10--15years.
Market Life 15 + years
Reliability:
Maximum 0.5% failure rate over product life.
Service life 15 + years
18. Environment:
The product will be designed for both indoor and outdoor use,
meaning that the different variations of weather conditions
must all be accounted for.
Seasons Winter, spring, autumn, summer
Ergonomics:
Any buttons incorporated into the design of the product must
have convenient size buttons, and needs to be in line of sight.
Anthropometric data will be used so that between the 5th and 95
percentiles will find it easy to interact with. This will prevent
bending, crouching and stretching unnecessarily.
Button sizes 2-3 inches
Quality and Reliability:
It will be safe to use as it will not have sharp edges. It will
satisfy British and European safety standards. Any digital
display integrated into the design of the product needs to be
high resolution with clear text to prevent eye strain.
Standard/s BS EN 8895
Testing :
Prototypes will be made from Styrofoam/card and will be
trailed with at least 20 people.
Standard/s BS EN 62097:2009
Maintenance:
The waste system (product) must be robust, stable and sturdy
and be able to withstand knocks/rough treatment. The system
must be easy to operate if digital interfaces or several buttons
are incorporated into the design. The system must reveal the
content inside of it before operation and after operation, this
may involve the user opening and closing a featured component
or a transparent feature.
Competition:
The functionality aspects of the product together with the style,
shape and choice of colour are aspects that could determine the
unique selling point of the product.
Marketing/Processes:
Worldwide meaning languages and anthropometrics will be
different and need to be easily changed.
Usually batch production. Small batches of the product would
be produced and supplied to retail shops. Batch production is
the most appropriate method of introducing the product onto
the market as it will help reduce the cost of capital through the
use of a single production run.
19. Resources
A combination of the following resources will be used to produce a successful concept design, from
rendered sketching to physical prototype models. A combination of CAD programs together with
prototype models will used to manufacture a prototype of the final design concept generated from the
research collected on the topic of waste disposal. Alias automotive and Alias showcase are CAD
programs that are going to be used to model and render parts of the final design concept. Rendered
sketches will also be used enabling me to be creative with my initial concepts development on paper.
Rendered sketches can be produced by using a variation of pens and pencils to demonstrate and
express my ideas.
Cintiq sketching could be used to edit or further develop initial concepts.
The Cintiq sketch pad contains a software (Autodesk sketchpad) which enables you render sketches
that are capable of looking precisely like the sketches produced with hand rendered sketches.
Styrofoam models could be produced to give an idea as to how the product would look like when
manufactured; in terms of the ergonomic design constraints of the product and the components that
is associated with the product. 3D scanning method could possibly will be used to support and
further enhance Styrofoam prototype model. Haptic modelling program is another tool that could be
used to enhance 3d scanning model.
Rapid prototyping is a resource that will enable me to produce quick prototype models for testing
efficiently, using different forms of materials.
Scheduling
A Gantt chart produced to highlight what production is to be completed within a certain time period.
Refer to Appendices 1, 2 and 5 for CPM chart and Gant Chart
2.3 Health, safety and ethics
The risks Affecting this project will be based in and around the workshops and laboratories when
model making. There are many health and safety precautions in and around the workshops and
laboratories that need to be taken into consideration to prevent injuries to self and others around you,
the risk assessment is as follows:
Protecting self and others:
Wear the clothing and protective wear
identified in your risk assessment
Laboratory coats must be kept fastened
Don’t wear sandals or open shoes
Long hair must be tied back
Control Measures:
Totally enclose the process (e.g. a glove-box)
Partially enclose the process (e.g. with a
fume cupboard)
Ensure good general ventilation
Safe systems of work
Reduce exposure times, increase distance,
reduce volumes
Personal protective equipment
20. laboratory hygiene:
Never eat, drink or smoke in a laboratory
Never apply cosmetics
Never touch your face, mouth or eyes
Never suck pens or chew pencils
Always wash your hands before you leave
and especially before eating
General hazards within the a
laboratory:
Fire
Breakage of glassware
Sharps
Spillages
Pressure equipment & gas cylinders
Extremes of heat & cold
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards
Radiation
Refer to appendix 4 for risk assessment form
Ethics form
The fast track ethical form was submitted to the faculty office and was approved. The fast track ethical
form was the appropriate form for the project as the research doesn’t come in direct contact with
people. Most of the research conducted for this project is online based research. Possible
questionnaires/surveys will done conducted via social networking sites and online forums.
2.4 Project Status
Presently, the project is at research stages where adequate research has been shown to summarize
the topic of waste disposal but more research on how waste is managed in countless countries could be
expanded on, people’s views/opinions on waste management and recycling would have added more
weight to the research and . Feedback on a weekly bases has been provided by supervisors to guide
the project to progress in the right direction. Technical specification has been designed to define the
envelope within which the design solution will lie but the technical specification will be altered if
certain aspects of the project changes. The Gantt chart has been designed to provide a plan of what
production is to be completed in certain periods of time but the Gantt chart could be expanded and
more detail could be included. Ethics form has been approved by to the faculty. Logbook is updated on
a weekly basis to keep track of idea developments, feedback, research and professional development.
General the project is at the early stages but progressing well although further research into the
subject area would be beneficial towards the execution of the final idea.
21. 3. DESIGN IMPLEMENTATIONS
User profile
The main focus behind this project will be aimed at the ability to
encourage households to participate in recycling therefore the ergonomic
and anthropometric aspects of the product should help ease the recycling
process. The problem identified is that large amounts of waste is
produced within households, ranging from organic to non-organic,
hazardous and non-hazardous and most of this waste are collected and
transported to landfills, some of these waste end up having major
implications on the environment. The goal is the introduction of a new
recycling system that will contribute significantly to the increase of recycling within
households by approximately 40% over the period of 5/6 years.
3.1 Concept generation
After thorough research into the causes and effects of waste disposal, Concept designs/ideas where
complied to permit prescreening whereby a full analysis of the initial ideas were done before the
development of the chosen idea. Precise work was done during the concept generation stage in order
to compromise the technical specification and also to attempt to tackle the variation of waste disposal
issues identified during the research stages. The generation of ideas through concept sketching helps
to detect the strengths and weaknesses within in each idea and this will be a major factor in identifying
the final idea that will be eligible for further development.
Ideas generation - Waste Management System
- Machinery that breaks down glasses
- Involves a shredder that shreds cardboard/paper into pieces enabling more space for paper
recycling
- Crushing systems that crushes empty cans and empty water bottles.
- Filtering technology for liquid waste separation
22.
23.
24. Ideas generation - Automated kitchen waste system
- Separates organic waste from recyclable waste
- Slows down decomposition rate by reducing nitrogen/ ammonia levels.
- Decelerates the decomposition rate of organic waste
- Produced using lightweight materials such as carbon fibre
- Carbon filter technology which dries the organic waste
- Vacuum sealing technology to prevent the release of bad odour
- System will eliminate the traditional behaviour of walking up to the trash bin outside and
disposing off organic waste.
- System will transform organic waste into sterile residues which is then disposed through a
sewage system.
25. Whilst research was being conducted on causes and effects of waste disposal, design concepts were in
working progress therefore further research was to be conducted to identify the type of waste that is
going to be the main focus from which a waste management system will be designed to eliminate the
problem therefore the project focus was conduct further research into plastic recycling, PET
milk/Water bottles. The plastic waste can be the most hazardous waste if not managed in the correct
manner therefore the introduction of a new recycling system that recycles PET plastic bottles will
significantly increase the household recycling as research has indicated that Britain consumes 3bn
liters of bottled water per year only 35% of PET plastic bottles in the UK household waste are now
collected for recycling in the UK.
Plastic milk bottles/ water bottles
- High density polyethylene which is recyclable
- Low density or high density plastics are disposable
- PET – polyethylene terephthalate- thermo plastic polymer which can be opaque or transparent
depending on the material composition
- To produce plastic bottles, PET is first polymerized to create long molecular chains.
Bottle manufacturing stages
1. Stretch blow molding: PET is heated and placed in a mold.
2. Pressurized air and heat is applied to blow and stretch PET into a mold – bottle shape
3. To ensure that bottom of bottle is flat shape, a separate component of plastic is joined to the
bottle during blow molding stage
4. Both direct and indirect methods of cooling are applied to the mold after formed
- Water can be coursed through pipes surrounding the mold which indirectly cools the molded
plastic.
- Direct methods include pressurized air or carbon dioxide directly on the mold and plastic
5. Once bottle is cooled and set it is then removed from mold and trimmed if necessary.
6. After removing bottle from mold and removing excess plastic, bottles are ready for
transportation ready for the milk.
Milk plastic bottles recycling process
1. Empty plastic bottles are collected with recycling and taken to the MRF( material recycling
faculty)
2. Bottles are squashed, baled and sent to UK preprocessors.
3. Bottles dry cleaned and sorted using optical beam which separates the different types of
plastic
4. Bottles are then grinded into flakes which are washed and sorted again – depending on plastic
type, plastic is either decontaminated using a chemical solution or melted down and sieved to
form beads as the plastic cools.
5. Beads and flakes can be turned into new products e.g.
Packaging
Drainage pipes
26. Garden furniture
New plastic bottles
Further research was conducted to identify the types of existing technologies with the capabilities to
recycle plastic efficiently. The chosen technology will be implemented into the design of the plastic
waste management system. Suction technology can be found in most vacuum cleaners, the main
benefit of the suction technology within this project will be to create space. The main advantage of the
crushing technology will also be to maximize space. Moreover, the advantages of the shredding
technology will be to create space and enable more recycling and to transform plastic. Shredding
technology has the capabilities to reduce the size of the total waste by shredding them into
insignificant and compressed strips or confetti fragments. The small strip cut or cross cut shredded
sheets require less space and can be disposed-off easily without cataloging any stress.
Suction technology – Vacuum cleaners
- Electric motor operate s motor which is attached to fan
As blade turns, air is forced forward
As air particles are driven forward, density of particles increases in front of fan and
decreases behind the fan
Ambient air pressure creates suction
Ambient air pushes itself into vacuum cleaner through intake port because the air
pressure inside the vacuum cleaner is lower than the pressure outside.
Components
Intake port
An exhaust port
An electric motor
A fan
A bag
Housing containing all components
Crushing technology
- Plastic bottles are fed through the system
- Within the system are two mechanisms that crush each bottle that is fed through the system
- Gallon plastic bags are placed within the system to collect the crushed bottles after operation
- Control panel to control the operation
Control panel also keeps track of the type of bottle being crushed and the quantity of bottles that
re crushed
Roller crusher
- Two large metal rollers rotating in opposite directions
- Rocks are fed into space between two rollers
- Two rollers slam together to crush rocks into small pieces and then dropped onto the ground.
Shredding technology – paper shredders
27. - Sensor at the top of mechanism detects when piece of paper is inserted into the machine –
sensors are connected to the rollers.
- Once sensors are active, rollers turns on the rollers - which pulls paper into the shredders
- Paper then meets up with 2 bladed discs that rotate in opposite directions on a progressing
disc
- This keeps paper moving through he shredder
- Openings of various sizes are provided with shredders to accommodate different sizes of paper.
Shredding technology – industrial use
UNTHA – Industrial shredder RS100
- Material is charged into the shredder’s hopper
- Material is shredded against a screen to the size of the defined final fraction and then
discharged via a conveyor belt for further processing
- Industrial plastic shredders with low speed, high torque shear blades are used to shred plastic
- Finer processing/processing of lighter plastic materials are accomplished with high speed
grinders.
- Shredders different number of hooks and blade thickness for types of plastics that are
shredded.
- Various cutting rotating shafts turning at different speeds to perform effective cutting action.
All of the technologies mentioned could be implemented into the design of the plastic waste
management system but the shredding technology has the most appropriate characteristics, with the
capabilities to reduce the size of the total waste by shredding them insignificant and compressed strips
ready for recycling into new products. Shredding technology will also maximize space for more plastic
recycling which will be a positive contribution to vehicle waste transportation.
28. Anthropometrical Data
Anthropometric Data which will be considered to make sure that the product is be ergonomically
sound. Hand sizes vary from thumb sizes to palm sizes and index fingers, therefore research was
collected various hand, thumb, palm, index finger, hand breadth sizes that exist, and the image above
provide this information on the average sizes. This information can be applied within the designing
stages to determine the overall size of the handle suitable to the product. To achieve the average hand
size, all dimensions will be added up in every role and then divided the amount of dimensions there
are in each role, by taking this action; it will approximately determine the size of the buttons on the
system
Refer to appendix 6 for more information
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. PET plastic is
inserted here
Shredding
technology occurs
here
Bottle lid can be
recycled here
System opening –
Access to removable bag
PET bag – collects
recycled plastic bottle
Modern PET plastic
recycling system
designed to
complement
household use
Transparent material
– operation visible to
the eye
34. How final product operates
- Sensor at the top of mechanism detects when PET plastic bottle is inserted into the machine – sensors are connected to the rollers.
- Once sensors are active, roller is turned on - which pulls PET bottles into the shredding mechanism
- PET bottles then meets up with 4 bladed discs that rotate in opposite directions on a progressing disc
- This motion keeps the bottle moving through the bladed discs
- As bottle is being shredded, the transformed material is then collected via a PET bag positioned on the inside of the system
- Once operation is complete, PET bag can then be removed from the system and replaced with a new PET bag.
35.
36. Benefits
- Prevent the transportation of plastic waste to landfills
- Cost effective as recycled plastic can be distributed directly to manufacturing companies, ready to be used for new products
- Saves households space and time, as used milk/water bottles take up a lot of space once milk/water has been consumed.
- Offers clean and simple exterior design with striking aesthetic features.
37. - Easy to use with quick operation time, this will strongly encourage households to participate in recycling.
- Households will receive commission on the amount of PET plastic bottles they recycle on a monthly basis.
Blades discs
PET bag
38. The P.E.T plastic recycling system:
- Recycles plastic via a shredding mechanism
- P.E.T plastic bag on the inside the recycling system collects the shredded plastic
- Ready to be delivered to manufacturers for recycling
39. Shredding technology
Rollers
Transparent
exterior-
Product can will be
seen in action
System door handle
System control panel –
Red, yellow and green
LED buttons
RED: STOP
YELLOW: PAUSE
GREEN: ON
PET bag
Compact effective
design with
striking aesthetic
features
Sensor detects when
plastic bottle has been
inserted
40. Flow Charts
To demonstrate a scenario in which a user would interact with the new product a flow chart was
used, this allowed for a clear illustration of interface and the use of the product. Results below:
Turn on machine
Is the green LED light on?
Insert PET bottles
Operation
complete
FINISH
NO
NO
NO
Keep inserting PET
plastic bottles
4 PET bottles per
operation
Press yellow LED
button to pause
Open system door
Remove PET bag
41. 4. DISCUSSIONS
The design process stage covered the research on the causes and effects of waste disposal and reasons
why there is a need for a new product to encourage recycling was also identified and backed by
statistics. Research on waste management was covered thoroughly.
Waste management within households was a topic that was also researched and analyzed. This was
particularly an important analysis due to the fact that the project’s aim was to introduce a new
recycling system that would increase/ encourage household recycling. Analysis of existing waste
management processes/techniques was done to identify the strengths and weaknesses. In depth
insight into the reasons why people do not participate in recycling is information that would benefit
the final outcome of the project therefore research was done on the reasons why people choose not to
participate in recycling.
Laws and directives are important information that outlines the dos and don’ts on the topic of waste
disposal in the UK therefore research covered the laws and directives to provide and envelope in which
the idea generation stage will be based around. Once through research was done, a survey consisting
of 8 questions was designed on survey monkey and distributed to potential customer via social
networking sites such as Facebook and twitter to collect some feedback on how they feel about the
topic of waste disposal, their opinions on whether the introduction of a new system would be beneficial
to them.
After thorough research and analysis, the design implementation stage consisted of concept/idea
generation whereby concept designs were analyzed and improved on based on the information acquired
from the technical specification and research. Concept designs were developed further leading to the
final idea which compromised the technological aspects, functionality aspects and aesthetic aspects.
Alias automotive design was the CAD program that was used to model the final idea.
5. CONCLUSION
Short summary of the results of the project
Concept generation/ideas were analyzed and developed to compromise technical specification,
technology aspects of the product was finalized and explained with the combination of sketches and
text. Final idea was developed and modelled using Alias automotive design and Autodesk showcase.
Overall the project was a positive outcome however I was unable to produce physical prototypes to
give an idea of the dimensions of the final product, a development of a prototype model would have
also enabled me to do some testing by asking my potential customers what they think about the
product and give a general picture of the product that are still in development, and whose
requirements are not entirely known. Until you can see and touch the prototype you often don't
discover what works and what doesn't. Even though I was unable to produce a physical prototype
model, prioritized efforts on producing a top level CAD model on Alias Automotive Design and
rendered it using Autodesk Showcase to reveal the striking aesthetic features. I also prioritized my
42. efforts in providing to good quality sketches to demonstrate all the factors that resembled the final
idea.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
To improve the final product, I could change some design aspects that will target industrial
companies such as Starbucks due to the fact that coffee shops such as Starbucks consume a lot of
PET milk bottles on a daily basis and these companies have to pay commission on the amount of
plastic bottles they recycle therefore the product would be idle problem solver for such companies as
it would cost effective and enable them to recycle more bottles than they do currently. Finally, the
development of a prototype model would also help improve my product as I would be able to assess
factors to do with dimensions.
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