Perched on the tipping point of ecological and economic rebalancing, the
business and environmental landscape of the world is shifting towards
sustainable growth paths. Energy and resource costs are on the upswing due
to heavy reliance on non-renewable and hence limited sources of energy
and other materials. This is a precursor to the need to: (1) make existing
resources last longer and (2) identify new resources that are both renewable
and viable.
Waste and, in particular, the exponentially growing Industrial Waste presents
one such invaluable opportunity to generate energy from waste; thereby
incorporating a natural by-product of industrial production into meeting the
industrial energy demand.
The Government of India has, through policies and directives, laid significant
emphasis on the need and the pathways to exploit the waste to energy
potential in India. Various programs are providing assistance to industrial
units to set up plants to convert waste to energy.
In addition, the economic viability of Industrial Waste as a substantial, easily
available and renewable source of energy is a key catalyst to drive industrial
uptake of ‘Waste to Energy’ programs.
To accelerate the adoption of Waste to Energy programs, it is imperative to
understand and mitigate roadblocks for all stakeholders. The ASSOCHAM
initiatives on Waste to Wealth, supported by this report detailing the operative
landscape, would create the ideal forum to initiate and incubate the dialogue
that enables the road to generate Wealth from Waste.
Waste to Energy (WtE) is the process of generating energy from treating waste like municipal solid waste, medical waste, and agricultural waste. Waste contains both biomass and non-biomass materials that can be used to generate electricity, heat, or transport fuels through various technologies like incineration, gasification, or anaerobic digestion. The global waste to energy market is driven by increasing waste production, renewable energy demand, and regulations restricting landfill disposal. Europe currently dominates the market due to high industrial waste volumes and stringent EU waste policies. The market is projected to grow further with emerging economies experiencing rising waste levels and implementing new waste to energy targets.
These slides cover briefly the concept of circular economy, how it aims at reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. These materials would then be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. Circular economy has enormous benefits when compared against the traditional linear and recycling economies.
A.T. Kearney Energy Transition Institute - 10 Facts, An Introduction to Energ...Kearney
The A.T. Kearney Energy Transition Institute is a nonprofit organization. It provides leading insights on globaltrends in energy transition, technologies, and strategic implications for private sector businesses and publicsector institutions. The Institute is dedicated to combining objective technological insights with economicalperspectives to define the consequences and opportunities for decision makers in a rapidly changing energylandscape. The independence of the Institute fosters unbiased primary insights and the ability to co-createnew ideas with interested sponsors and relevant stakeholders.
The circular economy aims to reduce waste by designing products to be more durable, reusable, and recyclable. It is guided by principles like recycling, reusing, remanufacturing, and reducing. The circular economy has been codified through several EU directives and policies over the decades aiming to establish recycling targets and strategies for waste prevention. Key elements of a circular economy include eco-design, industrial symbiosis, sustainable sourcing, urban mining, and innovation to enable resource efficiency. The circular economy supports several of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals related to responsible consumption, climate action, clean water, and reduced inequality. However, the circular economy's full potential as an economic model and exponential vision is still being defined and
Sitra has identified the key global megatrends from the perspective of low-carbon business and analysed their impacts from the perspective of six important sectors to the Finnish economy: transport, energy, buildings, industry, water and waste, and bio-economy. The analysis portrays a picture about the size of clean solutions markets globally.
----------
Sitra on tunnistanut vähähiilisen liiketoiminnan kannalta keskeiset globaalit megatrendit ja analysoinut niiden vaikutuksia kuuden Suomelle tärkeän sektorin näkökulmasta: energia, vesi ja jätehuolto, liikenne, rakentaminen, teollisuus sekä biotalous. Analyysi piirtää kuvaa siitä, minkä kokoinen puhtaiden ratkaisujen markkina maailmalla on kehittymässä. Selvityksen teki Sitran kanssa kansainvälinen konsulttiyhtiö Frost & Sullivan.
Circular Economy: from concept to implementation - Berlin perspective. Dina Padalkina
1. The document discusses circular economy concepts and their application in Berlin, Germany. It focuses on construction and textiles as key sectors.
2. For construction, it recommends building repurposing over demolition, modular construction, and green building standards for privately owned buildings. For textiles, it notes the lack of official return streams and need for collective action.
3. It proposes the city play a role in setting standards, facilitating collaboration between stakeholders, and developing a cross-institution circular education curriculum to drive the transition to a circular economy.
Green energy sourcing is becoming more attractive to industrial consumers as carbon reduction strategies are implemented and levelized costs of electricity from renewables are declining. Options for green energy sourcing range from Self-Generation to Power Purchase Agreements and use of Guarantees of Origin, optionally bundled in green power products. Options differ in technologies and locations of the green energy projects, ownership and risk structures as well as prices. Various initiatives have developed quality requirements and recommendations for green energy sourcing. Based on these criteria a credibility assessment of the options is carried out and mapped against indicative price ranges.
Renewable Specialty Chemicals: Potential Applications to Commercialize Indust...Kumaraguru Veerasamy
Renewable specialty chemicals have applications across various industries and can help reduce carbon emissions. They are derived from renewable sources like agricultural waste and biomass. Specialty chemical companies are developing technologies to produce high-value chemicals like flavors and fragrances from renewable feedstocks. This can help meet growing demand from consumers concerned about the environment while stabilizing costs compared to oil-based chemicals. Wide adoption of renewable specialty chemicals could significantly contribute to achieving net zero carbon goals by 2050 through biotechnology applications that maximize efficiency.
Waste to Energy (WtE) is the process of generating energy from treating waste like municipal solid waste, medical waste, and agricultural waste. Waste contains both biomass and non-biomass materials that can be used to generate electricity, heat, or transport fuels through various technologies like incineration, gasification, or anaerobic digestion. The global waste to energy market is driven by increasing waste production, renewable energy demand, and regulations restricting landfill disposal. Europe currently dominates the market due to high industrial waste volumes and stringent EU waste policies. The market is projected to grow further with emerging economies experiencing rising waste levels and implementing new waste to energy targets.
These slides cover briefly the concept of circular economy, how it aims at reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. These materials would then be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. Circular economy has enormous benefits when compared against the traditional linear and recycling economies.
A.T. Kearney Energy Transition Institute - 10 Facts, An Introduction to Energ...Kearney
The A.T. Kearney Energy Transition Institute is a nonprofit organization. It provides leading insights on globaltrends in energy transition, technologies, and strategic implications for private sector businesses and publicsector institutions. The Institute is dedicated to combining objective technological insights with economicalperspectives to define the consequences and opportunities for decision makers in a rapidly changing energylandscape. The independence of the Institute fosters unbiased primary insights and the ability to co-createnew ideas with interested sponsors and relevant stakeholders.
The circular economy aims to reduce waste by designing products to be more durable, reusable, and recyclable. It is guided by principles like recycling, reusing, remanufacturing, and reducing. The circular economy has been codified through several EU directives and policies over the decades aiming to establish recycling targets and strategies for waste prevention. Key elements of a circular economy include eco-design, industrial symbiosis, sustainable sourcing, urban mining, and innovation to enable resource efficiency. The circular economy supports several of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals related to responsible consumption, climate action, clean water, and reduced inequality. However, the circular economy's full potential as an economic model and exponential vision is still being defined and
Sitra has identified the key global megatrends from the perspective of low-carbon business and analysed their impacts from the perspective of six important sectors to the Finnish economy: transport, energy, buildings, industry, water and waste, and bio-economy. The analysis portrays a picture about the size of clean solutions markets globally.
----------
Sitra on tunnistanut vähähiilisen liiketoiminnan kannalta keskeiset globaalit megatrendit ja analysoinut niiden vaikutuksia kuuden Suomelle tärkeän sektorin näkökulmasta: energia, vesi ja jätehuolto, liikenne, rakentaminen, teollisuus sekä biotalous. Analyysi piirtää kuvaa siitä, minkä kokoinen puhtaiden ratkaisujen markkina maailmalla on kehittymässä. Selvityksen teki Sitran kanssa kansainvälinen konsulttiyhtiö Frost & Sullivan.
Circular Economy: from concept to implementation - Berlin perspective. Dina Padalkina
1. The document discusses circular economy concepts and their application in Berlin, Germany. It focuses on construction and textiles as key sectors.
2. For construction, it recommends building repurposing over demolition, modular construction, and green building standards for privately owned buildings. For textiles, it notes the lack of official return streams and need for collective action.
3. It proposes the city play a role in setting standards, facilitating collaboration between stakeholders, and developing a cross-institution circular education curriculum to drive the transition to a circular economy.
Green energy sourcing is becoming more attractive to industrial consumers as carbon reduction strategies are implemented and levelized costs of electricity from renewables are declining. Options for green energy sourcing range from Self-Generation to Power Purchase Agreements and use of Guarantees of Origin, optionally bundled in green power products. Options differ in technologies and locations of the green energy projects, ownership and risk structures as well as prices. Various initiatives have developed quality requirements and recommendations for green energy sourcing. Based on these criteria a credibility assessment of the options is carried out and mapped against indicative price ranges.
Renewable Specialty Chemicals: Potential Applications to Commercialize Indust...Kumaraguru Veerasamy
Renewable specialty chemicals have applications across various industries and can help reduce carbon emissions. They are derived from renewable sources like agricultural waste and biomass. Specialty chemical companies are developing technologies to produce high-value chemicals like flavors and fragrances from renewable feedstocks. This can help meet growing demand from consumers concerned about the environment while stabilizing costs compared to oil-based chemicals. Wide adoption of renewable specialty chemicals could significantly contribute to achieving net zero carbon goals by 2050 through biotechnology applications that maximize efficiency.
Huge corporations ranging from Intel to Walmart are all stepping up the game, showing that profitability doesn’t need to be compromised in pursuit of sustainability. https://www.sterlitepower.com/blog/working-towards-world-where-sustainability-and-innovation-walk-hand-hand
Launch event presentations: Circular Economy Business Models for the Manufacturing Industry (19.9.2018, Nosturi)
The New Circular Economy Playbook is out now. Free download: www.kasvuakiertotaloudesta.fi
#kasvuakiertotaloudesta
#sitrafund
#teknologiateollisuus
#accenture
Ben Voorhorst: presentation on global climate action - entso-e annual confer...Marina Cubedo Vicén
The ENTSOs Global Climate Action Scenario outlines a scenario where there is coordinated global action against climate change. By 2040, this scenario envisions 65 million electric vehicles, 60 million electric heat pumps, 35 GWh of energy storage, over 5 times as much solar capacity and 3 times as much wind capacity compared to 2020 projections. CO2 emissions would be cut by more than half compared to 2020 projections due to renewable energy covering more than 75% of energy demand. This scenario of global cooperation on climate change mitigates emissions through large-scale renewable development, investment in low-carbon technologies, and electrification of transport and heating.
Prime oil guidline- how to become an energy efficient companySameh Radwan
Egypt has seen rapidly increasing energy demand driven by population growth, economic development, and industrialization. It has transitioned from being an energy exporter to needing to import energy. Small and medium enterprises are major energy consumers in Egypt, and there are significant potential energy savings to be achieved through standard efficiency measures in lighting, equipment, and heat recovery. Improving energy efficiency helps reduce costs, increase competitiveness, and support environmental protection as fossil fuel resources decline. This guide identifies key energy uses in industries and suggests efficiency opportunities.
1. Circular economy and sustainability - https://www.forbes.com/sites/thebakersinstitute/2021/08/03/a-circular-economy-does-not-necessarily-translate-to-sustainability/?sh=4c8d5c4261a7
2. Singapore and the circular economy - https://www.forbes.com/sites/thebakersinstitute/2021/08/03/a-circular-economy-does-not-necessarily-translate-to-sustainability/?sh=4c8d5c4261a7
3. eVehicles - https://www.ft.com/content/e88e00e3-0a0c-469a-986b-1ffda60b6aee
4. Risk mitigation - https://www.commercialriskonline.com/insurers-have-power-to-influence-climate-change-says-airmics-ceo/
5. China and metals - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-commodities-intervention/analysis-reality-bites-chinas-meddling-cools-but-cant-reverse-hot-commodity-prices-idUSKBN2F50SZ
6. Mining - https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/diggers-&-dealers-2021--critical-metals-give-mining-back-its-groove--says-venturex-boss-bill-beament-10398590
7. Lithium - https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/rio-tinto-readies-ship-trial-lithium-plant-serbia-2021-08-01/
8. Solar Panels and China - https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/behind-the-rise-of-us-solar-power-a-mountain-of-chinese-coal-11627832701418.html
9. Design issues with renewable plants - https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar/renewable-power-plants-need-better-planning-and-design/#gref
10. Risk - https://riskandinsurance.com/7-critical-risks-in-renewable-energy/
11. Countries and renewables - https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/08/02/which-country-is-the-world-leader-in-renewable-energy-in-2021 - Canada produces over 82% of its power from clean sources.
12. GDP - https://www.ft.com/content/9b5e87bc-bfb5-4708-a91f-e1e3a6d606ff
This document discusses tools and strategies for building a thriving cleantech sector in Finland. It provides an overview of WWF's work in climate innovation, including storytelling, policy work, sector analysis, innovation system studies, corporate partnerships, financing, and communication initiatives. It also summarizes trends in the cleantech market like growing investment in renewables. Recommendations focus on strengthening domestic policy and testing innovations, Nordic collaboration, entrepreneurship programs, debt financing, cleantech-as-a-service models, and engaging corporations.
John A. Herbert is an expert in energy efficiency with extensive experience and credentials. He discusses how energy efficiency can help address global energy challenges and opportunities for Hong Kong businesses. Implementing energy efficiency measures such as better lighting, motor controls, and recycling can help companies reduce costs while listed companies with energy efficiency programs tend to outperform peers. As Herbert states, energy efficiency is not rocket science but is even more important for businesses and the global environment.
The document discusses energy transitions on a global scale. It defines energy transitions as shifts from one dominant energy source to another that typically take decades to occur across countries. While governments are driving transitions to meet climate goals, there is no single global transition but rather many national transitions due to differing resources and goals. Key challenges of transitions include reducing fossil fuel use, increasing renewable electricity and electrifying other sectors like transport and industry in a cost-effective way while ensuring grid reliability. Opportunities exist for distributed renewable resources and new digital technologies to empower individual citizens and communities in transitions.
The document provides an overview of opportunities in green investments for Dubai Holding. It analyzes the renewable energy and green tech sectors in the US, EU, and China to identify attractive investment opportunities. In China specifically, rapid economic growth and reliance on coal have led to severe environmental issues, driving government support for renewable energy development through subsidies and targets. The EU also supports renewables through feed-in tariffs and purchase obligations. Germany in particular is a leader in wind and solar power capacity expansion.
Financing the World's Forests: integrating markets and stakeholdersE Rivilla
1) Deforestation accounts for 18% of global carbon emissions and is equivalent to flying 12.5 million people from London to New York daily.
2) Emerging frameworks like REDD+ aim to finance forest conservation through carbon markets and other mechanisms, but $17-33 billion is needed annually.
3) Business activities like cattle ranching and palm oil plantations are major drivers of deforestation, threatening forest "eco-utilities" valued in trillions of dollars annually.
The Energy of the Future for the Economy of the Present: Business Opportuniti...RWVentures
This presentation (available in both English and Italian) for a regional business conference in Rovereto, Italy describes the growing market for "green" products, identifies business opportunities and sustainability strategies and offers suggestions for regional green strategy development.
Replicable NAMA Concept - Promoting the Use of Energy Efficient Motors in Ind...Leonardo ENERGY
* Introduces Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
* Proposed structure and design of the NAMA.
* Template for countries wishing to adopt the NAMA concept.
LTC, Annual Forum, The Direction of Technology in Transportation, 05/13/2011,...LTC @ CSUSB
The document discusses key drivers of technological change in transportation including air quality, global warming, energy security, and congestion relief. It notes that transportation is the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions, with passenger vehicles accounting for 27% in 2006. To reduce emissions, more non-carbon based fuels like electricity and hydrogen must be used, and vehicle efficiency through improved gas mileage must increase. Energy security means a reliable affordable energy supply. Congestion relief will require technological improvements to transportation like automated vehicles and roadways. The economy is a main driver, as consumers seek affordable mobility. The automobile of 2035 will likely use traditional and new fuels, and could see widespread electric vehicle fast charging and hydrogen refueling, as well as
Repensando el sistema energético: El potencial de la energía distribuida - el...Libelula
Repensando el sistema energético: El potencial de la energía distribuida - el caso de Alemania.
Presentado por Alexander Ochs, Director de Programa de Clima y Energía - Worldwatch Institute.
This document discusses the risks and opportunities that climate change presents for super fund investments. It emphasizes that super funds should take a long-term view of carbon risk and opportunity as part of their fiduciary duty. Deep emissions cuts are needed to limit global warming, which will require a major economic transformation towards renewable energy and energy efficiency. Super funds can play a role by supporting low-carbon initiatives, engaging with companies, and advocating for effective climate policy. They must be prepared for potential surprises and not assume change will be gradual.
The document discusses a scenario where political will accelerates a dramatic shift in the global energy mix away from petroleum towards hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This would require massive investments in hydrogen production infrastructure and fuel cell technology to bring costs down and make the scenario viable. The biggest risks and barriers are the ability to reduce fuel cell and hydrogen costs at scale, as well as generating sufficient political will through public-private cooperation and incentives on the scale of other major programs.
Criteria for Selection of Innovative Waste-To-Energy Conversion TechnologiesSustBusnMgmtLLC
This document discusses key factors to consider when evaluating waste-to-energy technologies. It outlines various waste-to-energy conversion processes and emphasizes the importance of evaluating the residuals produced and their marketability. Key criteria for technology selection include the experience of the company, facility size and design flexibility, ability to obtain necessary permits, ownership model, pre-processing requirements, reliability data from existing plants, risk allocation, cost estimates, contractual terms, thermal efficiency, and utility requirements. The overall goal is to select a proven, cost-effective solution that will divert waste from landfills.
The document describes MIECOFT Consultants & Services' ROC technology for converting green waste into compost. The ROC (Rapid Organic Composting) units use an aerobic process to convert green waste into a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer within one month. The closed system prevents odors and pests while processing waste on-site. MIECOFT has implemented successful ROC projects in Delhi colleges and residential communities to handle green waste sustainably and create leaf mould compost without transportation or landfilling.
Huge corporations ranging from Intel to Walmart are all stepping up the game, showing that profitability doesn’t need to be compromised in pursuit of sustainability. https://www.sterlitepower.com/blog/working-towards-world-where-sustainability-and-innovation-walk-hand-hand
Launch event presentations: Circular Economy Business Models for the Manufacturing Industry (19.9.2018, Nosturi)
The New Circular Economy Playbook is out now. Free download: www.kasvuakiertotaloudesta.fi
#kasvuakiertotaloudesta
#sitrafund
#teknologiateollisuus
#accenture
Ben Voorhorst: presentation on global climate action - entso-e annual confer...Marina Cubedo Vicén
The ENTSOs Global Climate Action Scenario outlines a scenario where there is coordinated global action against climate change. By 2040, this scenario envisions 65 million electric vehicles, 60 million electric heat pumps, 35 GWh of energy storage, over 5 times as much solar capacity and 3 times as much wind capacity compared to 2020 projections. CO2 emissions would be cut by more than half compared to 2020 projections due to renewable energy covering more than 75% of energy demand. This scenario of global cooperation on climate change mitigates emissions through large-scale renewable development, investment in low-carbon technologies, and electrification of transport and heating.
Prime oil guidline- how to become an energy efficient companySameh Radwan
Egypt has seen rapidly increasing energy demand driven by population growth, economic development, and industrialization. It has transitioned from being an energy exporter to needing to import energy. Small and medium enterprises are major energy consumers in Egypt, and there are significant potential energy savings to be achieved through standard efficiency measures in lighting, equipment, and heat recovery. Improving energy efficiency helps reduce costs, increase competitiveness, and support environmental protection as fossil fuel resources decline. This guide identifies key energy uses in industries and suggests efficiency opportunities.
1. Circular economy and sustainability - https://www.forbes.com/sites/thebakersinstitute/2021/08/03/a-circular-economy-does-not-necessarily-translate-to-sustainability/?sh=4c8d5c4261a7
2. Singapore and the circular economy - https://www.forbes.com/sites/thebakersinstitute/2021/08/03/a-circular-economy-does-not-necessarily-translate-to-sustainability/?sh=4c8d5c4261a7
3. eVehicles - https://www.ft.com/content/e88e00e3-0a0c-469a-986b-1ffda60b6aee
4. Risk mitigation - https://www.commercialriskonline.com/insurers-have-power-to-influence-climate-change-says-airmics-ceo/
5. China and metals - https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-commodities-intervention/analysis-reality-bites-chinas-meddling-cools-but-cant-reverse-hot-commodity-prices-idUSKBN2F50SZ
6. Mining - https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/diggers-&-dealers-2021--critical-metals-give-mining-back-its-groove--says-venturex-boss-bill-beament-10398590
7. Lithium - https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/rio-tinto-readies-ship-trial-lithium-plant-serbia-2021-08-01/
8. Solar Panels and China - https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/behind-the-rise-of-us-solar-power-a-mountain-of-chinese-coal-11627832701418.html
9. Design issues with renewable plants - https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/solar/renewable-power-plants-need-better-planning-and-design/#gref
10. Risk - https://riskandinsurance.com/7-critical-risks-in-renewable-energy/
11. Countries and renewables - https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/08/02/which-country-is-the-world-leader-in-renewable-energy-in-2021 - Canada produces over 82% of its power from clean sources.
12. GDP - https://www.ft.com/content/9b5e87bc-bfb5-4708-a91f-e1e3a6d606ff
This document discusses tools and strategies for building a thriving cleantech sector in Finland. It provides an overview of WWF's work in climate innovation, including storytelling, policy work, sector analysis, innovation system studies, corporate partnerships, financing, and communication initiatives. It also summarizes trends in the cleantech market like growing investment in renewables. Recommendations focus on strengthening domestic policy and testing innovations, Nordic collaboration, entrepreneurship programs, debt financing, cleantech-as-a-service models, and engaging corporations.
John A. Herbert is an expert in energy efficiency with extensive experience and credentials. He discusses how energy efficiency can help address global energy challenges and opportunities for Hong Kong businesses. Implementing energy efficiency measures such as better lighting, motor controls, and recycling can help companies reduce costs while listed companies with energy efficiency programs tend to outperform peers. As Herbert states, energy efficiency is not rocket science but is even more important for businesses and the global environment.
The document discusses energy transitions on a global scale. It defines energy transitions as shifts from one dominant energy source to another that typically take decades to occur across countries. While governments are driving transitions to meet climate goals, there is no single global transition but rather many national transitions due to differing resources and goals. Key challenges of transitions include reducing fossil fuel use, increasing renewable electricity and electrifying other sectors like transport and industry in a cost-effective way while ensuring grid reliability. Opportunities exist for distributed renewable resources and new digital technologies to empower individual citizens and communities in transitions.
The document provides an overview of opportunities in green investments for Dubai Holding. It analyzes the renewable energy and green tech sectors in the US, EU, and China to identify attractive investment opportunities. In China specifically, rapid economic growth and reliance on coal have led to severe environmental issues, driving government support for renewable energy development through subsidies and targets. The EU also supports renewables through feed-in tariffs and purchase obligations. Germany in particular is a leader in wind and solar power capacity expansion.
Financing the World's Forests: integrating markets and stakeholdersE Rivilla
1) Deforestation accounts for 18% of global carbon emissions and is equivalent to flying 12.5 million people from London to New York daily.
2) Emerging frameworks like REDD+ aim to finance forest conservation through carbon markets and other mechanisms, but $17-33 billion is needed annually.
3) Business activities like cattle ranching and palm oil plantations are major drivers of deforestation, threatening forest "eco-utilities" valued in trillions of dollars annually.
The Energy of the Future for the Economy of the Present: Business Opportuniti...RWVentures
This presentation (available in both English and Italian) for a regional business conference in Rovereto, Italy describes the growing market for "green" products, identifies business opportunities and sustainability strategies and offers suggestions for regional green strategy development.
Replicable NAMA Concept - Promoting the Use of Energy Efficient Motors in Ind...Leonardo ENERGY
* Introduces Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
* Proposed structure and design of the NAMA.
* Template for countries wishing to adopt the NAMA concept.
LTC, Annual Forum, The Direction of Technology in Transportation, 05/13/2011,...LTC @ CSUSB
The document discusses key drivers of technological change in transportation including air quality, global warming, energy security, and congestion relief. It notes that transportation is the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions, with passenger vehicles accounting for 27% in 2006. To reduce emissions, more non-carbon based fuels like electricity and hydrogen must be used, and vehicle efficiency through improved gas mileage must increase. Energy security means a reliable affordable energy supply. Congestion relief will require technological improvements to transportation like automated vehicles and roadways. The economy is a main driver, as consumers seek affordable mobility. The automobile of 2035 will likely use traditional and new fuels, and could see widespread electric vehicle fast charging and hydrogen refueling, as well as
Repensando el sistema energético: El potencial de la energía distribuida - el...Libelula
Repensando el sistema energético: El potencial de la energía distribuida - el caso de Alemania.
Presentado por Alexander Ochs, Director de Programa de Clima y Energía - Worldwatch Institute.
This document discusses the risks and opportunities that climate change presents for super fund investments. It emphasizes that super funds should take a long-term view of carbon risk and opportunity as part of their fiduciary duty. Deep emissions cuts are needed to limit global warming, which will require a major economic transformation towards renewable energy and energy efficiency. Super funds can play a role by supporting low-carbon initiatives, engaging with companies, and advocating for effective climate policy. They must be prepared for potential surprises and not assume change will be gradual.
The document discusses a scenario where political will accelerates a dramatic shift in the global energy mix away from petroleum towards hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This would require massive investments in hydrogen production infrastructure and fuel cell technology to bring costs down and make the scenario viable. The biggest risks and barriers are the ability to reduce fuel cell and hydrogen costs at scale, as well as generating sufficient political will through public-private cooperation and incentives on the scale of other major programs.
Criteria for Selection of Innovative Waste-To-Energy Conversion TechnologiesSustBusnMgmtLLC
This document discusses key factors to consider when evaluating waste-to-energy technologies. It outlines various waste-to-energy conversion processes and emphasizes the importance of evaluating the residuals produced and their marketability. Key criteria for technology selection include the experience of the company, facility size and design flexibility, ability to obtain necessary permits, ownership model, pre-processing requirements, reliability data from existing plants, risk allocation, cost estimates, contractual terms, thermal efficiency, and utility requirements. The overall goal is to select a proven, cost-effective solution that will divert waste from landfills.
The document describes MIECOFT Consultants & Services' ROC technology for converting green waste into compost. The ROC (Rapid Organic Composting) units use an aerobic process to convert green waste into a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer within one month. The closed system prevents odors and pests while processing waste on-site. MIECOFT has implemented successful ROC projects in Delhi colleges and residential communities to handle green waste sustainably and create leaf mould compost without transportation or landfilling.
Green-O-Tech India is a waste paper recycling company that has recycled over 200,000 kg of waste paper in the last two years from over 100 clients. Their mission is to convert waste into wealth by collecting waste paper, recycling it into stationery products, and planting a tree for every 100 kg of paper recycled as part of their clients' green initiatives. Recycling waste paper saves thousands of trees and tons of carbon compared to producing new paper products.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Feniks Waste Management LTD provides thermal waste treatment technologies and has experience designing waste-to-energy plants. Their mission is to contribute to a sustainable environment through advanced technology solutions for waste management. They offer integrated solutions for municipal solid waste treatment including sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and flue gas cleaning.
1) Energy can be produced from waste through eco-friendly waste treatment technologies like bio-methanization. Bio-methanization is an anaerobic digestion process that produces biogas and bio-manure from food and other organic waste.
2) Decentralized waste treatment at the source through small domestic and institutional plants has benefits over centralized methods. These smaller plants treat waste to generate biogas for cooking and electricity.
3) Biotech promotes eco-friendly waste management and energy generation technologies. They have implemented over 21,000 domestic waste treatment plants and 52 waste-to-electricity projects in India.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are explained. Recommendations are made to improve waste management through increased public awareness, prohibiting littering, and moving from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
Outcome Statement & Recommendations- Responsible Business Forum 2014Rosie Helson
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Waste to Wealth: Landscape for Waste to Energy for Industrial Waste
1.
2. ASSOCHAM acknowledged as Knowledge Chamber of India has emerged as a forceful, pro-active, effective and forward looking institution
playing its role as a catalyst between the Government and Industry. ASSOCHAM established in 1920 and has been successful in influencing the
Government in shaping India’s economic, trade, fiscal and social policies which will be of benefit to the trade and industry. ASSOCHAM renders
its services to over 3,50,000 members which includes multinational companies,
India’s top corporates, medium and small scale units and Associations representing all the sectors of Industry. ASSOCHAM is also known as a
Chamber of Chambers representing the interest of more than 350 Chambers & Trade Associations from all over India encompassing all sectors.
ASSOCHAM has over 100 National Committees covering the entire gamut of economic activities in India. It has been especially acknowledged
as a significant voice of Indian industry in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility, Environment & Safety, Corporate Governance,
Information Technology, Agriculture, Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, Telecom, Banking & Finance, Company Law, Corporate
Finance, Economic and International Affairs, Tourism, Civil Aviation, Infrastructure, Energy & Power, Education, Legal Reforms, Real Estate,
Rural Development etc. The Chamber has its international offices in China, Sharjah, Moscow, UK and USA. ASSOCHAM has also signed MoU
partnership with Business Chambers in more than 45 countries.
cKinetics is an operational consulting and strategic services firm exclusively focused on shaping scalable sustainability solutions and low carbon
growth practices within industry and communities. With operations in India and in the United States, the firm focuses on (a) resource
efficiency on the fronts of carbon, energy, water and waste; (b) renewable energy and (c) smart infrastructure.
3.
4. MESSAGE
Dilip Modi
President, ASSOCHAM
The world, presently, is experiencing an unprecedented pressure on
limited environmental resources, which is compounded by the impact
of increasing environmental pollution through industrialization and
consumption. These are the key challenges that solicit an immediate
addressal on the global, national and local stage.
As India, an emerging economic superpower, looks to increase and
sustaina high economic growth rate, ensuring the unregulated supply
of energysources is a key consideration.
In this backdrop, this report intends to highlight the potential of
converting Waste to Wealth, with particular consideration of detailing
the benefits, technology and pertinence.
I congratulate the effort and extend my best wishes ASSOCHAM
conference on ‘Waste to Wealth’ and look forward to the outcomes
of the same.
5. PREFACE
Upendra Bhatt
Managing Director
cKinetics
Perched on the tipping point of ecological and economic rebalancing, the
business and environmental landscape of the world is shifting towards
sustainable growth paths. Energy and resource costs are on the upswing due
to heavy reliance on non-renewable and hence limited sources of energy
and other materials. This is a precursor to the need to: (1) make existing
resources last longer and (2) identify new resources that are both renewable
and viable.
Waste and, in particular, the exponentially growing Industrial Waste presents
one such invaluable opportunity to generate energy from waste; thereby
incorporating a natural by-product of industrial production into meeting the
industrial energy demand.
The Government of India has, through policies and directives, laid significant
emphasis on the need and the pathways to exploit the waste to energy
potential in India. Various programs are providing assistance to industrial
units to set up plants to convert waste to energy.
In addition, the economic viability of Industrial Waste as a substantial, easily
available and renewable source of energy is a key catalyst to drive industrial
uptake of ‘Waste to Energy’ programs.
To accelerate the adoption of Waste to Energy programs, it is imperative to
understand and mitigate roadblocks for all stakeholders. The ASSOCHAM
initiativesonWastetoWealth,supportedbythisreportdetailingtheoperative
landscape, would create the ideal forum to initiate and incubate the dialogue
that enables the road to generate Wealth from Waste.
6. FOREWORD
D. S. Rawat
Secretary General,
ASSOCHAM
Today, India stands on the threshold of being the third largest economy
in the world with a double digit growth rate, driven by domestic and
global investments. Thus, it becomes imperative that Indian Industries
continue to deliver rapid growth through increased efficiencies and
innovation.
As a nation, the key challenges we face to propel this growth, include
securing a stable supply of energy to close the gap between demand
andsupplyandmanagingthenegativeeffectsofrapidindustrialization;
i.e. drain on resources and high quantities of waste generation.
Conversion of ‘Waste to Wealth’ is an imminent and pertinent topic,
whichrequiresthecollaborativeeffortofindustrialrepresentativesand
policy makers to find sustainable and economically viable solutions.
The Government of India has made concentrated efforts to create and
achieve the potential of converting ‘Waste to Energy’, through the
‘National Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban and Industrial
Wastes’.
This report intents to builds the background for discussions regarding
efficient management of Industrial Waste for energy and resource
recovery, and provide a framework to the conversations during the
ASSOCHAM Conference on ‘Waste to Wealth.
I support this endeavor to build and define a platform to understand
the needs and challenges faced by all stakeholders and pave the
way for mutually beneficial solutions, which would contribute to the
development, we all seek to achieve.
9. Contents
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1
Waste: Challenges and Opportunities........................................................................................... 1
Waste to Wealth............................................................................................................................ 1
Waste to Energy Technologies and Pathways............................................................................... 2
Operating Environment and the Road Ahead ............................................................................... 4
Introduction into Waste – Challenges and Opportunity.................................................................... 5
Industrial Waste Generation – Problems ...................................................................................... 5
Potential areas for reuse: Waste to Wealth .................................................................................. 6
Waste to Energy Technologies and Pathways................................................................................... 7
Thermo-chemical conversion ........................................................................................................ 7
Bio-Chemical conversion ............................................................................................................... 9
Chemical Conversion..................................................................................................................... 9
Establishing technical viability of waste to energy recovery process.......................................... 10
Current Landscape in India.............................................................................................................. 11
Industrial Sectors with high waste to energy potential............................................................... 11
Technology suitability for Indian conditions................................................................................ 12
Indicative Case Studies................................................................................................................ 13
Key drivers for Waste to Energy Projects for Indian Industries....................................................... 15
Energy Availability: Demand vs. Supply Pressures....................................................................... 16
Policy Compliance........................................................................................................................ 17
Financial Incentives ..................................................................................................................... 17
Other Economic Benefits............................................................................................................. 17
Operating Environment................................................................................................................... 19
Policy ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Financing of Waste to Energy Projects........................................................................................ 21
Harnessing the Potential: Addressing the Gaps .............................................................................. 23
Gap Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 23
Need for Increased Stakeholder Engagement............................................................................. 23
End Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 24
10.
11. Page 1
Executive Summary
Waste: Challenges and Opportunities
The world in general, and a developing economy like India, has experienced rapid changes in the
past few decades; technical and industrial evolution, medical evolution, and globalization have
increased both the length and the impact of human activity on each other as well on the
environment.
This growth has resulted in increased consumerism and urbanization leading to increased waste
generation; both due to the scale of lifestyle as well inefficient use of resources. Residues from
industrial activities in the form of waste often end up in landfills or water bodies. Such untreated
waste leads to environmental and health problems. Thus efficient cost-effective industrial Waste
Management is an absolute necessity going forward. Already several regulatory requirements
exist and implementation is increasingly becoming stringent.
A key component of efficiently managing such waste, in a world dealing with rapidly depleting
non-renewable resources, is to recycle waste; i.e. derive economic and environmental benefits of
turning waste by-products to create raw materials for productive use.
Waste can broadly be classified into Municipal Waste, Electronic Waste, Biomedical Waste and
Industrial Waste.
An integrated and efficient waste management system would encompass all these waste types to
deliver a framework to reduce, reuse and recycle or dispose waste.
Waste to Wealth
As the term suggests, Waste to Wealth is about creating economic benefits out of what was
traditionally regarded as waste. Generation of wastes is inevitable in all industrial processes. Each
industry is unique in its waste generation spectrum. In the background of rising energy costs,
scarcity of resources, and deterioration of ecological systems, innovative mechanisms to shape
Municpal
Waste
Industrial
Waste
Biomedical
Waste
Electronic
waste
Total Solid
and Liquid
Waste
In this Knowledge Paper, we focus on the challenges and opportunities presented by Industrial
Waste management, specifically:
(a) Opportunity and potential of reusing Waste to generate Energy and as potential input
materials for other products
(b) Identify priority areas in the industrial sectors and the technological options for Waste
Conversion particularly Waste to Energy Technologies
(c) Operating Environment and the gaps that need to be addressed for large scale uptake
(d) Insight into the Road Ahead
12. Page 2
waste into useful ingredients (energy and/or other useful by-products) represents an appealing
solution to several pressing problems.
Waste generated from manufacturing and agri-industries presents a formidable opportunity to
create energy in an economically viable fashion. The Global waste to energy market has grown
from $4.83 billion in 2006 to $7.08 billion in 2010
1
.
A report by SBI energy
2
predicts estimates that with the global drivers such as growth in Asia, and
the maturing of EU waste regulations and U.S. climate mitigation strategies, the market will
exceed $27 billion by 2021; and cater to 10% of the total energy needs.
In the Indian context, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has identified a few key
sectors generating industrial wastes as those with high energy potential. The table below
summarizes the sectors, the key raw materials and the major waste streams.
Table ES 1: Industrial Wastes with Energy Potential
Sectors Raw Materials Major Waste Stream Power generation
potential (in MW)
Liquid Solid 2012 2017
Distillery Mollases Spent Wash 628 785
Dairy Milk, Cheese Washings, Whey 77 96
Pulp & Paper Bagasse / Straw Black Liquor Pith 72 90
Poultry Chicken - Litter 81 102
Tanneries Raw Hide Toxic (complex) Flesh / Hair 8 10
Slaughterhouse Animals Blood Flesh / Bone 117 146
Cattle farm Waste Cattle Farm Waste
Sugar Sugar cane Waste water Pressmud 453 567
Maize Starch Maize Steep Liquor Pith 132 164
Tapioca Starch Tapioca Waste water Pith, Peelings 30 37
Additionally waste materials in certain sectors can also be used as inputs for other sectors, e.g. fly
ash from thermal power plants are usable as inputs for the construction sector. A snapshot of
similar opportunities is presented in the table ES 2 on the next page.
Various countries, particularly those in Western Europe, are already in the process of using a
significant proportion of their waste to produce energy as also for recovering waste material for
reuse in other industrial sectors. Technologies have been developed and are further being
improved upon to provide the necessary fillip for large scale uptake of these initiatives.
Waste to Energy Technologies and Pathways
The most significant waste-to-energy technologies are based on biological or thermal methods.
Biological method involves bio-methanation producing methane enriched bio-gas, which can be
used as fuel whereas thermal method (incineration) involves combustion of organic wastes as fuel
with the evolution of heat energy for recovery.
Advanced thermal conversion involves destructive heating of organic materials with a limited
supply of oxygen (gasification) or without any oxygen (pyrolysis) to produce a combustible
gaseous product consisting of simple hydrocarbons and hydrogen.
The Global waste
to energy market
has grown from
$4.83 billion in
2006 to $7.08
billion in 2010
13. Page 3
Various technologies as relevant for different kind of industrial waste materials are listed below:
• Bio-methanation: Relevant for Liquids and Semi-solid waste
• Gasification /Pyrolysis: Relevant for Solids and Semi-solid waste
• Incineration / Combustion: Relevant for Solids and Semi-solids
An analysis of the above WTE process options
3
based on technology systems, environmental
aspects, resources recovery and commercial aspects presents the following insight:
• Bio-methanation has emerged as a favoured technology for industrial waste
• Gasification/pyrolysis have a distinct promise, and although further technology maturity
is desired
• Incineration is a mature technology for energy recovery from industrial wastes and has
been successfully commercialized in the developed countries. However it represents an
increasingly expensive option due to rigorous environmental compliance requirements
The desirable range of important waste parameters for technical viability of Energy recovery
waste for the above processes is presented in Table 2.1 in Chapter ‘Waste to Energy Technologies
and Pathways’.
Table ES 2: Areas of reuse of industrial waste
Industry Waste Areas of Use
Thermal Power
Plants
Fly ash 1. Feedstock in the cement industry
2. Making of Bricks
3. Structural fill for roads, construction sites, land reclamation
4. Stablilisation of soil
Iron and Steel Blast Furnace
Slags
Structural fill for roads, construction sites
Paper and Pulp,
Sugar
Lime Sludge 1. As a sweetener for lime in cement manufacture
2. Manufacture of lime pozzolana bricks/ binders
3. For recycling in parent industry
4. Manufacture of building lime
5. Manufacture of masonry cement
Aluminium
Smelter
Red Mud 1. As a corrective material
2. As a binder
4. Making construction blocks
5. As a cellular concrete additive
6. Coloured composition for concrete
7. Making heavy clay products and red mud bricks
8. In the formation of aggregate
9. In making floor and all tiles
10. Red mud polymer door
Spent Pot Lining 1. Energy savings in the brick and cement industries;
2. Beneficial fluxing properties in the brick, cement and steel
industries;
3. Enhances strength development from cement.
4. Recycle into cathodes, and anodes for use in the aluminium
ramming paste industry;
5. Fluorides recovery (cryolite).
Cement Kiln Dust
(Particulate
Matter), Waste
Heat
1. Feedstock in the cement industry
2. As a soil stabiliser, to create raw materials for road
constructions
3. Treatment of other waste such ad flue gas and sewage sludge
14. Page 4
Operating Environment and the Road Ahead
As the Indian industrial sector continues on its growth path, the India Waste to Energy market
promises huge potential for wealth generation and energy ‘savings’. In India, the industrial waste-
to-energy projects have been successfully implemented independently in industrial sectors like
distilleries, pulp and paper, dairy etc.
The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, under its Biomass led power generation programme,
has been instrumental in catalyzing projects in the following areas:
• Industrial bio-methanation for power and thermal applications
• Biomass gasifier based captive power and thermal applications in industries
• Biomass power based on agro / forestry residues through combustion technology
• Bagasse based co-generation in sugar mills
• Non-bagasse based co-generation in other industries
Under the ministry’s ‘Accelerated Programme on Recovery of Energy/ Power Generation from
Industrial and Commercial Wastes and Effluents’, the Government has provided considerable
support for up-gradation of various conversion technologies. The ministry is attempting to
significantly upscale the activities on this front to shape a conducive environment for the
development of the sector in the country with a view to harness the available potential by the end
of the 12
th
Five year plan.
Investments to generate energy from industrial wastes are generally cost effective and offer
attractive rates of returns in addition to enabling the statutory regulatory compliance the industry
should adhere to. The IRR of bio-methanation plant generating only biogas is in excess of 30 %
(without downstream aerobic treatment) and about 20 % when the downstream aerobic
treatment cost is taken into account.
In addition to the support from the central government for Waste to Energy (WTE) projects,
project developers also have access to concessional loans and lines of credit set-up to support
such projects. Amongst the institutions that support these projects are: IREDA, NABARD, SIDBI,
state financial corporations and even some commercial banks.
Despite a sufficient policy framework to drive, direct, assist and govern the market for Waste to
Energy projects in India, the potential has not been fully tapped into. The National Conference on
Waste to Wealth organized by ASSOCHAM aims to foster the dialogue amongst diverse
stakeholders to highlight the progress made on the technology front and reflect on the gaps and
the efforts required expedite larger adoption and truly unlock the huge potential of the Waste to
Energy market in the country to create wealth generation and critical energy ‘savings’.
15. Page 5
Introduction into Waste – Challenges and Opportunity
The world has experienced rapid changes in the past century; technical and industrial evolution,
medical evolution, and globalization have increased both the length and the impact of human
activity on each other as well on the environment.
Increased consumerism and urbanization has resulted in increased waste generation; both due to
the scale of lifestyle as well inefficient use of resources.
Industrial Waste can broadly be classified as Bio-degradable waste, Non bio degradable waste and
Hazardous waste. Furthermore, by formation, the waste is generated in all three forms of Solid
Waste, Semi-solid Waste and Liquid Waste.
Industrial Waste Generation – Problems
Solid waste, often un-segregated, is typically dumped in landfills. The waste lying in these landfills
leads to generation of Greenhouse Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. This not only
contributes to climate change but can also cause fires/ explosions and collapses at landfills, as
methane is highly flammable.
Unprecedented growth of urban areas has created an acute shortage of land available for landfills
and cities are under the pressure of managing both the municipal solid waste and industrial
waste.
Untreated liquid, solid and gaseous waste can seep into Air, Water, and Soil to cause a plethora of
ecological and health problems. Particulate matters in the air, polluted water with chemical
effluents, hazardous waste etc are increasing the urban pollution levels. This problem is worsened
in Industrial areas, many of which are critically polluted.
The environmental impacts of certain elements of the waste streams (such as plastics, metals and
glass, etc.) as well as certain waste streams themselves (such as e-waste) stem not only from the
waste treatment and disposal itself but also from the indirect impacts due to the loss of resources
from the supply chain. In other words, such resources must be produced again from virgin
materials (often non-renewable), thus contributing to the overall depletion of valuable natural
resources. The resultant ever-increasing demand of resources makes waste management a global
issue.
Already several regulatory requirements exist mandating specific ways for management /
treatment of Industrial waste. These typically entail additional expenses and in certain cases, even
significant capital expenditure on part of the industry. At the same time, in a resource constrained
world, energy prices and raw material prices continue to be on the rise thus creating additional
burden on the industrial sector.
In the background of rising energy costs, scarcity of resources, and deterioration of ecological
systems, innovative mechanisms to shape waste into useful ingredients (energy and/or other
useful by-products) represents an appealing solution to several pressing problems.
With rising energy
costs, scarcity of
resources, and
deterioration of
ecological systems,
innovative
mechanisms to
shape waste into
useful ingredients
(energy and/or
other useful by-
products)
represents an
appealing solution.
16. Page 6
Potential areas for reuse: Waste to Wealth
The major indicator of potential usefulness of waste
is the proportion of organic and inorganic matter,
which correlates well with the energy potential in
terms of the calorific value. A waste with good
proportion of organic matter can be a good substrate
for recovery of bio-energy potential (from
biodegradable fraction of the organics) or for the
recovery of thermal energy potential (equivalent to
calorific value observed).
Waste to Energy – Potential end-fuels
As a result of the conversion process, different kind of fuel products can be generated. The same
are listed as follows
Several proprietary anaerobic processes have been developed for energy recovery as biogas from
various liquid and solid wastes of industrial processes. Anaerobic technology has emerged as a
mature technology for industrial applications since the nineties.
The type of technology process enabling conversion of waste in different state is summarized:
Re-use of waste as input material
Waste materials in certain sectors can also be used as inputs for other sectors, e.g. fly ash from
thermal power plants are usable as inputs for the construction sector. A snapshot of such
opportunities has been presented in the table ES 2 earlier in this paper.
Waste to Solid Fuels
•Briquettes
•Pellets
•Charcoal
•Bio-char
Waste to Liquid Fuels
•Bio-diesel
•Bio-ethanol
•Bio Oil
Waste to Gaseous fuels
•Biogas
•Syngas
•Bio-methanation
Liquids
•Gasification / Pryolysis, Incineration / Combustion
Solids
•Biomethanation, Gasification / Pyrolysis, Incineration /
Combustion
Semi-Solids
17. Page 7
Waste to Energy Technologies and Pathways
Waste-to-energy (WTE) is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the
incineration of waste source. WTE is a form of energy recovery. The most significant waste- to-
energy technologies are based on the biological or thermal methods.
The table below presents an insight into the types of conversion process and the associated end-
products.
Technology Type Process End Products
Thermo-chemical
Conversion
Combustion Electricity & heat
Gassification Methanol,Hydrogen, Gasoline
Pyrolysis Methanol,Hydrogen, Gasoline, Naptha, Bio-diesel
Liquefaction Methanol,Hydrogen, Gasoline
Bio-Chemical Conversion Anaerobic Digestion Biogas
Fermentation Bio Ethanol, Hydrogen
Chemical Conversion Trans-esterification Bio-diesel
Thermo-chemical conversion
Combustion
Combustion produces flue gas from waste, at high temperatures. The higher the temperature,
higher is the electricity output. However extreme temperatures in the boilers will cause corrosion.
The following are the key combustion processes:
• Co-combustion of coal and waste
• Dedicated residual derived fuel (RDF) plant
• Incineration
Gasification
Gasification is the process of converting a carbon-based material (Industrial, Agricultural or
Municipal waste) into a combustible gaseous product (combustible gas) by the supply of a small
amount of gasification agent (typically oxygen).
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Combustion leads to a reduction in
the volume of the waste that
ultimately needs to be disposed off
by up to 90%. This significantly lowers
the pressure on limited land
resources.
2. Waste disposed in landfills emits
Green House Gases, in particular
Methane. By offsetting this emission,
combustion leads to carbon savings.
3. The initial investment cost of
Combustion plants are lower than
other technologies for Waste to
Energy
1. The combustion/ incineration plants
require strict emission control, as they
release tars, dioxins, furans and char into
the atmosphere. However, the ash
released, if captured, can be used in
building roads.
2. Only organic matter can be combusted,
while the inorganic matter is released as
ash, which needs landfill disposal.
18. Page 8
Pyrolysis
Pyrolisis is the process of converting the carbon based to gas, in the absence of any oxygen (or any
other agent). The combustible gas produced is called Syngas and contains Hydrogen, Carbon
Monoxide and Carbon dioxide. It can be used for running internal combustion engines, substitute
furnace oil as also to produce methanol, which is useful both as fuel for heat engines as well as
chemical feedstock for industries.
These technologies can be applied to most sectors, including Dairy, Poultry, Paper and Pulp,
Slaughterhouse, Sugar and Distillery; as all of these sectors produce waste with a high Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD).
Advantages Disadvantages
1. As gasification occurs at high
temperatures, as compared to
combustion, the residual effluents such as
chloride and potassium are refined and
rendered chemically stable. Thus Gas is
produced with relatively low emissions.
2. The feedstock used in gasification is
relatively flexible; it can contain wood,
plastics, aluminum, agricultural and
industrial wastes, sewage sludge etc.
3. The processes are typically seen as
producing a more useful product than
standard incineration – gases, oils and
solid char can be used as a fuel, or
purified and used as a feedstock for petro-
chemicals and other applications. The
syngas may be used to generate energy
more efficiently, if a gas engine (and
potentially a fuel cell) is used, whilst
incineration can only generate energy less
efficiently via steam turbines.
1. The initial investment required for
Gasification plants is high and thus larger
scale is required to bring economic
sustainability.
2. Waste processing in gasification plants
consumes high amounts of power and
pure oxygen, which offsets the efficiency
of the energy it produces (electricity)
3. Studies have demonstrated that it may
not be possible to maximize recycling
prior to treatment by gasification and
pyrolysis, due to the requirement for a
fairly specific composition of waste,
including combustibles, in order for the
process to work effectively.
4
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is the process of converting biomass and organic materials into hydrocarbon oils and
byproducts using high pressure (generally up to 200 atm) and temperature (generally up to 350
°C). The resulting intermediates are convertible to hydrocarbon fuels and commodity chemicals to
generate end-products similar to those produced from petroleum. The difference between
Gasification / Pyrolisis and Liquefaction is in the state of the output (i.e. liquid fuel instead of
gaseous). Advantages and disadvantages of this process are the same as that of
Gasification/Pyrolysis.
19. Page 9
Bio-Chemical conversion
The bio-chemical conversion of biomass occurs when different microorganisms convert biomass
into gases or liquids typically under anaerobic conditions and by addition of heat.
Anaerobic Digestion or Bio-methanation
Anaerobic digestion is the naturally occurring process of breakdown of organic material by micro-
organisms in the absence of oxygen. This is believed to be the oldest technique for waste
management and/or treatment. This process can be replicated and accelerated under artificial
conditions leading to the generation of Biogas, consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, which
in turn can be used as a fuel for power and heat.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. As compared to Incineration technologies,
Anaerobic Digestion does not release any gases
into the atmosphere and is a ‘net’, 100%
renewable source of energy.
1. The initial investment required for anaerobic
digestion is high and thus scale is required to
achieve commercial viability. Additionally, the
maintenance cost is also high, owing to the
involvement of bacteria.
2. Only organic matter is treated in this process,
and thus the waste water produced could
contain metals and other materials.
This process can easily be introduced into Sugar, Slaughterhouse and Distilleries industries for
waste to energy projects.
Fermentation
Organic wastes can be converted to ethanol, the alcohol found in beverages, through bacterial
fermentation (enzymes may be used to speed up the process), which converts carbohydrates in
the feedstock to ethanol. Feedstock for this process includes forestry and agricultural wastes, such
as molasses or waste starch.
The applicability, advantages and disadvantages are similar to Anaerobic Digestion.
Chemical Conversion
Trans-esterification
Trans-esterification is a process that uses an alcohol (like methanol) and reacts it with the
triglyceride oils contained in vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled greases, forming fatty acid
alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin. This is a useful technology for converting waste to energy.
Depending on the fatty acids’ content of feedstock, some pre-treatment of feedstocks may be
required before the transesterification process. Feedstocks with less than 4% free fatty acids,
which include vegetable oils and some food-grade animal fats, do not require pretreatment.
Feedstocks with more than 4% free fatty acids, which include inedible animal fats and recycled
greases, must be pretreated in an acid esterification process.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Output from this process, Bio-diesel, is more
combustible than diesel, and hence a more
efficient fuel.
2. The process does not have any harmful
emissions
1. The process, if used on fresh edible oil, may
contribute to supply changes and re-pricing /
increased plantation and resultantly more
deforestation.
2. The process may change depending on
feedstock content; hence it is important to
ensure that the feedstock is of the required
constitution.
20. Page 10
Establishing technical viability of waste to energy recovery process
The desirable range of important waste parameters for ensuring technical viability of Energy
recovery waste for the above discussed processed are captured in Table 2.1 below.
Table 2.1: Desirable range of important waste parameters for technical viability of Energy
Recovery Waste Treatment
Waste Treatment
Method
Basic Principle Important Waste
Parameters
Desirable Range*
Thermo-chemical
conversion
- Incineration
- Pyrolysis
- Gasification
Description of organic
matter by action of
heat
Moisture content < 45%
Organic / Volatile matter > 50%
Fixed Carbon < 16%
Total Inert < 36%
Calorific Value (NCV) > 1200 kcal. /kg
Bio-chemical
conversion -
Anaerobic digestion /
Bio-methanation
Decomposition of
organic matter by
microbial action
Moisture Content > 60%
Organic Volatile Matter > 40%
C / N Ratio 25 - 30
* Indicated values pertain to segregated / processed / mixed waste and do not necessarily
correspond to wastes as received of the treatment facility
21. Page 11
Current Landscape in India
Industrial Sectors with high waste to energy potential
Post liberalization, Indian Industries have undergone a major transformation, with the emergence
of new industries, influx of new technologies, and increased competiveness. This has resulted in
increased quantities of waste, produced through the manufacturing process of products as well as
operational inefficiencies, leading to ecological, environmental and economic damage.
Under the National Master Plan for Conversion of Waste to Energy, the ministry of new and
renewable energy (MNRE) has identified the following industries in the country, which offer a high
potential for conversion of waste to energy:
• Sugar industry
• Distillery sector
• Dairy sector
• Pulp & paper industry
• Poultry sector
• Tanneries
• Slaughter houses
• Cattle Farms
• Maize starch waste
• Tapioca starch waste
The tables below indicate key characteristics of the waste materials from these sectors and their
energy potential.
Table 3.1: Key Characteristics of Indian Industrial Liquid Waste
Sector Waste
Generated
(m3/Tonne)
BOD (mg /L) COD (mg / L) Total
Dissolved
Solids (mg/L)
Indicative Biochemical
Energy Potential (N m3
of biogas/m3)
Distillery 25 45000 - 50000 90000-100000 70000-90000 25
Paper 15-30 4000-9000 12000-25000 10000-15000 5
Dairy 4 - 4.5 1000-1200 1800-2500 600-900 0.8
Abattoir 40-50 3500 - 4000 6000 - 8000 2500-3000 0.25
Maize 15 12000-12650 10000-20000 4000-6000 6
Tapioca 30 4600-5200 5600-6400 3500-4000 2.5
Tannery 30-40 1200-2500 3000-6000 14000-20000 1
Sugar 0.3-0.5 1250-2000 2000-3000 1000-1200 1
Table 3.2: Key Characteristics of Indian Industrial Solid Waste
Waste Sector Moisture (%) Total Solids
(%)
Inerts (%) Organics
(Volatile) % TS
Thermal Energy
Potential * Kcal /
kg (Dry basis)
Poultry 75-80 20-25 25 75 1000-1400
Cattle Farm 80-90 20-Oct 20 80 - 85 3700
Bagasse 50 50 5 – 8 80-90 4000
Pressmud 75-80 20 – 25 10-20 75-80 4000
Abattoir 75 -80 20 – 25 NA 75 - 85 NA
Tannery Fleshings 75 - 80 20 -25 NA 75 - 85 NA
Corn cobs 10 - 15 85 – 90 < 5 95 3500
Tapioca peelings 10 - 15 85 – 90 5 - 10 85 - 90 3000
Tapioca Tippi 80 - 90 10 – 20 2 – 5 90 3000
Rice Husk 5-8 70-78 20-25 75-80 3000
Coal++ 8 -10 90 25-30 70-75 4500
* Adopted from indiasolar.com; ++ - Value for Coal is indicated only for comparison purpose
A snapshot of the waste materials in these sectors and their respective energy generation
potential at the end of 11
th
and 12
th
five year plans
5
is presented in the Table 3.3 and 3.4.
22. Page 12
Table 3.4: Power Generation Potential in identified
Industrial sectors (in MW)
Sectors 2012 2017
Dairy (Liquid Waste) 77 96
Distillery (Liquid waste) 628 785
Maize Starch
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
132
30
102
164
37
127
Tapioca Starch
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
30
22
8
37
27
10
Poultry (solid waste) 81 102
Paper (Liquid Waste) 72 90
Slaughterhouse (solid waste) 117 146
Sugar
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
453
73
380
567
92
475
Tanneries (Liquid waste) 8 10
Total 1598 1997
Table 3.3: Industrial Wastes with Energy Potential: Key raw materials and major waste streams
Sectors Raw Materials Major Waste Stream
Liquid Solid
Distillery Molasses Spent Wash
Dairy Milk, Cheese Washings, Whey
Pulp & Paper Bagasse / Straw Black Liquor Pith
Poultry Chicken - Litter
Tanneries Raw Hide Toxic (complex) Flesh / Hair
Slaughterhouse Animals Blood Flesh / Bone
Cattle farm Waste Cattle Farm Waste
Sugar Sugar cane Waste water Pressmud
Maize Starch Maize Steep Liquor Pith
Tapioca Starch Tapioca Waste water Pith, Peelings
Under the National mission plan for Waste to Energy (WTE) projects, these sectors have been
prioritized based on the sector potential (in MW), waste availability/ collection, emerging clean
technology and technology status.
Priority A: Distillery, Paper,
Sugar (Pressmud), Maize
Starch.
Priority B: Dairy, Sugar
(Liquid), Poultry Farms,
Slaughter House, Tapioca
Starch
Priority C: Tannery
For sectors where individual
units do not have a potential
for energy generation (e.g.
Poultry, Cattle farms etc.)
energy potential needs to be
harnessed based on clusters of units.
Technology suitability for Indian conditions
The MNRE, under the Waste to Energy master plan, recommends the following technologies: Bio-
methanation, incineration, gasification. An analysis of the above WTE technology options
6
based
on technology systems, environmental aspects, resources recovery and commercial aspects
reveals the following:
Bio-methanation Gasification Incineration
1. Offers the benefit of high
commercial uptake
internationally; hence
implementation expertise
is available.
2. Lesser impact on the
environment due to low or
no emissions.
3. The payback period of bio-
methanation project is
normally under 5 years.
1. It offers higher energy
recovery potential and
reduced environmental
impacts (as compared to
incineration).
2. With an increasing
number of installations
worldwide, gasification
has started emerging as a
mature technology.
1. Incineration is losing
appeal with the
emergence and adoption
of Bio-methanation and
gasification.
2. Incineration still has
emissions which
contribute to climate
change. Developed
countries are looking to
prevent its use.
23. Page 13
Indicative Case Studies7
Company
Name
Context to WTE project Waste Material
used
Outcome
Kanoria
Chemicals
Use of anaerobic digesters for bio-
methanation of effluent producing
biogas to be utilized for generating
electricity
Spent Wash At an initial outlay of under
Rs. 9 crores, a 2 MW plant has
been put up producing a little
over 1 million units of
electricity each month and
generating a saving of Rs 40
lakhs /month. Payback period
works to be about 3 years.
Agarwal
Duplex Ltd.
Replacement of the existing boiler with
a new fluidised bed boiler. The new
boiler used bagasse as a fuel in place of
coal under high pressure. The steam
from this boiler was used to power
extraction cum condensing turbine to
produce electricity.
Bagasse At an initial outlay of $2
million, the project resulted in
annual savings of $1.5 million
for the company. Reduction in
GHG emissions by 37.4 tons
per year.
M/s Alkabeer
Exports Ltd.
Biogas plants were installed for
treating both solid and liquid wastes
generated from slaughterhouse. The
sludge from the anaerobic digester is
dried and is being marketed as a
nutrient rich soil conditioner
Slaughterhouse
waste
The biogas plants have
resulted in a total saving of Rs
6.00 lakh per month;
Adoption of biomethanation
technology has resulted in
saving of furnace oil as well as
chemicals used for treatment
of wastewater.
Vasundhara
Dairy
UASB technology used for converting
Waste to Energy with Biogas; Produced
biogas is flared into the atmosphere
Dairy waste 40 cubic meter of Biogas
produced; Plant investment -
Rs 45 Lakhs
Varalakshmi
Company
UASB technology used for conversion
of Waste to Energy project using DFG
engine
Sago Waste Power generation plant of 0.2
MW - run using a 40 TPD sago
effluent plant; Capital
Investment of Rs 3.6 crores
leading to production of
almost 1.2 lakhs of electricity
units (in KWh) per month.
Universal
Starch
UASB technology used for conversion
of Waste to Energy project; Produced
biogas is fed to the boiler to save boiler
fuel consumption.
Maize starch
waste
Project cost of Rs 2 crores -
10,000 cubic metres of biogas
produced each day
Vensa Biotek UASB technology for biomethanation
of effluent producing biogas to be
utilized as fuel in the boiler. Produced
biogas is used directly as fuel for
generating steam in the boiler.
Starch and
glucose
manufacturing
waste
Project cost of Rs. 1.8 crores
for 8,000 cubic meter per day
biogas production; Payback
period of 4 years
25. Page 15
Key drivers for Waste to Energy Projects for Indian
Industries
Globally, advancement in technology and evolving environmental regulations has resulted in a
growing demand and need for Waste to Energy Projects. Waste to Energy projects help address
the key concerns of the prevalent global economic environment:
(a) Need to address Environmental Pollution
(b) Need for Renewable Energy
There are several drivers for the adoption of waste to energy projects by Indian Industries; these
include the benefits of these projects as well as the enabling conditions created by the policy
framework.
• The Indian Economy ranks amongst the largest and fastest growing economies in the world
and the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) targets for average growth of 9.5%-10%.
o Resources and Energy, which are a key consideration for achieving this target, are
limited in supply and subject to inflationary pressures.
o Thus it becomes imperative that energy capacity be augmented by renewable
sources (including solar, wind, nuclear, and waste) and resources utilization be
optimized; both of which can be partially addressed through efficient waste
management.
• Though the application of waste to create energy (or other products) is relatively nascent in
India, it presents a tremendous and unique opportunity for a significant and strategic return
on investments, as demonstrated by success of such interventions in several developed
markets.
What drives Indian Industries towards ‘Waste to Energy’
26. Page 16
Energy Availability: Demand vs. Supply Pressures
Energy, in the form of heat or power, is a fundamental requirement for any industry unit.
• The gap between the demand and supply of power in India is widening; which is
impacting the growth potential. The Fig 4.1 depicts the projected demand and supply of
power.
• There is rise in the gap between demand and supply from 2006 to 2017. This gap is
amplified during the peak period, as seen in Fig 4.2.
• Fig 4.3 depicts the industrial demand for different fuels; the reliance on coal will
continue to rise; exponentially increasing the emission of GHGs.
• Waste to Energy Projects will help reduce the gap and limit the reliance of units on grid
based power supply or fossil fuel powered generators.
• Various schemes such as capital and interest subsidies, 100%
accelerated depreciation, and exemption from sales and excise taxes, are
offered by State and Central Government. Other incentives include funds
for feasibility studies and detailed project reports.
Financial Incentives
• There is widening gap between demand and supply of energy, which
would have a direct bearing on industrial operations. Waste to Energy
projects offer industrial units and cluster a source of cheap and
renewable energy.
Cogeneration of Electricity
• Government of India, through central and state agencies, has
established a regulatory framefork for minimising and treatment of
waste and control of pollution. Waste to energy projects would aid the
adherence to these rules.
Policy Compliance
• In addtion to financial aid from government and lower energy costs,
companies implementing waste to energy projects also register the same
as CDM’s and gain Carbon Emission Reductions, which can be traded.
Other Economic Benefits
• Large scale industries and industrial sectors form a part of a global
market place. Thus international customer and investor interest drives
many industries to voluntary create positive environmental impact
through waste to energy projects.
Attract International Stakeholders
Fig 4.1 Projected Demand and Supply of Power
Source: India Energy Handbook 2011
Fig 4.2 Peak Demand and Supply of Power
Source: India Energy Handbook 2011
27. Page 17
Fig 4.3 Industrial Energy Demand by Fuel
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook (2007)
Policy Compliance
In a bid to control Industrial and resultant
urban pollution the state and government
agencies have introduced many regulations.
They include industry wide pollution control
norms; implemented by the central and state
pollution control boards.
The increasing concern regarding climate
change and India’s participation in global
dialogues and conventions, such as the
UNFCCC, has brought focus to the increase in carbon emissions experienced and projected for
India.
This broadly defines the different environment with regards to policy, which Industries will have
to adhere to. Waste to Energy helps in pollution control and facilitates policy compliance. These
policies are detailed in a subsequent section.
Financial Incentives
Waste to Energy projects are capital-intensive in nature; they can be designed, executed and
operated by a private entrepreneur/organization, the industrial unit or the urban local body or by
waste management service provider either on supply and commission basis or on BOOT basis.
Financial incentives such as subsidies on interest rates and capital costs for demonstration
projects, 100% accelerated depreciation, and exemption from sales and excise taxes, are offered.
There are many agencies in India, providing financial assistance to waste-to-energy projects.
These include ministries like MNRE and MoEF and financial institutions like IREDA, NABARD, state
financial corporations and commercial banks. These programs and incentives are detailed out in a
subsequent section.
Multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, GEF, IFC , KFW and ADB also have facilities for
funding of waste-to-energy projects.
Other Economic Benefits
Opportunity in the CDM space - Industrial Waste to Energy conversion lends a large potential for
development of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, which can lead to higher return
on investment and lower payback period.
Analysis and Evaluation of CDM Potential of Bio-methanation sector in India, carried out in 2006,
depicted that in 3 out of 4 Industrial Sectors, the registration of Bio-methanation Plants as CDM
Projects led to positive returns (i.e. Distilleries, Pulp and Paper and Starch / Food Processing).
8
Emerge as thought leaders and attract International Stakeholders - International investors/
customers are increasingly looking at the environmental performance of a company which forms a
part of their portfolio or supply chain. Environmentally responsible companies, who emerge as
leaders, would benefit from early mover advantages
29. Page 19
Operating Environment
Policy
Management of Industrial Waste including waste to energy projects in India is broadly governed
by different acts; policies and regulations. These exist along the continuum of the hierarchy of
waste management to minimize environmental impact- i.e. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) along with the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF) are the 2 nodal central ministries influencing the Waste to Energy programme
legislation and incentives. MNRE, under its Biomass led power generation programme, has been
instrumental in catalyzing projects in the following areas:
• Industrial bio-methanation for power and thermal applications
• Biomass gasifier based captive power and thermal applications in industries
• Biomass power based on agro / forestry residues through combustion technology
• Bagasse based co-generation in sugar mills
• Non-bagasse based co-generation in other industries
MNRE supports the waste to energy projects under 2 flagship programmes:
• Programme on Recovery of Energy from Industrial Wastes
• Biomass gasifier based programmes
Programme on Recovery of Energy from Industrial Wastes
The Program on Recovery of Energy Waste is a part of the National Master Plan for Development
of Waste-to-Energy in India. According to the program notice, the objective of the program is to
1. To accelerate the installation of energy recovery projects from industrial wastes with a
view to harness the available potential by 2017
2. To assess and upgrade various conversion technologies; and
3. To create a conducive environment for the development of the sector in the country
The ministry is attempting to significantly upscale the activities on this front to shape a conducive
environment for the development of the sector in the country with a view to harness the available
potential by the end of the 12
th
Five year plan.
Policy Overview: Industrial Waste to Energy
Central Government
Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy
Programme on
Recovery of Energy
from Industrial Wastes
Biomass Gasifier based
Programmes
Bioenergy Mission
2012-2017
State Government
State Nodal
Agencies
facilitating project
implemtation
30. Page 20
The scheme provides for Central Financial Assistance
9
in the form of Capital subsidy and Grant-in-
aid in respect of the following activities:
• Industrial waste to biogas
• Power generation from biogas
• Power generation from solid industrial waste
• Promotional activities
• R &D, resource assessment, technology upgradation and performance evaluation, etc.
The key characteristics of the programme and the available incentives are summarized below:
Eligibility Criteria Project support defined on the basis of Type of Waste and Technology Used.
There is no limit on the project capacity that can be supported under the
programme.
Waste:
• Projects based on any bio-waste from industrial/agro –industrial sector
(excluding risk husk and bagasse) that requires pre-processing before
utilization for energy recovery. (Excluding distillery effluents, wastes from
fossil fuels and waste heat (flue gases).
• Projects for co-generation /power generation from biogas
• Mixing of other wastes of renewable nature, including risk husk, bagasse,
sewage, cow dung, other biomass and industrial effluents, including distillery
effluents, upto a maximum of 25% is permissible
• Projects based on distillery effluents for generation of biogas, wastes from
fossil fuels and waste heat (flue gases) are not supported under the scheme
Technology
• Bio-methanation or combustion or combination thereof
• Projects should either on 100% biogas or engines or steam turbines with a
minimum steam pressure of 42 bar
Assistance Offered • Capital subsidy offered to the Promoters on the basis of technology and
capacity
a. Waste to Biogas
• Biomethanation of low energy density wastes –INR 0.5 - 1
crore/MWeq (depending upon the kind of industrial waste)
b. Biogas to Power
• Boiler + Steam Turbine – INR0.20 crore/MW
• Biogas Engine / Turbine– INR 1 crore/MW
c. Power Generation from Solid Industrial Waste (Boiler + Steam
Turbine)- Rs. 0.20 crore/MW
d. Total capital subsidy is limited to INR 5 crore per project or 20% of the
project cost.
e. 50% of the cost of DPR preparation, subject to a max. of Rs 1 Lakh per
project
• Incentives to State Nodal Agencies
State Nodal Agencies are given 1% of the subsidy restricted to INR
5 lakh per project, in order to facilitate development of projects
and their monitoring during implementation / post
commissioning.
Biomass gasifier programme for Industry
The program on “Biomass Co-generation (non-bagasse) in Industry”
10
has a total outlay of INR 12
crores in the current year to:
a) encourage the deployment of biomass cogeneration systems in industry for meeting
their captive thermal and electrical energy requirements with supply of surplus power
to the grid
b) conserve the use of fossil fuels for captive requirements in industry and bring about
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in industry
c) create awareness about the potential and benefits of alternative modes of energy
generation in industry.
31. Page 21
Under the Biomass gasifier programme, MNRE aims to catalyze the adoption of Biomass Gassifiers
to harness the potential of Biomass Energy. According to the program notification, the purpose of
the program is to focus on:
1. Distributed / Off-grid power program for Rural Areas
2. Biomass Gasifier based Grid Connected Power Programme
3. Biomass gasifier based programmes in Rice Mills
The key characteristics of the programme and the available incentives are summarized below:
Eligibility Criterion Off-grid power programme
• Plants with maximum installed capacity of 250 kW, to be set up in areas /
cluster of areas, which have surplus biomass resources and unmet demand
of electricity.
Grid Connected Power Programme
• Biomass gasifier based power plants with 100% producer gas engines or
Boiler-Turbine-Generator (BTG) projects, having a decentralized distribution
component would also be supported.
• The maximum installed capacity of each such project should be 2 MW.
Assistance Offered • 100% biomass based off grid (in rural areas) and grid connected power
projects - INR15,000 per KW
• 100% biomass based captive power projects (captive power less than 50%)
– INR 10,000 per KW
• Projects involving installation of 100% gas engines with an existing gasifier –
INR 10 lakh per 100 KW
• Off-grid projects for Rural Areas and grid connected power projects for
ensuring regular availability of biomass, provision of collection, processing
and storage and operation & maintenance – INR 1.50 lakh per 50 KW
• Other incentives are available for activities such as support towards lighting
devices and distribution network, towards project formulation, preparation
of Detailed Project Report (DPRs) for centralized distributed / grid
connected / captive power generation project, training etc.
Financing of Waste to Energy Projects
In India, the industrial waste-to-energy projects have been successfully implemented
independently in industrial sectors like distilleries, pulp and paper, dairy etc. The Waste to Energy
projects based on Industrial waste in these sectors have typically proven to be cost effective and
have generated attractive rates of returns. The IRR of bio-methanation plant generating only
biogas is in excess of 30 % (without downstream aerobic treatment) and about 20 % when the
downstream aerobic treatment cost is taken into account.
Such attractive returns and a growing track record of successful projects has bolstered the
confidence amongst the financiers to back such projects and many new projects have been able
to successfully source funding from commercial sources.
In addition to the support from the Central Government for Waste to Energy projects, project
developers also have access to concessional loans and lines of credit setup to support such
projects by IREDA, NABARD, SIDBI, state financial corporations and even certain progressive,
commercial banks. International agencies supporting funding of waste-to-energy projects include
USAID, kfW, JBIC, World Bank, GEF, IFC, ADB and the US EXIM Bank.
33. Page 23
Harnessing the Potential: Addressing the Gaps
Waste to Energy conversion is a keenly pursued subject in India by policy makers and industry
stakeholders, driven by international and domestic needs. It has been observed that there exists a
sufficient policy framework to drive, direct, assist and govern the market for Waste to Energy.
However, this has not translated into quantifiable outcomes at the level permitted and desired by
the said policies. In order to harness the potential and expedite larger adoption, it is critical to
reflect on the gaps and the efforts required for mitigating the same.
Gap Analysis
Policy
There are many stakeholders incentivizing / influencing the Waste to Energy market in India.
Although the central government sets the overall policies, local authorities are expected to be
involved in implementation as well as formulating supplementing policies. These local authorities
are typically ill-equipped to determine specific technologies that are better suited for their areas
and the type of waste generated. It is thus important to rationalize the approval process and
engagement with the government machinery so that appropriate inputs guide the process.
Structured data to ascertain feasibility
A lot of the industries, such as slaughterhouses, poultry farms, etc operate largely as unorganized
sector. Thus, data on waste generation and characteristics of the solid and liquid waste by the
processing units is not available and hence feasibility studies are difficult, in absence of pilot
projects. Structured database of waste generation and the potential it offers would be a helpful
tool to attract investments and drive uptake of waste to energy projects by companies.
Industry structure
For small and medium scale enterprise, in certain sectors, the quantum of waste may not
sufficient to make waste to energy installations feasible. Cluster formation and collective project
implementation may be the solution to this problem; groups of producers can share investments
outlays and benefit from the same.
Need for Increased Stakeholder Engagement
Mitigating Climate Change, a study carried out by ASSOCHAM, has reported that India has the
potential to generate in excess of 1,000 MW from industrial wastes over the next couple of years,
which can augment the traditional energy sources and lower the inflationary pressures.
In the sugar sector alone, it is estimated that a potential of almost 5000 MW of power exists that
can be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s existing 550 sugar mills.
To achieve this, however, it is important that the stakeholder engagement is structured. To
achieve this, it is imperative to create a platform for stakeholder discussions whereby inputs of
representative of stakeholder groups are assimilated and issues and concerns are alleviated.
As the goals become shared across the platform, participation from key catalyst groups would
ensure that the goals are met. ASSOCHAM’s Waste to Wealth conference aims to support and
facilitate the requisite collaboration amongst diverse stakeholders to highlight the progress made
in this sector over the last few years and motivate larger adoption of these initiatives by the
industry. The Waste to Energy market offers a ‘win-win’ to enable wealth generation as also
facilitate critical energy ‘savings’.
34. Page 24
End Notes
1
http://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-
display/9313068443/articles/waste-management-world/waste-to-energy/2011/04
2
http://www.sbireports.com/about/release.asp?id=1904
3
Technical Memorandum on Waste To Energy Technologies, National Mission Plan on Waste to
Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
4
Eunomia Research and Consulting (2008), Greenhouse gas balances of waste management
scenarios
5
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India website
6
Technical Memorandum on Waste To Energy Technologies, National Mission Plan on Waste to
Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
7
cKinetics research and analysis; http://www.mnre.gov.in/nmp/technology-we.pdf
8
Analysis and Evaluation of CDM Potential of Biomethanation Sector in India
9
http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/energyiw-2011-12.pdf
10
http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/aa-biomass-energycogen-2011-12.pdf
Picture credits
Images in the report are courtesy the flickr streams of the following users :
Rennett Stowe
Land Rover Our Planet
icelight
turri scandura
Flattop341
Blech
FaceMePLS
Engineering for Change
Mikemol
Eirik Newth
55Laney69
Colchu