Classical economists argue that wages—the price of labor—are determined (like all prices) by supply and demand. They call this the market theory of wage determination.
In this presentation, we will understand concept theories and types of wages, compensations and earnings.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Industrial Dispute - Causes and impacts of Industrial Disputes, Outcomes of Industrial Disputes, Prevention of Industrial Disputes, Settlements of Industrial Disputes
This PPT contains about wage differentials or compensating differentials. it is an HR concept. it has meaning, reason, factors, types, and determinants of inter and intra industry wage differential.
In this presentation, we will understand concept theories and types of wages, compensations and earnings.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Industrial Dispute - Causes and impacts of Industrial Disputes, Outcomes of Industrial Disputes, Prevention of Industrial Disputes, Settlements of Industrial Disputes
This PPT contains about wage differentials or compensating differentials. it is an HR concept. it has meaning, reason, factors, types, and determinants of inter and intra industry wage differential.
{ To Study the structure and function of HR policy in HCL/ICC,
{ To compare the HR policy of HCL/ICC with other companies of similar profile
{ To find out the key techniques that makes The HR Policy effective and valuable in HCL/ICC and in other organizations.
Webinar Series in Designing a Compensation Structure - deals about the classification of salary components, compensation structure, governance or compliance and sample salary structure.
Subsistence theory – wage theories - compensation management - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This theory propounded by the economists in the 18th century was later explained by David Ricardo.
This theory is based on two assumptions, namely,
(a) The law of diminishing return applies to industry.
(b) There is a rapid increase in population.
Human capital theory – wage theories - compensation management - Manu Melwin...manumelwin
A particular application of marginalist analysis (a refinement of marginal-productivity theory) became known as human-capital theory. It has since become a dominant means of understanding how wages are determined.
A "wage determination" is the listing of wage rates and work benefit rates for each classification of labourers and mechanics. This is determined by skill, effort, knowledge, experience etc.
Volkswagen Hidden Advert - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
Volkswagen was in need of skilled mechanics. So clearly, they should just jumped on the web and started advertising for open positions, right? Wrong. The best candidates may already be working somewhere else. Volkswagen chose a no less unusual place for their vacancy ads.
Swedish Armed Force - Who Cares? - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Mel...manumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
The Swedish Armed Forces are recruiting. They need young men and women for an occupation that in many ways is about giving up your own safety in order to help others. They wanted to activate the target group while simultaneously raising the question. Would people sacrifice their own freedom for someone they have no relation to? Are people prepared to show that they care in ways that don’t include sharing something on Facebook or tweeting a specific hash-tag?
IKEA - Assemble your career - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
In an attempt to recruit a large number of workers for their new megastore in Australia, IKEA amusingly decided to include what they called ‘Career Instructions’ into each of their flat packs. Based on their traditional furniture instructions, all customers took home the witty application forms without realising. The clever initiative not only minimised the costs on advertising, but it also ensured IKEA fans were targeted.
Bletchley Park’s crossword - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
One great historical example of gamification is the Daily Telegraph’s crossword, which British Intelligence agents created along with Alan Turing, to help them recruit new code breakers from the public.
Yates’ algorithm for 2n factorial experiment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School o...manumelwin
In statistics, a Yates analysis is an approach to analyzing data obtained from a designed experiment, where a factorial design has been used. This algorithm was named after the English statistician Frank Yates and is called Yates' algorithm.
Factorial design - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin...manumelwin
In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.
Ducan’s multiple range test - - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management St...manumelwin
In 1955, Duncan devised a method to compare each treatment mean with every other treatment mean. The procedure is simple and powerful and has become very popular among researchers, especially in the plant science area.
Latin square design- Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Coch...manumelwin
The Latin square design is used where the researcher desires to control the variation in an experiment that is related to rows and columns in the field.
Randomized complete block design - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management...manumelwin
A completely randomized design (CRD) is one where the treatments are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment.
For the CRD, any difference among experimental units receiving the same treatment is considered as experimental error.
ANOVA - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin University...manumelwin
Analysis of Variance technique is used to test whether the mean of several samples differ significantly. An agronomist may like to know whether yield per acre will be the same if four different varieties of wheat are sown in different identical plots. A diary farm may like to test whether there is significant difference between the quality and quantity of milk obtained from different classes of cattle. A business manager may like to find out whether there is any difference in the average sales by four salesmen.
Design of experiments - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, C...manumelwin
Planning an experiment to obtain appropriate data and drawing inference out of the data with respect to any problem under investigation is known as design and analysis of experiments.
This might range anywhere from the formulations of the objectives of the experiment in clear terms to the final stage of the drafting reports incorporating the important findings of the enquiry
How information system is transforming business - - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - Sch...manumelwin
In 2010, American businesses will spend over $562 billion on information systems hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment. In addition, they will spend another $800 billion on business and management consulting and services—much of which involves redesigning firms’ business operations to take advantage of these new technologies.
Internet revolution - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Coc...manumelwin
The computer networking revolution began in the early 1960s and has led us to today s technology. The Internet was first invented for military purposes, and then expanded to the purpose of communication among scientists. The invention also came about in part by the increasing need for computers in the 1960s. The Internet is bringing a revolution along with it. Access to information combined with global supply and demand is reshaping established conventions and destroying old world definitions.
Smart phone revolution - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, ...manumelwin
A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most if not all smartphones also support Wi-Fi. Smartphones are typically pocket-sized, as opposed to tablets, which are much larger.Smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.
Definition of information system - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management...manumelwin
An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.
PESTEL Analysis - Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin Univ...manumelwin
Image result for pestel analysis
A PESTEL analysis is a framework or tool used by marketers to analyse and monitor the macro-environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an organisation. The result of which is used to identify threats and weaknesses which is used in a SWOT analysis.
Oxytocin and Trust - Neuro Human Resource Management (NHRM) - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Neuro human resource management is a new field of human resource management which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the brain's responses to enhance employee experience. The term Neuro Human Resource Management (NHRM) was coined by noted HR expert Dr. Manu Melwin Joy in April 2017.
Industrial marketing (B2B) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
Industrial marketing (B2B) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
Green marketing is the of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. It incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, sustainable packaging, as well as modifying advertising.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Prepared By
Kindly restrict the use of slides for personal purpose.
Please seek permission to reproduce the same in public forms and presentations.
Manu Melwin Joy
Assistant Professor
Ilahia School of Management Studies
Kerala, India.
Phone – 9744551114
Mail – manu_melwinjoy@yahoo.com
4. Market theories
• Classical economists
argue that wages—the
price of labor—are
determined (like all
prices) by supply and
demand. They call this
the market theory of
wage determination.
5. Market theories
• When workers sell their
labor, the price they can
charge is influenced by
several factors on the
supply side and several
factors on the demand
side.
6. Market theories
• The most basic of these
is the number of workers
available (supply) and
the number of workers
needed (demand). In
addition, wage levels are
shaped by the skill sets
workers bring and
employers need, as well
as the location of the
jobs being offered.
7. Market theories
• The interplay between all of
these factors will eventually
cause wages to settle—that
is, the number of workers,
the number of jobs, the skills
involved, and the location of
the jobs will eventually lead
workers and employers to
reach a series of wage
agreements.
8. Market theories
• If employers (demand) cannot
find enough workers to meet
their needs, they will keep
raising their wage offers until
more workers are attracted. If
workers are in abundance
(supply), wages will fall until
the surplus labor decides to go
elsewhere in search of jobs.
When supply and demand
meet, the equilibrium wage
rate is established.
9. Market theories
• If employers (demand) cannot
find enough workers to meet
their needs, they will keep
raising their wage offers until
more workers are attracted. If
workers are in abundance
(supply), wages will fall until
the surplus labor decides to go
elsewhere in search of jobs.
When supply and demand
meet, the equilibrium wage
rate is established.
11. Human Capital theories
• A particular application of
marginalist analysis (a
refinement of marginal-
productivity theory)
became known as human-
capital theory. It has since
become a dominant means
of understanding how
wages are determined.
12. Human Capital theories
• It holds that earnings in
the labour market depend
upon the employees’
information and skills. The
idea that workers embody
information and skills that
contribute to the
production process goes
back at least to Adam
Smith.
13. Human Capital theories
• It builds on the recognition
that families make a major
contribution to the
acquisition of skills.
Quantitative research during
the 1950s and ’60s revealed
that aggregate growth in
output had outpaced
aggregate growth in the
standard inputs of land,
labour, and capital.
14. Human Capital theories
• Economists who explored this
phenomenon suggested that
growth in aggregate
knowledge and skills in the
workforce, especially those
conveyed in formal education,
might account for this
discrepancy.
15. Human Capital theories
• In the early 1960s the
American economist Theodore
W. Schultz coined the term
human capital to refer to this
stock of productive knowledge
and skills possessed by
workers.
17. Bargaining theories
• John Davidson
propounded this theory.
Under this theory, wages
are determined by the
relative bargaining power
of workers of their union
and of employers.
18. Bargaining theories
• The bargaining theory of
wages holds that wages,
hours, and working
conditions are determined
by the relative bargaining
strength of the parties to
the agreement.
19. Bargaining theories
• Smith hinted at such a
theory when he noted that
employers had greater
bargaining strength than
employees. Employers
were in a better position to
unify their opposition to
employee demands, and
employers were also able
to withstand.
20. Bargaining theories
• Limitations on the scope of
bargaining are also
suggested by theory.
Collective bargaining can
be seen as the reduction of
two risks to which the
worker is exposed through
individual bargaining.
21. Bargaining theories
• here is first the risk that
the worker will be merely
one of a number of
applicants for a single
vacancy and that
competition between
them will force the pay
down.
22. Bargaining theories
• In the bargaining theory of
wages, there is no single
economic principle or
force governing wages.
Instead, wages and other
working conditions are
determined by workers,
employers, and unions,
who determine these
conditions by negotiation.
24. Behavioral theories
• Many behavioural scientists
— notably psychologists and
sociologists- like March and
Simon, Robert Dubin, Eliot
Jacques—have presented
their views on wages and
salaries on the basis of
research studies and action
programmes conducted by
them.
25. Behavioral theories
• It has been found that wages
are determined by such factors
as . size and prestige of the
company, strength of the
union, the employer’s concern
to maintain the workers,
contribution by different kinds
of workers, etc.
26. Behavioral theories
• Wage differentials are
explained by social norms,
traditions, customers prevalent
in the organisation
psychological pressures on the
management, prestige
attached to certain jobs in
terms of social status, need to
maintain internal consistency
in wages at the higher levels,
the wages paid for similar jobs
in other firms, etc.
28. Subsistence theory
• This theory propounded by
the economists in the 18th
century was later explained
by David Ricardo.
• This theory is based on two
assumptions, namely,
– (a) The law of diminishing
return applies to industry.
– (b) There is a rapid
increase in population.
29. Subsistence theory
• The subsistence theory
laid down that ‘the
workers are paid to
enable them to subsist
and perpetuate the race
without increase or
diminution’.
30. Subsistence theory
• If the workers were paid
more than subsistence wage,
their numbers would
increase as they would
procreate more; and this
would bring down the rate
of wages.
31. Subsistence theory
• If the wages fall below the
subsistence level, the number
of workers would decrease—as
many would die of hunger,
malnutrition, disease, cold,
etc. and many would not
marry, when that happened
the wage rate would go up.
32. Subsistence theory
• The subsistence theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– (a) The subsistence theory does not
take into consideration the demand
for labour. It considers only the
supply of labour and the cost of
production.
– (b) This theory is based on theory of
population which is itself defective.
It is wrong to say that population
will increase if the economic
condition of the labour is improved.
These days, better economic
condition is associated with lower
birth rate.
33. Subsistence theory
• The subsistence theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– c) In developed countries, workers
are not merely contented with
fulfillment of basic needs. They also
require luxuries of life to raise their
standard of living.
– (d) This theory does not emphasis
the efficiency of the workers.
– (e) This theory fails to explain the
wage differentials in different
regions and among different
categories of workers.
35. Wage Fund theory
• This theory was
developed by Adam
Smith and was further
expounded by J.S.Mill.
36. Wage Fund theory
• J.S. Mill said that wages
mainly depend upon
demand for and supply
of labour or the
proportion between
population and capital
available.
37. Wage Fund theory
• The amount of Wages Fund
is fixed. Wages can’t be
increased without
decreasing the number of
workers and vice versa. It is
the Wages Fund which
determines the demand for
labour.
38. Wage Fund theory
• However, the supply of
labour can’t be changed at a
given time. But if the supply
of labour increases along
with increase in population,
the average wages will go
down.
39. Wage Fund theory
• Therefore in order to
increase the average wages,
firstly, the Wages Fund
should be enlarged,
secondly, the number of
workers asking tor
employment should be
reduced.
40. Wage Fund theory
• This theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– (a) This theory does not
explain differences in wages at
different levels and in
different regions.
– (b) It is not clear from where
the Wages Fund will come.
41. Wage Fund theory
• This theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– (c) No emphasis has been
given to the efficiency of
workers and productive
capacity of firms.
– (d) This theory is unscientific
as Wages Fund is created first
and wages are determined
later on. But in practice, the
reverse is true.
43. Surplus Value theory
• Karl Marx accepted Ricardo’s
labour theory of value , but
he subscribed to a
subsistence theory of wages
for a different reason than
that given by the classical
economists.
44. Surplus Value theory
• In Marx’s estimation, it was
not the pressure of
population that drove wages
to the subsistence level but
rather the existence of large
numbers of unemployed
workers.
45. Surplus Value theory
• Marx blamed
unemployment on
capitalists. He renewed
Ricardo’s belief that the
exchange value of any
product was determined by
the hours of labour
necessary to create it.
46. Surplus Value theory
• Furthermore, Marx held
that, in capitalism, labour
was merely a commodity: in
exchange for work, a
labourer would receive a
subsistence wage.
47. Surplus Value theory
• Marx speculated, however,
that the owner of capital
could force the worker to
spend more time on the job
than was necessary for
earning this subsistence
income, and the excess
product—or surplus value—
thus created would be
claimed by the owner.
48. Surplus Value theory
• This argument was
eventually disproved, and
the labour theory of value
and the subsistence theory
of wages were also found to
be invalid. Without them,
the surplus-value theory
collapsed.
50. Residual Claimant Theory
• It was Francis A. Walker who
propounded this theory.
According to him, there
were four factors of
production, viz., land, labour,
capital and
entrepreneurship.
51. Residual Claimant Theory
• The residual-claimant theory
holds that, after all other
factors of production have
received compensation for
their contribution to the
process, the amount of
capital left over will go to the
remaining factor.
52. Residual Claimant Theory
• In 1875 Walker worked out a
residual theory of wages in which
the shares of the landlord, capital
owner, and entrepreneur were
determined independently and
subtracted, thus leaving the
remainder for labour in the form
of wages.
53. Residual Claimant Theory
• Wages represent the
amount of value created in
the production which
remains after payment has
been made for all these
factors of production.
54. Residual Claimant Theory
• In other words, labour is the
residual claimant. The wages
are equal to the whole
production minus rent,
interest, and profit.
55. Residual Claimant Theory
• It should be noted, however,
that any of the factors of
production may be selected
as the residual claimant—
assuming that independent
determinations may be
made for the shares of the
other factors.
56. Residual Claimant Theory
• It is doubtful, therefore,
that such a theory has
much value as an
explanation of wage
phenomena.
58. Marginal Productivity Theory
• According to this theory,
wages are based upon an
entrepreneur’s estimate
of the value that will
probably be produced by
the last or marginal
workers.
60. Marginal Productivity Theory
• Consequently, workers are
paid what they are
economically worth. The
result is that the employers
has larger share in profit as
has not to pay to the non-
marginal workers.
61. Marginal Productivity Theory
• This theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– (a) It is wrong to assume
that more labour could be
used without increasing
the supply of production
facilities.
– (b) This theory is based
on perfect competition in
the market which is
seldom found in practice.
62. Marginal Productivity Theory
• This theory is criticized on
the following grounds:
– (c) In practice, the
employers offer wages
less than the marginal
productivity of labour. In
many cases, the labour
unions are able to bargain
for wages higher than the
marginal productivity of
labour.
64. Purchasing Power Theory
• The purchasing-power
theory of wages concerns
the relation between wages
and employment and the
business cycle.
65. Purchasing Power Theory
• It is not a theory of wage
determination but rather a
theory of the influence
spending has (through
consumption and
investment) on economic
activity.
66. Purchasing Power Theory
• The theory gained
prominence during the
Great Depression of the
1930s, when it became
apparent that lowering
wages might not increase
employment as previously
had been assumed.
67. Purchasing Power Theory
• The theory is based on the
assumption that changes in
wages will have a significant
effect on consumption
because wages make up
such a large percentage of
the national income.
68. Purchasing Power Theory
• It is therefore assumed that
a decline in wages will
reduce consumption and
that this in turn will reduce
demand for goods and
services, causing the
demand for labour to fall.
69. Purchasing Power Theory
• If wages fall more rapidly
than prices, labour’s real
wages will be drastically
reduced, consumption will
fall, and unemployment will
rise—unless total spending
is maintained by increased
investment, usually in the
form of government
spending.
70. Purchasing Power Theory
• Conversely, if wages fall less
rapidly than prices, labour’s
real wages will increase, and
consumption may rise. If
investment is at least
maintained, total spending
in terms of constant dollars
will increase, thus improving
employment.
71. Purchasing Power Theory
• It should be noted that the
purchasing-power theory
involves psychological and
other subjective
considerations as well as
those that may be measured
more objectively.