A spouted bed is a special case of fluidization. It is an effective means of contacting gas with coarse solid particles .Gas-solid spouted beds are either cylindrical bed with cone base or the whole bed is in a cone shape where the gas enters as a jet. The gas forms a spout region that carries the solids upward in a diluted phase that forms a fountain at the top of the bed where the solids fall down and move downward in the annular region. Performance of gas-solid spouted bed benefit from solids uniformity structure with lower pressure drop (PD).Dropping of PD across a spouted bed could reduce the dissipated pumping energy and improve stability and uniformity of solid particles. The objective of this work is to study and selecting best operating conditions that could minimize PD across the bed. Optimization technique is a powerful tool would guide the experimental work and reduce the risk and cost for design and operation Hence, PD is to be considered as objective function of the optimization process .Three selected decision variables are affecting objective function. These decision variables are gas velocity, particle density and particle diameter. Steady-state measurements were carried out in a narrow 3-inch (0.076 m ID) cylindrical spouted bed made of Plexiglas that used 60° conical shape base. Radial concentration of particles (glass and steel beads) at various bed heights under different flow patterns were measured using sophisticated optical probes. A superficial velocity of air ranging from 0.74 to 1.0 m/s .PD was measured across the bed by high accuracy pressure transducers. Stochastic Genetic Algorithm (GA) has found suitable global search for the non-linear hybrid spouted bed. Optimum results could select the best operating conditions for high-performance and stable conditions. Uniformity and stability of solid particles in the bed would enhance hydrodynamic parameters, heat and mass transfer. Best Operability of the bed was observed with low-density, large size of solid beads, low gas velocity at low PD. Size of solid particles and velocity of gas have been found the sensitive decision variables with PD mutations. Sensitivity of these variables could be increased at unlimited upper bounds of operating conditions. An advanced control system for sensitive decision variables would be recommended to improve operability of the spouted bed.
Conical Fluidized Beds - Case Study for a Gas Solid System Involving Coarse P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on fluidization characteristics in conical fluidized beds. Three key points:
1) Conical fluidized beds were studied using silica sand particles in beds with cone angles of 10 and 20.5 degrees. Three distinct flow regimes - fixed bed, partially fluidized bed, and fully fluidized bed - were observed as gas velocity increased.
2) Parameters like initial bed height and cone angle affected minimum fluidization velocities and maximum pressure drops. These values increased with greater bed height and cone angle.
3) Models were developed based on experiments to predict minimum fluidization velocities and pressure drops in conical beds, taking into account factors like particle properties, bed geometry, and gas velocity
Laboratory experimental study and elastic wave velocity on physical propertie...HoangTienTrung1
Pressure grouting has gained popularity as a soil reinforcement method. However, the behavior of the interface between rock and grout is not well known. This study investigates the interaction of pressure grouting and rock, through a series of laboratory tests performed on specially designed and fabricated equipment and using standard testing methods. The test measures the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of grout relative to the applied pressure and curing time. Simultaneously, the velocities of the elastic wave traveling through the grout are obtained to develop correlations between the physical properties of the grout and the test conditions. The results of the tests show that the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of the grout increase with applied pressure and curing time. The strengths of the influencing factors are seen to be correlated within the range of the test conditions. Using the results of these tests, the potential development of a new method that requires less cement was discussed.
Stability Analysis of Journal Bearing Using Electro Rheological Fluid by Fini...ijsrd.com
in rotating machinery, the damping of structure which supports the rotating shaft has significant effect in machine vibration. Therefore by controlling the lubricant properties, the dynamic behavior of the system can be controlled. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by a journal bearing and fed with Electro-rheological (ER) fluid. ER fluids can be used to create ‘smart’ journal bearings & vibration controllers can be constructed to control the Stability of the ER fluid lubricated bearings. The ER fluid behaves like a Bingham fluid with a higher viscosity when electric field is applied, and restores its property when the field is removed. A reversible change in viscosity occurs in milliseconds with the electric field applied.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
The influence of pressure on fluidized bed behaviourIgor Sidorenko
Sidorenko, I., & Rhodes, M. J. (2002) The influence of pressure on fluidized bed behaviour. Paper presented at the World Congress on Particle Technology 4, Sydney.
Mathematical Relationships between the Compressive Strength and Some Other St...IOSR Journals
This document establishes mathematical relationships between the compressive strength and other properties (water absorption, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) of sand-quarry dust blocks through regression analysis. Tests were conducted on blocks with varying mix ratios of cement, sand, and quarry dust. Linear and quadratic models relating each additional property to compressive strength were developed. The models were found to have low standard error and high coefficient of determination, indicating they adequately predict relationships between compressive strength and other block properties. The relationships can be used when only compressive strength testing is conducted to estimate additional properties.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Conical Fluidized Beds - Case Study for a Gas Solid System Involving Coarse P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on fluidization characteristics in conical fluidized beds. Three key points:
1) Conical fluidized beds were studied using silica sand particles in beds with cone angles of 10 and 20.5 degrees. Three distinct flow regimes - fixed bed, partially fluidized bed, and fully fluidized bed - were observed as gas velocity increased.
2) Parameters like initial bed height and cone angle affected minimum fluidization velocities and maximum pressure drops. These values increased with greater bed height and cone angle.
3) Models were developed based on experiments to predict minimum fluidization velocities and pressure drops in conical beds, taking into account factors like particle properties, bed geometry, and gas velocity
Laboratory experimental study and elastic wave velocity on physical propertie...HoangTienTrung1
Pressure grouting has gained popularity as a soil reinforcement method. However, the behavior of the interface between rock and grout is not well known. This study investigates the interaction of pressure grouting and rock, through a series of laboratory tests performed on specially designed and fabricated equipment and using standard testing methods. The test measures the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of grout relative to the applied pressure and curing time. Simultaneously, the velocities of the elastic wave traveling through the grout are obtained to develop correlations between the physical properties of the grout and the test conditions. The results of the tests show that the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of the grout increase with applied pressure and curing time. The strengths of the influencing factors are seen to be correlated within the range of the test conditions. Using the results of these tests, the potential development of a new method that requires less cement was discussed.
Stability Analysis of Journal Bearing Using Electro Rheological Fluid by Fini...ijsrd.com
in rotating machinery, the damping of structure which supports the rotating shaft has significant effect in machine vibration. Therefore by controlling the lubricant properties, the dynamic behavior of the system can be controlled. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by a journal bearing and fed with Electro-rheological (ER) fluid. ER fluids can be used to create ‘smart’ journal bearings & vibration controllers can be constructed to control the Stability of the ER fluid lubricated bearings. The ER fluid behaves like a Bingham fluid with a higher viscosity when electric field is applied, and restores its property when the field is removed. A reversible change in viscosity occurs in milliseconds with the electric field applied.
This document presents a study that aims to develop correlations between uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (I50) for single and double jointed rocks. Over 180 plaster samples were prepared with different joint conditions like orientation, roughness, and number of joints. Samples were tested for UCS and I50. Statistical analysis identified two groups of jointed rocks that showed different trends between UCS and I50. Multiple linear regression was used to develop new correlation equations for each group to predict UCS from I50 for jointed rocks. The proposed equations were compared to previous studies and may be applied to actual rocks like weathered limestone.
The influence of pressure on fluidized bed behaviourIgor Sidorenko
Sidorenko, I., & Rhodes, M. J. (2002) The influence of pressure on fluidized bed behaviour. Paper presented at the World Congress on Particle Technology 4, Sydney.
Mathematical Relationships between the Compressive Strength and Some Other St...IOSR Journals
This document establishes mathematical relationships between the compressive strength and other properties (water absorption, flexural strength, and split tensile strength) of sand-quarry dust blocks through regression analysis. Tests were conducted on blocks with varying mix ratios of cement, sand, and quarry dust. Linear and quadratic models relating each additional property to compressive strength were developed. The models were found to have low standard error and high coefficient of determination, indicating they adequately predict relationships between compressive strength and other block properties. The relationships can be used when only compressive strength testing is conducted to estimate additional properties.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design, Strength and Failure of Paleobiology Plaster JacketsKeshav Swarup
This document describes an experiment to test the strength of plaster of Paris paleobiology jackets used to protect fossil specimens. Cylindrical plaster specimens were tested in bending and fracture to determine the material's strength (5.178 MPa) and fracture toughness (0.304 MPa√m). A plaster jacket mold was fabricated and tested in bending and compression. The jacket's predicted strength was higher than measured in bending but lower than measured in compression, attributed to differences in stress distributions and geometries between predictions and tests.
This document provides descriptions and standard test methods for various soil tests. It summarizes tests for soil classification (AASHTO, USCS), moisture content, density, shear strength, compressibility, permeability and other engineering properties. Standard tests are described for particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, consolidation, direct shear, triaxial shear, and Proctor compaction testing. Typical results are given for soil classification systems and standard Proctor tests. Equations are also provided for estimating the external friction angle between soils and structures like piles and retaining walls.
A New Concept of using Transverse Loading to Characterize Environmental Stres...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A New Concept of using Transverse Loading to Characterize Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) of Polyethylene (PE) by PY Ben Jar* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
This geotechnical investigation report summarizes soil testing performed for the construction of a shopping mall and residential building in Karachi, Pakistan. Field testing included borehole drilling, standard penetration testing, and soil sampling. Laboratory tests analyzed grain size, Atterberg limits, unconfined compression strength, density, moisture content, direct shear strength, and chemistry. The direct shear tests determined cohesion and angle of friction values for soil samples from 8 boreholes ranging from 0-1.0 kg/cm2 and 12.1-36.4 degrees, respectively. The report provides details of the field and laboratory testing done to characterize the soil conditions at the construction site.
The roles of process parameters on structures and mechanical properties of po...Bambang Afrinaldi
Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus, this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD, SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while strength
was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on dspacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Saqib Imran provides notes on civil engineering lab tests, including procedures for performing a California Bearing Ratio test and an Unconfined Compression test. The document outlines the apparatus, test procedures, observations, calculations, and significance of the CBR test. It also summarizes the purpose, standard reference, equipment, test procedure, and analysis for the Unconfined Compression test. Finally, it provides the procedure to determine the shrinkage limit of a soil sample.
This document presents a study on predicting the compression strength of normal and lightweight aggregate concrete through non-destructive testing methods. Five concrete mixes with varying proportions of normal and lightweight aggregate were tested. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing was used to measure the transit time of ultrasonic pulses through the concrete. A regression analysis found a power function relationship between compressive strength and pulse velocity with R^2 of 1.0. A similar relationship was found between modulus of elasticity and pulse velocity. The study aims to apply non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic pulse velocity to evaluate properties of normal and lightweight aggregate concrete.
This document describes Standard Test Method E 384 for determining microindentation hardness of materials. The standard covers using Knoop and Vickers indenters to make indentations between 1-1000 gf force. Hardness is calculated based on indentation size and geometry. Key points:
- Hardness is determined by dividing force by projected area or surface area of indentation for Knoop or Vickers respectively.
- Equipment must precisely control low forces and indentation size must be measured via microscope.
- Specimens must be flat and polished to accurately measure indentation diagonals and calculate hardness.
- Multiple sources of error exist and can affect accuracy of results, including force variation, indenter geometry, and measurement errors. Standard aims
This document summarizes a study on the characteristics of pervious concrete. The study tested 7 different mixes of pervious concrete that varied the type and size of coarse aggregate and use of fine aggregate. 42 concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio. The mix with river sand fine aggregate and 12mm coarse aggregate (M4) performed best with 83% higher compressive strength, 72% higher flexural strength, and 51% lower void ratio than the control mix without fine aggregate (M1). In general, the addition of fine aggregate improved the strength of pervious concrete while reducing the void ratio.
This document discusses plastic instability in uniaxial tension testing of materials. It defines true stress and strain, which account for changes in cross-sectional area during tension, and explains how they relate to engineering stress and strain. The condition for plastic instability is derived as the maximum in the true stress-strain curve where the rate of true stress increase with respect to true strain is equal to the true stress. This occurs at a uniform true strain value called the instability strain. Examples of true stress-strain curves and determinations of the strain hardening exponent are also provided.
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Heat transfer studies were carried out in a laboratory scale gas-solid fluidized bed with 0.1m
ID x 1 m length column, using three sizes of local sand particles of 301, 454, and 560 µm. the bed
region was heated bya horizontal heat transfer probe. It was made of copper rod (15 mm ODx50 mm
long) and insulated at the ends by Teflon. A hole was drilled at the center of the rod to accommodate
a cartridge heater 200 W (6.5 mm OD x 42 mm long). Three bed inventories of sand 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg,
and 2.5 kg, four superficial air velocities of 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 1.75 m/s were used. Three
heat fluxes of 1698.9, 2928.4, 4675.7 W m-2 were employed. The data obtained showed how the heat
transfer coefficient effected by the above operating parameters. The heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional with air superficial velocity as well as the bed inventory and heat fluxes but
inversely proportional with sand particles size.
IRJET-A Survey on Different Ways of Secure Image TransmissionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the performance of high performance concrete. It summarizes research which found that replacing a portion of cement with GGBS improved workability, strength properties, and durability characteristics of concrete. Compressive strength was found to increase up to 8% replacement of cement with GGBS due to pozzolanic reactions and filler effect, but strength decreased at replacements over 8% due to dilution of cement. The research concluded that GGBS is an effective supplementary cementitious material to improve concrete performance when replacing up to 8% of cement by weight.
Influence of micropolar lubricant on bearings performance a review(2)susheelpote
This review article summarizes research on the influence of micropolar lubricants on bearing performance. Micropolar lubricants account for the microstructural effects of additives and contaminants in lubricating oils. The article first introduces micropolar fluid theory, which generalizes the Navier-Stokes equations to include microrotation effects. It then reviews how micropolar theory has been applied to analyze the performance of various bearing configurations, including slider, thrust, step slider, and journal bearings. The performance metrics considered include load capacity, friction, flow, heat generation, and stability. Research has found micropolar lubricants can increase load capacity and reduce friction in many bearing types compared to classical Newtonian lubric
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
The document summarizes different hardness testing methods. It describes macrohardness tests like Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers which use indenters with loads over 1kg. Microhardness tests like Knoop and Vickers use loads under 1kg for small parts. The Rockwell test measures depth changes from minor and major loads. Brinell uses a steel ball under load and measures indentation diameter. Vickers uses a pyramidal indenter and calculates hardness from diagonal lengths. Hardness is related to properties like tensile strength and can estimate them for materials like steel. Experiments will test and calculate hardness values for various materials using these methods.
This document summarizes a numerical study of squeeze film dampers. Key points:
- Squeeze film dampers are used in turbomachinery to reduce vibration and improve stability by dissipating energy through viscous forces.
- A steady state solver was used to model the whirling motion of the rotor, allowing for more efficient computation compared to unsteady models.
- Results from simulations at 50Hz matched well with experimental pressure data, validating the steady state approach.
- Pressure and liquid fraction contours from the simulations showed the expected patterns, with high pressure before minimum clearance dropping rapidly afterward.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
This document discusses e-commerce solutions from Infibeam, an India-based digital commerce company. It provides an overview of Infibeam's business platforms and services, including its B2C e-commerce marketplace Buildabazaar, loyalty and rewards program, and bring-your-own-device solutions. It also outlines key features of Buildabazaar like catalog management, promotions, payments integration, logistics, and business analytics tools. Infibeam aims to provide a full-stack digital commerce ecosystem for online retailers and merchants.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Design, Strength and Failure of Paleobiology Plaster JacketsKeshav Swarup
This document describes an experiment to test the strength of plaster of Paris paleobiology jackets used to protect fossil specimens. Cylindrical plaster specimens were tested in bending and fracture to determine the material's strength (5.178 MPa) and fracture toughness (0.304 MPa√m). A plaster jacket mold was fabricated and tested in bending and compression. The jacket's predicted strength was higher than measured in bending but lower than measured in compression, attributed to differences in stress distributions and geometries between predictions and tests.
This document provides descriptions and standard test methods for various soil tests. It summarizes tests for soil classification (AASHTO, USCS), moisture content, density, shear strength, compressibility, permeability and other engineering properties. Standard tests are described for particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, consolidation, direct shear, triaxial shear, and Proctor compaction testing. Typical results are given for soil classification systems and standard Proctor tests. Equations are also provided for estimating the external friction angle between soils and structures like piles and retaining walls.
A New Concept of using Transverse Loading to Characterize Environmental Stres...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A New Concept of using Transverse Loading to Characterize Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) of Polyethylene (PE) by PY Ben Jar* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
This geotechnical investigation report summarizes soil testing performed for the construction of a shopping mall and residential building in Karachi, Pakistan. Field testing included borehole drilling, standard penetration testing, and soil sampling. Laboratory tests analyzed grain size, Atterberg limits, unconfined compression strength, density, moisture content, direct shear strength, and chemistry. The direct shear tests determined cohesion and angle of friction values for soil samples from 8 boreholes ranging from 0-1.0 kg/cm2 and 12.1-36.4 degrees, respectively. The report provides details of the field and laboratory testing done to characterize the soil conditions at the construction site.
The roles of process parameters on structures and mechanical properties of po...Bambang Afrinaldi
Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus, this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD, SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while strength
was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on dspacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Saqib Imran provides notes on civil engineering lab tests, including procedures for performing a California Bearing Ratio test and an Unconfined Compression test. The document outlines the apparatus, test procedures, observations, calculations, and significance of the CBR test. It also summarizes the purpose, standard reference, equipment, test procedure, and analysis for the Unconfined Compression test. Finally, it provides the procedure to determine the shrinkage limit of a soil sample.
This document presents a study on predicting the compression strength of normal and lightweight aggregate concrete through non-destructive testing methods. Five concrete mixes with varying proportions of normal and lightweight aggregate were tested. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing was used to measure the transit time of ultrasonic pulses through the concrete. A regression analysis found a power function relationship between compressive strength and pulse velocity with R^2 of 1.0. A similar relationship was found between modulus of elasticity and pulse velocity. The study aims to apply non-destructive testing methods such as ultrasonic pulse velocity to evaluate properties of normal and lightweight aggregate concrete.
This document describes Standard Test Method E 384 for determining microindentation hardness of materials. The standard covers using Knoop and Vickers indenters to make indentations between 1-1000 gf force. Hardness is calculated based on indentation size and geometry. Key points:
- Hardness is determined by dividing force by projected area or surface area of indentation for Knoop or Vickers respectively.
- Equipment must precisely control low forces and indentation size must be measured via microscope.
- Specimens must be flat and polished to accurately measure indentation diagonals and calculate hardness.
- Multiple sources of error exist and can affect accuracy of results, including force variation, indenter geometry, and measurement errors. Standard aims
This document summarizes a study on the characteristics of pervious concrete. The study tested 7 different mixes of pervious concrete that varied the type and size of coarse aggregate and use of fine aggregate. 42 concrete specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and void ratio. The mix with river sand fine aggregate and 12mm coarse aggregate (M4) performed best with 83% higher compressive strength, 72% higher flexural strength, and 51% lower void ratio than the control mix without fine aggregate (M1). In general, the addition of fine aggregate improved the strength of pervious concrete while reducing the void ratio.
This document discusses plastic instability in uniaxial tension testing of materials. It defines true stress and strain, which account for changes in cross-sectional area during tension, and explains how they relate to engineering stress and strain. The condition for plastic instability is derived as the maximum in the true stress-strain curve where the rate of true stress increase with respect to true strain is equal to the true stress. This occurs at a uniform true strain value called the instability strain. Examples of true stress-strain curves and determinations of the strain hardening exponent are also provided.
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Heat transfer studies were carried out in a laboratory scale gas-solid fluidized bed with 0.1m
ID x 1 m length column, using three sizes of local sand particles of 301, 454, and 560 µm. the bed
region was heated bya horizontal heat transfer probe. It was made of copper rod (15 mm ODx50 mm
long) and insulated at the ends by Teflon. A hole was drilled at the center of the rod to accommodate
a cartridge heater 200 W (6.5 mm OD x 42 mm long). Three bed inventories of sand 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg,
and 2.5 kg, four superficial air velocities of 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 1.75 m/s were used. Three
heat fluxes of 1698.9, 2928.4, 4675.7 W m-2 were employed. The data obtained showed how the heat
transfer coefficient effected by the above operating parameters. The heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional with air superficial velocity as well as the bed inventory and heat fluxes but
inversely proportional with sand particles size.
IRJET-A Survey on Different Ways of Secure Image TransmissionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the performance of high performance concrete. It summarizes research which found that replacing a portion of cement with GGBS improved workability, strength properties, and durability characteristics of concrete. Compressive strength was found to increase up to 8% replacement of cement with GGBS due to pozzolanic reactions and filler effect, but strength decreased at replacements over 8% due to dilution of cement. The research concluded that GGBS is an effective supplementary cementitious material to improve concrete performance when replacing up to 8% of cement by weight.
Influence of micropolar lubricant on bearings performance a review(2)susheelpote
This review article summarizes research on the influence of micropolar lubricants on bearing performance. Micropolar lubricants account for the microstructural effects of additives and contaminants in lubricating oils. The article first introduces micropolar fluid theory, which generalizes the Navier-Stokes equations to include microrotation effects. It then reviews how micropolar theory has been applied to analyze the performance of various bearing configurations, including slider, thrust, step slider, and journal bearings. The performance metrics considered include load capacity, friction, flow, heat generation, and stability. Research has found micropolar lubricants can increase load capacity and reduce friction in many bearing types compared to classical Newtonian lubric
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
The document summarizes different hardness testing methods. It describes macrohardness tests like Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers which use indenters with loads over 1kg. Microhardness tests like Knoop and Vickers use loads under 1kg for small parts. The Rockwell test measures depth changes from minor and major loads. Brinell uses a steel ball under load and measures indentation diameter. Vickers uses a pyramidal indenter and calculates hardness from diagonal lengths. Hardness is related to properties like tensile strength and can estimate them for materials like steel. Experiments will test and calculate hardness values for various materials using these methods.
This document summarizes a numerical study of squeeze film dampers. Key points:
- Squeeze film dampers are used in turbomachinery to reduce vibration and improve stability by dissipating energy through viscous forces.
- A steady state solver was used to model the whirling motion of the rotor, allowing for more efficient computation compared to unsteady models.
- Results from simulations at 50Hz matched well with experimental pressure data, validating the steady state approach.
- Pressure and liquid fraction contours from the simulations showed the expected patterns, with high pressure before minimum clearance dropping rapidly afterward.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
This document discusses e-commerce solutions from Infibeam, an India-based digital commerce company. It provides an overview of Infibeam's business platforms and services, including its B2C e-commerce marketplace Buildabazaar, loyalty and rewards program, and bring-your-own-device solutions. It also outlines key features of Buildabazaar like catalog management, promotions, payments integration, logistics, and business analytics tools. Infibeam aims to provide a full-stack digital commerce ecosystem for online retailers and merchants.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
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El documento discute el papel del Mercosur como plataforma para la producción y exportación de alimentos a nivel mundial. Señala los desafíos de seguridad alimentaria, personas, medio ambiente e institucionales, así como los retos del cambio tecnológico. También analiza la posición de América Latina como principal exportador neto de alimentos y la necesidad de promover una mayor integración regional para consolidar cadenas de valor y negociar con bloques comerciales importantes.
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This document discusses structured and unstructured data, highlighting some key points:
1) Big Data is characterized by its volume, variety, velocity, and veracity, with large amounts of data coming from many different sources and formats and in constant motion with some level of noise.
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الأفكار الجريئة التي يطرحها هذا الكتاب تنطبق على البشر في كل مكان وفي أي زمان وقد لا تجد أي صلة بينك وبين القصص التي ينطوي عليها هذا الكتاب ، لكنك بالتأكيد ستجد صلة وثيقة بينك وبين تلك المبادئ ، ويمكنك أن تذكر قصصا أخرى ، أو قد تفكر في حلول جديدة تستفيد منها في مواقفك الشخصية ... فإن حدث ذلك فهذا يعتبر بمثابة نجاح لرسالة الحياة الأسرية التي يهدف إليها هذا الكتاب ... فالوجهة الحقيقية التي ترغب أنت وأسرتك إلى بلوغها هي التي تحدد الوسيلة التي تتبعها بمشاركة باقي أفراد أسرتك في تكوين هذه الرؤية ، أو على الأقل أن يفهموا هذه الرؤية ويقتنعوا بها
The document summarizes a study on the distribution of solids and gas in a spouted bed reactor under stable and unstable operating conditions. Optical probes were used to measure solids holdup and velocity at different radial and axial positions. Under stable conditions at 0.74 m/s gas velocity, the solids distributed homogeneously with low fluctuations. Unstable conditions were observed at 1.4 m/s, shown by swirling and pulsating behavior. Comparison showed solids holdup was lower in the spout region under unstable conditions. The annulus region was unaffected by operating conditions.
Conical Fluidized Beds - Case Study for a Gas Solid System Involving Wheat Fl...IRJET Journal
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- Conical fluidized beds can handle particles of varying sizes and cohesive particles better than traditional cylindrical beds due to varying gas velocity.
- An experiment was conducted using a two-dimensional conical bed with a 20.5° cone angle. Wheat flour and crushed wheat were used as particles.
- Pressure drop and fluidization properties were measured for beds containing various ratios of flour and crushed wheat additive. The study aimed to improve fluidization of cohesive flour using the crushed wheat additive.
Hydrodynamic Behaviour of the Torbed® Reactor Operating in Fine Particle Mode.Grant Wellwood
This thesis investigates the hydrodynamic behaviour of the Torbed® reactor operating in fine particle mode. The Torbed reactor offers enhanced gas-solid contacting through increased transport and lower pressure drop compared to conventional systems. However, understanding of these process aspects was lacking, hindering development. The study aims to understand slip velocity characteristics and pressure drop to facilitate process development, optimization, and scale-up.
Qualitative experiments show the Torbed reactor exhibits particle streaming that increases effective particle velocities. Quantitative experiments investigate the relationship between slip velocity and operational parameters. The results support using a thermodynamic analogy to predict slip velocity as a function of inputs. Field trials applying the findings successfully achieved dry scrubbing goals.
- The document is a PhD thesis by Grant Ashley Wellwood investigating the hydrodynamic behaviour of the Torbed® reactor operating in fine particle mode.
- In fine particle mode, the Torbed reactor offers unique gas-solid contacting capabilities through enhanced transport and lower pressure drop than traditional systems. However, understanding of these processes was lacking, hindering development.
- The focus of the study was to understand slip velocities and pressure drop to facilitate process development, technology selection, optimization, and scale-up for the Torbed reactor operating in fine particle mode.
20160505 - CPFD modeling and experimental validation of gas–solid flow in ado...Angel Lanza
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Fluidization Characteristics of Nano Particles with the Assist of StirrerIOSR Journals
Fluidization of ultrafine solid particles is widely used in a variety of industrial applications because of its
unusual capability of continuous powder handling, good mixing, large gas–solid contact area, and very high rates of
heat and mass transfer. As the particle size decreases the cohesive forces between particles increases. Therefore,
fluidization of ultrafine particles becomes much more difficult as compared to the larger size particles and it needs efficient method. In the present work, the fluidization experiments were conducted using air as fluidizing media and SiO2, ZnO and Al2O3
nano particles, with a size ranging from 15 to 30 nm in 2-dimensional fluidized bed with the assist of stirrer.
The fluidization behavior of the nanoparticle, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the
bed expansion are also investigated. . The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. It was found that with the assist of stirrer ,by increasing in the speed of stirrer initial bed voidage increased and terminal velocity and agglomerate diameter decreased.
The document describes an experiment on removing CO2 from air using a countercurrent rotating packed bed. Key findings include:
- A rotating packed bed was designed to absorb CO2, where the liquid and gas flow countercurrently under centrifugal force. This compact design improves mass transfer efficiency.
- Experiments investigated the effect of parameters like rotational speed, gas and liquid flow rates, and MEA solution concentration on the height of transfer unit (HTU) for CO2 absorption.
- HTU values for CO2 absorption ranged from 2.4 to 4 cm depending on the above parameters. Faster rotational speeds improved mass transfer and lowered HTU.
APPLICATION OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR ENHANCED CYCLIC STEAM STIMULAT...Zac Darcy
Three different variations of PSO algorithms, i.e. Canonical, Gaussian Bare-bone and Lévy Bare-bone
PSO, are tested to optimize the ultimate oil recovery of a large heavy oil reservoir. The performance of
these algorithms was compared in terms of convergence behaviour and the final optimization results. It is
found that, in general, all three types of PSO methods are able to improve the objective function. The best
objective function is found by using the Canonical PSO, while the other two methods give similar results.
The Gaussian Bare-bone PSO may picks positions that are far away from the optimal solution. The Lévy
Bare-bone PSO has similar convergence behaviour as the Canonical PSO. For the specific optimization
problem investigated in this study, it is found that the temperature of the injection steam, CO2 composition
in the injection gas, and the gas injection rates have bigger impact on the objective function, while steam
injection rate and the liquid production rate have less impact on the objective function.
Fluidized bed introduction by mohabat ali malik(MUET,jamshoro)mohabat_ali
This document provides an introduction to fluidized beds, including their components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and flow regimes. It describes how fluidized beds are composed of a solid material (typically a catalyst) that is fluidized by a gas or liquid. The document outlines the main flow regimes - bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization - and discusses factors that influence transitions between regimes like pressure, temperature, and particle properties. It also provides examples of industrial processes using fluidized beds and references for further reading.
The effect of solids on the behaviour of the downcomer of a jameson celleSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of solids on the behaviour of the downcomer of a Jameson cell was studied in terms of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the solids. Hydrophobic (carbon), and hydrophilic (silica sand) solids were used, separately. The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions of gas flow rate, pulp flow rate, and pulp consistency. The observed operating variables were the extension of the downcomer operating regions (pulp jet, mixing, and collection) and gas hold-up. It was observed that gas bubbles are smaller and more uniform in size when the pulp is comprised of silica (hydrophilic particles), as compared with pulps consisted of carbon (hydrophobic particles). When measuring a profile of gas holdup in the separation cell, experimental results show that a more homogeneous radial holdup distribution is achieved in the case of a slurry with silica sand rather than the pulp made of carbon. Key words: Jameson cell, downcomer, separation cell, superficial phase velocity, gas hold-up, hydrophobic solids, hydrophilic solids.
1) The document summarizes a study on the hydrodynamics of a semi-fluidized bed reactor using internals. Experiments were conducted with varying particle size, bed height, liquid velocity, and internals.
2) The minimum and maximum semi-fluidization velocities increased with larger particle size, higher bed expansion ratio, and use of internals. Pressure drop also rose with these factors.
3) Internals enhanced mixing and accelerated packed bed formation once minimum fluidization occurred, though a higher initial velocity was needed due to restricted particle motion. The study provides insight into optimizing semi-fluidized bed reactor efficiency through internals design.
1) Fine cornstarch particles were coated using a novel rotating fluidized bed coater to produce particles with a smooth coating that provided prolonged release of a model drug.
2) As the coating level increased, the particle size distribution narrowed and median diameter increased slightly, indicating coating of individual particles rather than agglomeration.
3) Coating levels above 3% by weight produced a favorable prolonged release property from the coated particles without significant agglomeration.
1) Fine cornstarch particles were coated using a novel rotating fluidized bed coater to produce particles with a smooth coating that provided prolonged release of a model drug.
2) As the coating level increased, the particle size distribution narrowed and median diameter increased slightly, indicating coating of individual particles rather than agglomeration.
3) Coating levels above 3% by weight produced a favorable prolonged release property from the coated particles without significant agglomeration.
This document summarizes a study on shock-induced amorphization of quartz-phase germanium dioxide (q-GeO2). X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements showed that q-GeO2 irreversibly amorphizes when recovered from shock pressures above 6.8 GPa. Thermoluminescence measurements suggest the amorphization mechanism is solid-solid phase transition rather than melting and quenching, unlike the mechanism observed for shocked quartz. The study provides insight into pressure-induced amorphization occurring at lower pressures compared to analogous materials like silica.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
This document summarizes a study that used particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze the velocity profiles of glass beads in a glass cell during withdrawal. Water and glass beads were filled in the cell and mixed with magnetite to facilitate PIV analysis. PIV analysis found that the particle velocity profile fit a Gaussian model over time. The standard deviation of the Gaussian was found to depend on both the withdrawal time and position in the glass cell. While the study provided interesting results, further work is needed to better reproduce the conditions proppants experience during hydraulic fracturing.
This document summarizes research on determining the mechanical properties of nanocomposite laminated structures using modal analysis and optimization. Experimental modal testing was performed on glass fiber-epoxy composite plates with 0%, 1%, and 2% nanoclay additions. Finite element modeling and optimization were used to determine elastic properties by minimizing differences between experimental and model natural frequencies. Results showed the tensile modulus increased with nanoclay content while shear modulus peaked at 1% nanoclay. Damping also increased in nanocomposites. Challenges included sensor effects and non-thin plate behavior limiting property determination. The inverse method was effective for analyzing new materials when direct methods cannot be used.
This document summarizes a study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a swirling fluidized bed with a four duct plenum chamber. Large Geldart D-type particles (coffee beans and black pepper) were used. Numerical simulations were conducted using CFD software to validate experimental results. Key parameters like distributor pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, bed pressure drop, and radial/tangential velocities were analyzed experimentally and through simulations. The results show that a swirling fluidized bed can effectively fluidize large particles that are difficult to fluidize in a conventional bed. Pressure drops and velocities varied as expected with changes in air flow rates.
The use of Electrical Capacitance Tomography to study the influence of pressu...Igor Sidorenko
Sidorenko, I., & Rhodes, M. J. (2001) The use of Electrical Capacitance Tomography to study the influence of pressure on fluidized bed behaviour. Paper presented at the 6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne.
ICMF2013-417 (Conference Paper DR) Investigating Dispersion and Emulsificatio...David Ryan
1) The document summarizes an investigation into the dispersion and emulsification processes using a Sonolator liquid whistle device. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments were conducted to measure the single-phase flow fields within a model Sonolator, which validated subsequent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.
2) The PIV experiments found that the jet emanating from the Sonolator's orifice had peak velocities of 17 m/s, reducing to 10 m/s at 8 mm and 5 m/s at 16 mm from the orifice. There was also a large region of recirculation caused by fluid entrainment in the jet.
3) The
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Improving Operability of Lab-Scale Spouted Bed Using Global Stochastic Optimization
1. Ghanim.M. Alwan Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 5), January 2015, pp.136-146
www.ijera.com 136 | P a g e
Improving Operability of Lab-Scale Spouted Bed Using Global
Stochastic Optimization
Dr.Ghanim.M. Alwan*
Chemical Engineering Department-University of Technology, Baghdad-Iraq
Abstract
A spouted bed is a special case of fluidization. It is an effective means of contacting gas with coarse solid
particles .Gas-solid spouted beds are either cylindrical bed with cone base or the whole bed is in a cone shape
where the gas enters as a jet. The gas forms a spout region that carries the solids upward in a diluted phase that
forms a fountain at the top of the bed where the solids fall down and move downward in the annular region.
Performance of gas-solid spouted bed benefit from solids uniformity structure with lower pressure drop
(PD).Dropping of PD across a spouted bed could reduce the dissipated pumping energy and improve stability
and uniformity of solid particles.
The objective of this work is to study and selecting best operating conditions that could minimize PD across the
bed. Optimization technique is a powerful tool would guide the experimental work and reduce the risk and cost
for design and operation Hence, PD is to be considered as objective function of the optimization process .Three
selected decision variables are affecting objective function. These decision variables are gas velocity, particle
density and particle diameter. Steady-state measurements were carried out in a narrow 3-inch (0.076 m ID)
cylindrical spouted bed made of Plexiglas that used 60° conical shape base. Radial concentration of particles
(glass and steel beads) at various bed heights under different flow patterns were measured using sophisticated
optical probes. A superficial velocity of air ranging from 0.74 to 1.0 m/s .PD was measured across the bed by
high accuracy pressure transducers. Stochastic Genetic Algorithm (GA) has found suitable global search for the
non-linear hybrid spouted bed. Optimum results could select the best operating conditions for high-performance
and stable conditions. Uniformity and stability of solid particles in the bed would enhance hydrodynamic
parameters, heat and mass transfer. Best Operability of the bed was observed with low-density, large size of
solid beads, low gas velocity at low PD. Size of solid particles and velocity of gas have been found the sensitive
decision variables with PD mutations. Sensitivity of these variables could be increased at unlimited upper
bounds of operating conditions. An advanced control system for sensitive decision variables would be
recommended to improve operability of the spouted bed.
Keywords: Operability; Optimization; Pressure drop; Spouted bed; Solid particles; Stochastic
I. Introduction
Among several configurations typical of gas-
solids fluidization, spouted beds have demonstrated
to be characterized by a number of advantages,
namely a reduced pressure drop, a relatively lower
gas flow rate, the possibility of handling particles
coarser than the ones treated by bubbling fluidized
beds.Significant segregation is prevented by the
peculiar hydraulic structure. A spouted bed can be
realized by replacing the perforated plate distributor
typical of a standard fluidized bed with a sample
orifice, whose profile helps the solids circulation and
voids stagnant zones. When the gas flow rate is large
enough, the spout reaches the bed surface and forms
a "fountain" of particles in the free board (Fig.1).
After falling on the bed surface, the solids continue
their downward travel in the "annulus" surrounding
the spout and reach different depths before being
recaptured into the spout (Rovero etal, 2012).
There is increasing a application of spouted such
as; coating, desulfurization, CO2 capture, combustion
and gasification of coal and biomass (Limtrakul
etal.,2004).The spouted bed is a kind of high
performance reactor for fluid-solid particles reaction,
also it is a hybrid fluid-solid contacting system
(Wang etal.,2001).
Nomenclatures
dp: Diameter of solid particle, [mm]
PD: Pressure drop across spouted bed, [Kpa]
Vg: Superficial velocity of gas, [m/s]
Greek letters
ρs :Density of solid particles,[Kg/m3
]
€: Porosity of bed, [-]
Ø: Spherical factor of solid particles, [-]
In operations using spouted beds, it is of major
importance, from an energy consumption point of
view, to operate the process as close as possible to
the minimum spout flow. At this point, the speed of
the gas (for example, warm air in drying operations)
is greater than the amount of heat and mass transfer
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN
ACCESS
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involved, although it only transfers the minimum
amount of momentum to maintain the spout.
Therefore, by staying close to this minimum flow
condition, it is possible to perform a stable operation
and to obtain energy savings not only in the heating
of the gas but also in its displacement by blowers
(Correa, etal., 1999).However, it is better to develop
the design of the spouted bed to overcome the large
pressure drop and instability of the operation and
improve the uniformity of the products resulting from
the chemical or physical treatment
(Prachayawarakorn etal.,2005).
The objective and motivation of this work is to
improve performance of the present spouted bed by
selecting the best operating conditions. Study of
effect of selected decision variables on PD under
steady-state conditions. The optimization problem
equation is correlated depends on the available
experimental data of the lab-scale bed. Stochastic
global search Genetic Algorithm is implemented to
solve the optimization problem with different
boundary conditions. The optimal results would
improve the operating and performance of the
spouted bed.
II. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental set-up
The present work is a part of scale-up
methodology -Multi-phase and Multi-scale processes
Laboratory (MMPL) of Chemical and Biological
Engineering Department Missouri University of
Science and Technology, MO, USA.
The experimental set-up was designed and
constructed in the best way to collect the data as
explained in Fig.1.The cylindrical spouted bed is
made of Plexiglas.The bed is 3 inches (0.076 m) in
diameter and 36 inches in height. Twenty holes (0.5
inch in diameter) are drilled at vertical intervals of
(1.86 inch) along the column wall in which the
optical probe is placed at different radial positions of
1.5, 1.25, 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 inch and at axis
positions of 7.5 and 5.5 inches above the conical base
as shown in Fig.1. At the bottom of the bed, there is a
60° cone-shaped Plexiglas base (3 inches in
height).The spouting nozzle (0.25 inch in diameter)
locates in the center of the conical base.
Fig.1.Experimental set-up. Lab-Scale Spouted Bed
The solid particles used are steel and glass beads
with different diameters and properties as shown in
Table1.The newly optical probes (Fig.2a) are used to
measure both solids concentration and solids velocity
and their fluctuation at radial and axial positions of
the spouted bed as shown in Fig.2b. The
concentration of solid particles are measured by the
Particle Analyzer (PV6) which manufactured by the
‘Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Chinese, Academy
of Science’) .It consists of; photoelectric converter
and amplifying circuits, signal pre-processing
circuits, high-speed A/D interface card and its
software PV6, is adapted to the optical probes as
shown in Fig.2a The pressure drop across the bed is
measured by advanced pressure transducer (Type:
PX309-002G5V,Omega).
Table1. Properties of the particulate materials.
Material dp(mm) 𝜌s(Kg/m3
) € Ø
Steel beads 1.09 7400.0 0.42 1.0
Glass beads 1.09 2450.0 0.42 1.0
Glass beads 2.18 2400.0 0.41 1.0
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The pressure in the spouted bed adjusting within
the desired values by using the inverted circular
stabilizer, 60 mm in diameter is installed at the top of
the bed column. This is preventing the spout fountain
from swaying. The selected process variables, which
are affecting PD in the bed, are gas velocity, particle
density and particle diameter.
PV6-System Optical Probe
Fig.2a.On-line Optical probe system for measuring the solids hold-up at different positions of the bed.
For large particles For small particles
Fig.2b. Samples of optical probe signals for measuring the solids hold-up at different size of solids.
2.2 Optimization problem
The available experimental data of the Lab-scale
spouted bed under steady- state conditions were used
to formulate the optimization equation. The objective
(PD) correlated empirically with the decision
variables to facilitate the optimization process. The
advanced nonlinear regression optimization
algorithm used is Hook-Jeevs pattern moves with the
aid of the computer program (Statistica
version10).The global optimization equation of the
spouted bed is:
PD=0.037Vg0.381
ρs0.407
dp-0.221
(1)
Subject to Inequality constraints:
0.74 ≤ Vg ≤ 1.0, 2400.0 ≤ ρs ≤ 7400.0 (2)
1.09 ≤ dp ≤ 2.18
Eq.1 represents the global optimization problem
equation of two zones in the spouted bed. From Eq.1,
one can conclude that the air velocity, density of the
solid particles have positive effect on the pressure
drop across the bed, while the diameter of particles
has negative effect. GA will implement for the
optimization problem (Eq. 1) with upper-lower
bounds and with unlimited upper bounds (Eq. 2).
III. Result and Discussion
3.1 Effect of PD on uniformity and Stability of the
spouted bed
The performance and efficiency of the spouted
bed is dropped at unstable conditions. Different flow
regimes in the present spouted bed were studied to
limit the stable gas velocities (Xu etal.,2009) .The
optimum range of air velocity is between 0.74 to 1.0
m/s. Figs.3a and 3b illustrate the effect of pressure
drop on the stability and uniformity of the spouted
bed using concentration distributions of glass and
steel particles.The system behaves unstable at the
fountain region (zone 1), which locates at 7.5 inches
above the conical base for different superficial
velocities of air (0.74 to 1.0 m/s). These are because
of high- pressure drop as a result of high- vortices
and revolutions of the particle's bulk compared to
others regions in the bed (Zhong etal. ,2007and
Zhang etal., 2011 ).The concentration profile curves
have triangular pulse shape and non-uniform. The
maximum concentrations of solid concentration were
observed at the center of the bed (0.75 inches of
radial position). Unstable spouting is characterized by
swirling and pulsation of the spout (Xu etal. ,2009
and Rovero etal.,2012).Disuniformity of solid
particles decreases the heat and mass transfer in bed.
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(a) Steel beads (b) Glass beads
Fig. 3. Unstable behaviors of the bed at high PD for (zone 1) at different operating conditions.
(a) Steel beads (b) Glass beads
Fig. 4.Stable behaviors of the bed at low PD for (zone2) at different operating conditions.
Fig. 4a illustrates the portrait of steel beads
distributions at the cylindrical region (zone 2), which
locates at 5.5 inches above the conical base. For the
same operating conditions, the solid concentration
profile curves have uniform exponential shape. The
stability conditions appeared within the behavior of
the system since the particles in the bed fluidized
homogenously because of low-pressure drop at this
region .This position located in lower gas motion
region of the spouted bed (annular part). The packed
bed and stable spouting are distinguished by the
formation of stable spout (Alwan, eta.l,
2014).Uniformity of solid particles could enhance
hydrodynamic parameters, heat and mass transfer in
the bed. Fig. 4b explains the solid distributions of
glass beads. The similar behaviors of solid particles
are appeared as explained with the steel beads
system. The concentration of solid increases with
low- gas velocity and high particle's density as shown
in Fig.4.
However, the spouted-gas bed behaves as a hybrid
fluid-solid contacting system as explained in Figs.3
and 4. Genetic algorithm (GA) is the best global
stochastic search that based on mechanics of natural
selection (Gupta and Srivastava, 2006).
3.2 Effect of decision variables on PD
Fig.5 explains the effect of the process variables
(air velocity, density and diameter of solid particles)
on the pressure drop (PD) across the bed. The
pressure drop increased with increasing the velocity
of air for both steel and glass beads due to increasing
the kinetic energy and the interaction of the solid
particles. In the case of steel beads, the pressure drop
is higher than that with glass beads because of high
strength and friction with steel beads (Fig.5a). The
dense particles (steel) create more resistance and
friction against the airflow and then tend to raise the
pressure drop across the bed (Fig.5b).The porosity of
the bed increased with the large particles diameter, so
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that the strength of the solids to the airflow then
reduced. These tend to reduce the pressure drop
across the spouted bed (Fig.5b).These conclusions
also confirmed by (Zhong etal., 2006).However, the
design of the spouted bed is developed to reduce the
pressure drop and instability of the operation and
enhance the uniformity of solid beads.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. Pressure drop is relates with ;(a) gas velocity,(b) solids density and solids diameter.
3.3 Genetic algorithm search
Several experiments were carried out to obtain the
optimal solution of the optimum problem. In
addition, the operators of genetic algorithm search
were adapted to obtain the best solution.
Table 2 explains the best parameters of genetic
algorithms with upper-lower and unlimited upper
bounds. Fig.6a illustrates the outputs of GA solution
with upper-lower bounds system. GA is implemented
with the pattern search by using the hybrid function
as shown in Table 2 to refine the decision variables
(Palonen etal.,2009). The best fitness, best function
and score histogram as shown in Fig.6a illustrate the
optimal pressure drop is (0.66 Kpa).The results of the
optimization search as shown in Table 3 have been
reasonable agreement because of the values of
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continuous variables (Vg &dp) and discrete variable
(ρs) are within limits of the operating conditions (Eq.
2). In addition, the optimal values explain that the
minimum PD can be obtained at low gas velocity,
low-density glass beads of high particle diameter as
shown in Table 3, Figs. 5 and 6a. Therefore, by
staying close to this minimum flow condition, it is
possible to perform a stable operation and to obtain
energy savings. (Correa etal., 1999).The histogram of
the variables in the Fig. 6a indicates that the density
of solids (variable 2) is the effective variable on PD.
Due to the nonlinearity of the spouted process (Eq.
1), the optimization equation of PD was solved by
(51) generations as shown in Fig.6a.
Table 2.Adapted parameters of GA technique for different operation.
Parameter Type and value
Population type
Population size
Creation function
Scaling function
Selection function
Crossover function
Crossover fraction
Mutation function
Migration direction
Migration fraction
Hybrid function
Number of generation
Function tolerance
Double vector
100
Feasible population
Rank
Stochastic uniform
Scattered
0.7
Adaptive feasible
Both
0.2
Pattern search
51 (case 1)
68 (case 2)
1.0E-6
Table 3.Optimal values of decision variables.
Decision variables upper-lower bounds unlimited upper bounds
Gas velocity (m/s) 0.7403 0.765
Density of solid (Kg/m3
) 2400.00 2400.00
Diameter of particle (mm) 2.178 17.14
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. Stochastic results of GA search for; (a) lower-upper bounds, (b) unlimited upper bounds.
3.4 Stochastic mutation of decision variables
The optimal sets of the three decision variables are
illustrated in Figs.7a,7b and 7c corresponding to the
objective PD.The scattering and stochastic of results
are appeared in these figures as a results of natural
selection by GA .It is found that the optimal values of
the solid density (𝜌𝑠)are almost constant at its lower
bound as explained in the Fig.7b.This is due to that
𝜌𝑠 is less sensitivity for variations of PD as shown in
Fig. 7b.
Gas velocity (Vg) is changed within its lower bound
(Fig. 7a) and solid diameter (dp) is fluctuated within
its upper bound as shown in Fig.7c. These behaviors
are because of Vg has positive effect while dp has
negative effect on PD as shown in Fig.5. Most
optimal values of the three decision variables are stay
within optimum value of PD equal to 0.66 Kpa as
shown in Fig. 7.It is observed that gas velocity and
size of solids are more sensitive than solids' density
for PD mutations as shown in Figs.7a and 7c.
0 50 100
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Generation
Fitnessvalue
Best: 0.65967 Mean: 0.65971
1 2 3
0
1000
2000
3000
Number of variables (3)
Currentbestindividual
Current Best Individual
0.6595 0.66 0.6605
0
5
10
15
20
Score Histogram
Score (range)
Numberofindividuals
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
Selection Function
Individual
Numberofchildren
Best fitness
Mean fitness
0 50 100
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Generation
Fitnessvalue
Best: 0.65967 Mean: 0.65971
1 2 3
0
1000
2000
3000
Number of variables (3)
Currentbestindividual
Current Best Individual
0.6595 0.66 0.6605
0
5
10
15
20
Score Histogram
Score (range)
Numberofindividuals
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
Selection Function
Individual
Numberofchildren
Best f itness
Mean f itness
0 50 100
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Generation
Fitnessvalue
Best: 0.42213 Mean: 0.42327
1 2 3
0
1000
2000
3000
Number of variables (3)
Currentbestindividual
Current Best Individual
0.42 0.425 0.43
0
5
10
15
20
Score Histogram
Score (range)
Numberofindividuals
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
Selection Function
Individual
Numberofchildren
Best fitness
Mean fitness
0 50 100
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Generation
Fitnessvalue
Best: 0.42213 Mean: 0.42327
1 2 3
0
1000
2000
3000
Number of variables (3)
Currentbestindividual
Current Best Individual
0.42 0.425 0.43
0
5
10
15
20
Score Histogram
Score (range)
Numberofindividuals
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
Selection Function
Individual
Numberofchildren
Best fitness
Mean fitness
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7. Stochastic mutation of decision variables at lower-upper bounds corresponding to objective PD.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.8. Stochastic mutation of decision variables at unlimited upper bounds corresponding to objective PD.
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For scale-up methodology process, it is better to
start the optimization search from the initial boundary
conditions of Eq. 2. The results of GA search with
lower bounds only are explained in Fig. 6b. GA's
operators, which are selected in Table 2, have found
the best values for solving the optimization problem
(Eq. 1). The best fitness, best function and score
histogram as shown in Fig.6b illustrate that the
optimal pressure drop is (0.422 Kpa). The optimal
values explain that minimum PD could be obtained
at low gas velocity, low-density glass beads with high
particle diameter as shown in Table 3, Fig. 5 and
Fig. 6b.The number of generations in this case are
increased to (68) as shown in Fig. 6b.This is because
of unlimited upper bound, which would need to
additional search- iterations compared with GA
search of limited upper-lower bounds. So that, the
stochasticity scattering of GA is high as shown in
Figs.8a, 8b and 8c. The optimal sets of the decision
variables are illustrated in these figures
corresponding to the objective PD.It is observed that
the optimal values of Vg and 𝜌𝑠 have small change
compared to previous case as shown in Table 3, Figs.
8a and 8b. dP is increased to new values to obtain the
minimum PD as explained in Fig. 8c and Table 3.
These behaviors are because of Vg and 𝜌𝑠 have
positive effect, while dp has negative effect on PD as
shown in Fig. 5. Sensitivity of the three decision
variables shall be increased with unlimited bounds
because of increasing number of generations and
natural selection as shown in Fig. 6b and Table
2.Optimal values of decision variables are stay within
the region of optimum PD equal to 0.422 Kpa as
shown in Fig.8.In addition; it is observed that Vg and
dp are more sensitive variables for PD variations as
shown in Figs.8a and 8c. However, the success of
optimization search depends on formulation of the
objective function, selection of decision variables and
selection of the suitable searching technique.
IV. Conclusions
Dropping of pressure drop across the spouted
bed will reduce the risk of the dissipated pumping
energy and enhances the uniformity and stability of
solid particles that would improve performance of the
bed. Uniformity of solid particles could enhance
hydrodynamic parameters, heat and mass transfer.
Genetic Algorithm has found the suitable stochastic
global search for the hybrid nonlinear bed. Optimal
results would guide for selecting of best operating
conditions of the bed. Reliability of the search could
be enhanced by adaptation of GA's operators.
Success of optimization search depends on
formulation of the objective function, selection of the
decision variables and selection of suitable GA's
operators. It has been found that best operability was
achieved with low-density,large size of solid beads
,low gas velocity at low PD. Velocity of gas and
diameter of solid particles have found the sensitive
decision variables on PD mutations. Sensitivity of
these variables would be increased at unlimited upper
bounds. Reliable control system for sensitive decision
variables is recommended to operate the spouted bed
within best conditions.
V. Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants to Chemical and
Biological Department-Missouri University of S & T,
Rolla, Missouri (USA).
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