Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus, this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-gMA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD, SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while strength
was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on dspacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Investigation of Tribological Behaviour of GF Filled Peek Composite under the...IJERA Editor
Composite materials have successfully substituted the traditional materials in several light weight and high
strength applications. The reasons why composites are selected for such applications are mainly their high
strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated temperatures, high creep resistance and high
toughness. Therefore minimum Wear of component or part used in machinery is very important factor for the
industry. In this paper the tribological behavior of PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were comparatively evaluated on Pin on disc machine. The effect of
three parameters such as temperature, load and sliding distance on Wear loss of PEEK composites reinforced by
30% short glass fiber and phosphor bronze were examined. The detailed mathematical model is simulated by
Minitab 17 and simulation results fit experiment data very well
In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA),
multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to
minimum Wear. Experiments were conducted by varying temperature, load and sliding distance using L9
orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve
minimum Wear. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR
model to map the relationship between process parameters and Wear. The experiment was conducted on
computerized Pin on Disc machine. It was observed that PEEK 30% Glass Fiber Composite Polymer has
excellent wear resistance compare to Phosphor bronze at elevated temperature.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
EFFECT OF ACTIVATOR RATIO ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: To examine the impact of activator ratio on strength properties of Geo Polymer concrete, activator solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3, time of curing. Method: The mix is designed for 12 Molarity. The Activator solution used in the present study is a combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution and Sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) with the varying ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total number of specimens 81 is being cast. The Geo Polymer specimens are tested for the Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strength at the ages of 3, 7, 28 days. Finding: As there is an increment in the activator ratio the compression, tensile and flexural strengths of geopolymer concrete specimens have increased and with the increment in a time of ambient curing of GPC specimens, the strength parameters were increased. Applications/Improvements: Geopolymer concrete can be widely used in precast girders, beams, electricity poles, railway sleepers. Geo-polymer offers good resistance to fire and permeability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A study on glass fiber reinforced polymer clay nanocomposites with sandwich s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
EFFECT OF ACTIVATOR RATIO ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: To examine the impact of activator ratio on strength properties of Geo Polymer concrete, activator solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3, time of curing. Method: The mix is designed for 12 Molarity. The Activator solution used in the present study is a combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution and Sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) with the varying ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total number of specimens 81 is being cast. The Geo Polymer specimens are tested for the Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strength at the ages of 3, 7, 28 days. Finding: As there is an increment in the activator ratio the compression, tensile and flexural strengths of geopolymer concrete specimens have increased and with the increment in a time of ambient curing of GPC specimens, the strength parameters were increased. Applications/Improvements: Geopolymer concrete can be widely used in precast girders, beams, electricity poles, railway sleepers. Geo-polymer offers good resistance to fire and permeability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A study on glass fiber reinforced polymer clay nanocomposites with sandwich s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters for Polyurethane Based Panel Air F...IOSR Journals
The polyurethane processing for panel air filters (flexible foam)for high yield (free of all defects) is
very critical and sensitive on account of Polyurethane making chemistry, short reaction times, process
conditions, ambient temperature and humidity , equipment dispensing-mixing precision and moulds’ surface
quality, moulds’ temperature and uniformity impacting the defects in filters like pin holes, short filling, over
filling or growth, skin damage, loose skin, voids, hardness variations, shrink marks, knit lines etc. Research is
conducted to study and establish a correlation between various parameters so that process settings can be
altered to ensure minimum variation to output in spite of variation in inputs and noise to the system.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
Effect of multi wall carbon nanotube content on the electrical and rheologica...Bambang Afrinaldi
Incorporating multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into the
polymer can improve the electrical properties of the nanocomposites. The effects of MWCNT on the electrical and rheological properties of polypropylene/MWCNT (PP/MWCNT) nanocomposites are investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared using melt mixing technique at chamber temperature of 180ºC and rotor rotation of 100 rpm for 10 minutes. Addition of MWCNT increases the electrical surface conductivity
up to 10-7 S. The electrical percolation threshold of the nanocomposites is found to occur at 1.3 wt% MWCNT content. Viscosity of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of MWCNT. The rheological percolation threshold of the PP/MWCNT is found occur at 1.4 wt% MWCNT content. Well dispersion is observed by mean Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.
Pengaruh konsentrasi inisiator dan komposisi styrene dan maleic anhydride ter...Bambang Afrinaldi
Pengaruh konsentrasi inisiator dan komposisi styrene dan maleic anhydride terhadap berat molekul pada sintesis kopolimer poly(styrene maleic anhydride)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
The roles of process parameters on structures and mechanical properties of polypropylene clay nanocomposites
1. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
The Roles of Process Parameters on Structures and Mechanical
Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites
To cite this article: Annisa Rifathin et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 553 012044
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 92.7.66.197 on 13/11/2019 at 20:32
2. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
1
The Roles of Process Parameters on Structures and
Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Clay
Nanocomposites
Annisa Rifathin1*
, Onny Ujianto1
, Nurul Jamilah1
, Bambang Afrinaldi1
1
Center for Polymer Technology, Agency for Assessment and Application of
Technology, Building 460, Puspiptek Area, Setu, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
15314
annisa.rifathin@bppt.go.id
Abstract. Process parameters are crucial to produce targeted qualities in polypropylene
(PP)/clay nanocomposites, due to their roles on the generation of shear and diffusion. Thus,
this research aims to observe their effects on structures and properties of PP/clay
nanocomposites. Samples were produced by mixing PP, PP grafting maleic anhydride (PP-g-
MA), and Cloisite 20A at fixed compositions, 88/9/3 wt%, respectively, in an internal mixer
with variations on temperatures (210, 220, 230 °C) and speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm). Effect of
mixing parameters on nanocomposite structures and properties were investigated from XRD,
SEM and flexural properties. The results showed that all samples had intercalated as well as
agglomerated structures. Further analysis on XRD and SEM showed that samples produced at
high conditions (230 C or 100 rpm) had similar structures. In contrast, low setting sample (210
C and 60 rpm), despite its similarity on dispersion level, had longer agglomerates than that of
mixed at high settings. Correlated both increase of d-spacing and agglomerates length to
flexural properties suggested that modulus was more influenced by dispersion level, while
strength was affected by agglomerates. However, it was worth to note that improvement on d-
spacing, with availability of long agglomerates might not guarantee modulus and strength
improvement due to low interfacial bonding.
Keywords : Polypropylene, clay, internal mixer, XRD, SEM, flexural
1. Introduction
Polypropylene (PP) is widely applied to produce various applications as automotive, packaging,
building component, etc. Due to its large applications, studies on enhancement properties of PP are
still interesting field for many researchers. One possible technique that growth rapidly in the last two
decades to improve PP properties as physical, mechanical, fire retardancy, and barrier is the addition
of nanofiller as clay to PP matrix [1-5], due to its low loading. In order to mix this two different polarity
materials, compatibilizer is needed [6, 7], and process parameters should also be considered as their
contribution to disperse the fillers [8-11].
The processing parameters might provide shear, diffusion, and degradation mechanisms that
influence clay exfoliation [12]. Our previous study on PP/clay nanocomposites showed that interaction
3. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
2
between temperature and mixing time was crucial to disperse nanoclay [13]. However, correlation
between this interaction and structures and properties was still unclear.
This study aimed to explore interaction effects of process temperatures and mixing speeds on clay
dispersion and mechanical properties in Polypropylene matrix. Analysis on the role of mixing
conditions was done according to flexural properties. The dispersion level was investigated from X-
ray diffraction (XRD), while agglomerations were observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM).
2. Experimental method
2.1 Materials
Polypropylene (PP), 5169 MAS 2158 from PT. Politama Indonesia was used as matrix. It was PP with
melt flow index (MFI) 1.8 g/10 min. Epolene Wax G 3015P, polypropilene-grafted-maleic anhydride
(PP-g-MA), from Eastman Chemical Company was used as a compatibilizer. A commercial
organophillic montmorillonite clay, Cloisite 20A (Southern Clay Product) was added as filler.
2.2 Nanocomposite preparations
Haake Rheomix 600 was used for mixing PP, PP-g-MA and clay according to process conditions
presented in Table 1. All samples were produced at identical composition with 88% of PP, 9% of PP-
g-MA, and 3% of clay to produce the best tensile strength [8]. Before mixing, overnight drying (80°C)
was perform on clay to reduce its moisture. Nanocomposite specimens were prepared by compression
molding (Collin P300P) with setting conditions shown in Table 2. Two steps of compression molding
were applied to produce smooth surface as trials done in our lab.
Table 1. Setting Conditions used in an Internal Mixer.
Samples Temperature [°
C] Speed [rpm] Time [min]
Control 220 80 10
1 210 60 10
2 210 100 10
3 220 80 10
4 220 80 10
5 220 80 10
6 230 60 10
7 230 100 10
Table 2. Setting Conditions used in Compression Molding.
Parameters
First Step Second Step
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature [°
C] 205 205 205 205 40 205 0 195 0 40
Pressure [Bar] 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Time [Min] 10 5 5 0 15 10 0 3 0 15
2.3 Characterizations
Flexural modulus and strength testing were performed using Shimadzu AGS 10 kN, Universal Testing
Machine, according to ASTM D 790. Flexural speeds were calculating by considering samples
thickness as stated in standard. The support span distance was set at 25.4 mm. At least five specimens
were tested, and the average values were reported.
The structures of clay were observed from agglomeration analyzed using Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) and d-spacing increase using X-Ray Difraction (XRD). The agglomerations of clay
4. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
3
were observed to analyze the present of agglomerations in the mixtures using JEOL JSM-6510LA
SEM with accelerated voltage of 15 kV. Measurement and analysis were done in 5 surface area of
flexural sample number 1, 2, 6, and 7, with at least 1 measured agglomerate for each surface. Specimens
were cooled with liquid nitrogen and cut. Specimens were sputter coated with Platinum to increase
surface conductivity and reduce charging. The clay dispersions were analyzed using Simadzu X-Ray
Diffractometer 7000 Maxima-X with Cu kα radiation. Analysis wes performed at scan speed 2.4
deg/minute, λ = 1.54 A˚, 40 kV and 20mA. The intensity peak were intergrated from 1° - 10° of 2 theta.
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Effects of processing parameters on flexural properties
Flexural modulus and strength of PP/clay nanocomposite samples are presented in Table 3. It is shown
that the average modulus and strength increase about 12% and 6%, respectively, attributed to clay
dispersion. However, despite the increase of flexural properties for most of samples, it is shown that
there was one sample (sample 1, produced at low temperature and low rpm) experiencing decrease on
both modulus and strength. These phenomena were also reported in another previous study [14]. The
decrease might be produced by poor polymer - clay bonding due to availability of big agglomerates.
These might be happened in case of very low generated shear applied to disperse the clay [15, 16] and
very high polymer viscosity that difficult to penetrate clay galleries [17]. This suggested that setting
combination between low temperature (210 °C) and low rpm (60 rpm) applied to mix sample 1 might
not enough to disperse most of the clay in this nanocomposite system, and resulted in some big
agglomerates.
Table 3. Flexural modulus and strength of PP/clay nanocomposite samples.
Sample
Temperatures
[°
C]
Speed
[rpm]
Time
[min]
Modulus [MPa] Strength [MPa]
Control 220 80 10 1764 ± 86.0 (± 5%) 49.15 ± 1.66 (± 3%)
1 210 60 10 1512 ± 55.0 (± 4%) 41.10 ± 2.05 (± 5%)
2 210 100 10 1974 ± 131 (± 7%) 53.20 ± 5.65 (± 11%)
3 220 80 10 2090 ± 158 (± 8%) 55.14 ± 1.13 (± 2%)
4 220 80 10 2113 ± 205 (± 10%) 56.46 ± 2.59 (± 5%)
5 220 80 10 2084 ± 184 (± 9%) 57.33 ± 2.60 (± 5%)
6 230 60 10 2119 ± 57.0 (± 3%) 50.70 ± 6.42 (± 13%)
7 230 100 10 2169 ± 105 (± 5%) 52.90 ± 7.89 (± 15%)
Average all nanocomposites 1978 ± 123 (± 6%) 52.00 ± 3.75 (± 7%)
Average of mid setting 2096 ± 182 (± 9%) 56.31 ± 2.11 (± 4%)
Figure 1. Effect of mixing speeds on flexural
modulus and strength.
Figure 2. Effect of mixing temperatures on
flexural modulus and strength.
30
40
50
60
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
40 60 80 100 120
Modulus at Low Temp Modulus at High Temp
Strength at Low Temp Strength at High Temp
Modulus(MPa)
Strength(MPa)
Mixing Speed (rpm)
30
40
50
60
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
200 210 220 230 240
Modulus at Low Speed Modulus at High Speed
Strength at Low Speed Strength at High Speed
Modulus(MPa)
Strength(MPa)
Temperatures ( C)
5. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
4
Figure 1 and 2 show the effects of processing parameters on flexural properties. In general, both
modulus and strength increased as the higher settings. These improvements were clearly obtained
especially at higher setting (either mixing speed (Figure 1) or temperatures (Figure 2)) when the other
parameter was set at low condition. At low temperature and low mixing speed, polymer viscosity is
still high so it difficult to penetrate the interlayer galleries. At the same time, low mixing speed might
unable to disperse clay agglomerates effectively. Combination these two conditions resulted in low
modulus and strength. In contrast, at low temperature, higher mixing speed generated higher shear that
able to disperse the clay and improve modulus and strength. However, there were slight improvements
at higher mixing speed when temperature was set at high setting, and vice versa. This suggested that
the effect of shear and diffusion in these boundaries might not significant change flexural properties
due to competing mechanisms between shear and diffusion that work simultaneously.
3.2 Effects of processing parameters on nanocomposite structures
The structures of PP/Clay nanocomposites are presented in Figures 3 to 7. In general, all
nanocomposite samples have nanostructures as well as agglomerated structures. Nanostructures were
observed from peaks shifted to lower angle compared to clay peak on XRD diffractogram, while
agglomerated were analyzed from the length and width of microstructures available on SEM
micrographs.
Figure 3. XRD diffractograms of PP/clay nanocomposites
Figure 3 shown that all samples have peaks at lower degree suggested intercalated of some clay
structures. The best improvement on the increase of interlayer spacing was obtained by samples 6 and
7 produced at high temperature (230 °C) and either at low or high mixing speed. The peaks were shifted
from 3.26° represented 2.71 nm of d-spacing to 2.34° represented 3.77 nm of inter-gallery distance.
The increase of intergallery spacing from 2.71 nm to 3.77 nm suggests that the nanocomposites
structure is available on sample 6 and 7. In contrast, the lowest increase was produced by sample 1
prepared at low temperature and low mixing speed (210 C and 60 rpm) that increase from 2.71 nm to
3.39 nm, and also suggests nanocomposite structures. However, this did not support to negative results
of modulus and strength. So it was hypothesized that there were both nanostructures and agglomerates
available on the system and competing each other. For this reason, further analysis on the size of
agglomerates were done using SEM.
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
Intensity
2-Theta
PP
Clay
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 6
Sample 7
XRD Diffractogram of PP/Clay Nanocomposite Samples
Samples 6 and 7
Sample 2
Sample 1
Clay
6. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
5
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 4. SEM micrograph (a) Sample 1 (210°C, 60 rpm); (b) Sample 2 (210°C,
100 rpm); (c) Sample 6 (230°C, 60 rpm); (d) Sample 7 (230°C, 100 rpm).
Figure 5. Size of agglomerates available on PP/clay nanocomposites.
Figures 4 and 5 show selected surface area of microstructures available on each observed samples
and agglomerate size. The length of microstructures ranges from 1.6 to 6.9 µm, while the width varies
from 1.0 to 3.8 µm. The smaller agglomerates were available in samples 2 and 7 those were produced
at high mixing speed. On the contrary, the bigger agglomerates found at low mixing speed samples
(Sample 1 and 6). The size even more than twice for sample 1 (low mixing speed, low temperature)
compare to another samples, attributed to limited shear in the process. This data explains the reason
behind the decrease on modulus and strength for this sample compare to control, despite the
6.9
2.2
3.4
1.6
3.8
1.7
2.2
1.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
1 2 6 7
Length
Width
Sample No.
AgglomerateSize(µm)
7. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
6
improvement on d-spacing. This finding also suggests that there is minimum ratio between level of
dispersion and agglomerate size to improve both modulus and strength that is not covered in this
research. For this reason, it is suggested that further experiment should be done in the future.
Combination analysis on XRD and SEM suggested that high dispersion level and small agglomerates
can be achieved if there was minimum one parameter that be set at high condition (temperature or
rpm). The fact that the high dispersion level was produced at high temperature or rpm, and small
agglomerates were available on high rpm samples, suggested that there was synergism between shear
and diffusion in order to produced desired nanostructures. The results of this research show that the
shear is crucial to break the agglomerates, however this mechanism would not go further if there was
no diffusion mechanism that runs simultaneously and need optimum viscosity to work.
3.3 Effects of nanocomposite structures on mechanical properties
Figure 6. Effect of interlayer spacing increases
on flexural modulus and strength.
Figure 7. Effect of agglomerate sizes on
flexural modulus and strength.
Structures and mechanical property of PP/clay nanocomposites are shown in Figure 6 and 7. In general,
the increase on d-spacing and reduction on agglomerate length would improve modulus and strength.
This is caused by the increase on aspect ratio that improves interfacial bonding between matrix and
fillers. From the figures, it is also suggested that the d-spacing increase (Figure 6) has more influence
to modulus (R2
= 0.88) than to strength (R2
= 0.61). In contrast, the reduction of agglomeration sizes
(Figure 7) has more contribution to strength (R2
= 0.99) than to modulus (R2
= 0.87).
4. Conclusion
The roles of mixing conditions on structures and flexural properties of PP/clay nanocomposites have
been explored. The samples were produced using an internal mixer with temperatures (210, 220, 230
°C) and mixing speeds (60, 80, 100 rpm) variations, and fixed composition. The structural of
nanocomposites were investigated from XRD diffractograms and SEM micrograms, while mechanical
properties were represented by flexural test.
The results showed that the average flexural modulus and strength of all nanocomposite samples
increased by adding nanoclay on PP. These increases were influenced by the combination of
intercalated structure and small agglomerate size. The samples produced at high conditions (230 C or
100 rpm) had similar intercalated and agglomerate structures. On the other hand, bigger
microstructures were found in the sample produced at low settings (210 C and 60 rpm), despite its
similarity on dispersion level. Analysis on structures and flexural property relationship shows that the
intercalated structures have more contribution on modulus improvement, while agglomerates size
contributes to strength. The findings of this research also suggest that the improvement on d-spacing
might not successfully increase modulus and strength, if huge microstructures presents on the system.
R² = 0.86
R² = 0.51
30
40
50
60
70
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
Modulus Strength
D-spacing Increase (nm)
Strength(MPa)
Modulus(MPa)
Effect of Interlayer Spacing Increase on Flexural Properties
R² = 0.87
R² = 0.99
30
40
50
60
70
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 5 10 15
Modulus Strength
Length of Agglomerates (µm)
Strength(MPa)
Modulus(MPa)
Effect of Agglomerates on Flexural Properties
8. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
7
Acknowledgment
Authors would like to thank you Center for Polymer Technology, Agency for Assessment and
Application of Technology for supporting us to conduct this research.
References
[1] Delva, L., Ragaert, K., Allaer, K., Gaspar-Cunha, A., Degrieck, J., and Cardon, L., 2015
Influence of twin-screw configuration on the mechanical and morphological properties of
polypropylene-clay composites IJMPT 52 176-192. DOI: 10.1504/IJMPT.2016.073631
[2] Hu, Y., Wang, X., and Li, J., 2016 Regulating Effect of Exfoliated Clay on Intumescent Char
Structure and Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene Composites Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55 5892-
5901. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00480
[3] Khalaj, M.-J., Ahmadi, H., Lesankhosh, R., and Khalaj, G., 2016 Study of physical and
mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites for food packaging application:
Nano-clay modified with iron nanoparticles Trends Food Schi. Technol. 51 41-48. DOI:
10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.007
[4] Norouzi, M., Zare, Y., and Kiany, P., 2015 Nanoparticles as Effective Flame Retardants for
Natural and Synthetic Textile Polymers: Application, Mechanism, and Optimization Polym
Rev. 55 531-560. DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.980427
[5] Pappalardo, S., Russo, P., Acierno, D., Rabe, S., and Schartel, B., 2016 The synergistic effect
of organically modified sepiolite in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene Eur. Polym. J.
76 196-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.041
[6] Kiliaris, P. and Papaspyrides, C.D., 2010 Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: An
overview of flame retardancy Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 902-958. DOI:
10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.03.001
[7] Shafiee, M., Ramazani, S.A.A., and Danaei, M., 2010 Investigation of the Gas Barrier
Properties of PP/Clay Nanocomposite Films with EVA as a Compatibiliser Prepared by the
Melt Intercalation Method Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng, 49 991-995. DOI:
10.1080/03602559.2010.482075
[8] Akbari, B. and Bagheri, R., 2012 Influence of Compatibilizer and Processing Conditions on
Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Deformation Mechanism of PP/Clay Nano
composite J. nanomater 2012 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2012/810623
[9] Lertwimolnun, W. and Vergnes, B., 2005 Influence of compatibilizer and processing
conditions on the dispersion of nanoclay in a polypropylene matrix Polym 46 3462-3471. DOI:
10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.018
[10] Lertwimolnun, W. and Vergnes, B., 2006 Effect of processing conditions on the formation of
polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites in a twin screw extruder Polym. Eng. Sci 46 314-
323. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20458
[11] Lertwimolnun, W. and Vergnes, B., 2007 Influence of screw profile and extrusion conditions
on the microstructure of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites Polym. Eng. Sci. 47
2100-2109. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20934
[12] Ujianto, O., Jollands, M., and Kao, N., 2015 Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites Prepared in
an Internal Mixer: Effect of Processing Variable on Mechanical Properties Adv. Mater. Res.
1105 46-50. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1105.46
[13] Zaiby, Y. A. Swasono, A. L. Juwono, and Ujianto, O. 2017 Polypropylene / Clay
Nanocomposites Prepared in an Internal Mixer: Optimization of Processing Conditons to
Improve Flexural Modulus IOP Materials Science and Engineering 432 1-6. DOI:
10.1088/1757-899X/432/1/012014.
[14] Dong, Y. and Bhattacharyya, D., 2008 Effects of clay type, clay/compatibiliser content and
matrix viscosity on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites
Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39 1177-1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.03.006
9. IUMRS-ICA 2018
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 553 (2019) 012044
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012044
8
[15] Domenech, T., Peuvrel-Disdier, E., and Vergnes, B., 2012 Influence of Twin-Screw
Processing Conditions on Structure and Properties of Polypropylene – Organoclay
Nanocomposites Int. Polym. Proc 27 517-526. DOI: 10.3139/217.2591
[16] Spencer, M.W., Hunter, D.L., Knesek, B.W., and Paul, D.R., 2011 Morphology and properties
of polypropylene nanocomposites based on a silanized organoclay Polym 52 5369-5377. DOI:
10.1016/j.polymer.2011.09.034
[17] Moghri, M., Shahabadi, S.I.S., and Garmabi, H., 2013 Effect of nanoclay content on nanoclay
dispersion mechanism: Diffusion-controlled mechanism versus shear-controlled mechanism J.
Reinf. Plast. Compos 32 1956-1965. DOI: 10.1177/0731684413493950