When limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated, it undergoes thermal decomposition. This chemical reaction breaks down the limestone into its constituent elements - calcium, oxygen, and carbon. Some of the mass is lost as a gas, carbon dioxide, which escapes. Therefore, the mass of the remaining solid products (calcium oxide) is less than the original mass of limestone before heating.
The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as compounds that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. and describes how each one reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions. The document also classifies acids based on origin, strength, concentration, and number of hydrogen ions produced. Similarly, it defines bases as compounds that yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, provides examples, and describes their classification based on strength and concentration.
The document summarizes information about Group 17 elements (halogens) in 3 paragraphs. It discusses the physical properties of Group 17 elements, including their nonmetallic nature, decreasing density and increasing melting/boiling points down the group. It also describes the reactivity of the halogens, noting they decrease in reactivity down the group due to increasing atomic radius. Finally, it defines halide ions and disproportionation reactions.
Este documento describe los procesos petrogenéticos de formación de rocas y minerales. Explica que las rocas están compuestas de minerales y describe las propiedades de los minerales, incluyendo su estructura cristalina. También describe los ambientes donde se forman las rocas, incluyendo el ambiente magmático, metamórfico y sedimentario.
Granite is a widely occurring type of intrusive igneous rock that forms from the cooling of magma underground. It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar minerals. Granite occurs globally and makes up a major part of continental crust. It forms large plutons and batholiths associated with mountain ranges. Granite has been used in construction for thousands of years in landmarks like the Egyptian pyramids and Hindu temples in India. Modern uses include gravestones, monuments, and building stone due to its hardness and durability.
When limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated, it undergoes thermal decomposition. This chemical reaction breaks down the limestone into its constituent elements - calcium, oxygen, and carbon. Some of the mass is lost as a gas, carbon dioxide, which escapes. Therefore, the mass of the remaining solid products (calcium oxide) is less than the original mass of limestone before heating.
The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as compounds that yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. It provides examples of common acids like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. and describes how each one reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions. The document also classifies acids based on origin, strength, concentration, and number of hydrogen ions produced. Similarly, it defines bases as compounds that yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water, provides examples, and describes their classification based on strength and concentration.
The document summarizes information about Group 17 elements (halogens) in 3 paragraphs. It discusses the physical properties of Group 17 elements, including their nonmetallic nature, decreasing density and increasing melting/boiling points down the group. It also describes the reactivity of the halogens, noting they decrease in reactivity down the group due to increasing atomic radius. Finally, it defines halide ions and disproportionation reactions.
Este documento describe los procesos petrogenéticos de formación de rocas y minerales. Explica que las rocas están compuestas de minerales y describe las propiedades de los minerales, incluyendo su estructura cristalina. También describe los ambientes donde se forman las rocas, incluyendo el ambiente magmático, metamórfico y sedimentario.
Granite is a widely occurring type of intrusive igneous rock that forms from the cooling of magma underground. It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar minerals. Granite occurs globally and makes up a major part of continental crust. It forms large plutons and batholiths associated with mountain ranges. Granite has been used in construction for thousands of years in landmarks like the Egyptian pyramids and Hindu temples in India. Modern uses include gravestones, monuments, and building stone due to its hardness and durability.
This document discusses hydrated salts and their properties. It provides examples of common hydrated salts like copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O), and sodium carbonate (NaCO3.10H2O). It explains that hydrated salts contain water molecules bonded to the salt molecule. When heated, different hydrated salts exhibit different behaviors, such as melting, decomposing, or releasing water and other gases. The document also discusses efflorescent substances that lose their water of crystallization when exposed to air and deliquescent substances that absorb moisture and dissolve in it.
Models and exploration methods for major gold deposit typesMYO AUNG Myanmar
Models and Exploration Methods for Major Gold Deposit Types
Robert, F.[1], Brommecker, R.[1] Bourne, B. T.[2]
, Dobak, P. J.3], McEwan, C. .J.[4],Rowe, R. R.[2], Zhou, X.
[1]
_________________________ 1. Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON
, Canada
2. Barrick Gold of Australia Ltd., Perth, WA, Australia 3. Barrick Gold Exploration Inc., Elko, NV, U.S.A 4. Compania Minera Barrick Chile Ltda., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Gold occurs as primary commodity in a wide range of gold deposit types and settings. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the classification, definition and understanding of the main gold deposit types. Three main clans of deposits are now broadly
defined, each including a range of specific de
posit types with common characteristics and tectonic settings. The orogenic clan has
been introduced to include vein
-
type deposits formed during crustal shortening of their host greenstone, BIF or clastic sedimentary
rock sequences. Deposits of the new red
uced intrusion-
related clan share an Au
- Bi-
Te
-
As metal signature and an association with
moderately reduced equigranular post
-
orogenic granitic intrusions. Oxidized intrusion-related deposits, including porphyry, skarn,and high-
sulfidation epithermal depo sits, are associated with high-
level, oxidized porphyry stocks in magmatic arcs. Other important deposit types include Carlin, low sulfidation pithermal, Au,rich VMS and Witwatersrand deposits. The key geology features of the ore- forming environments and the key geologic manifestations of the different deposit types form the footprints of ore systems that are targeted in exploration programs. Important progress has been made in our ability to integrate, process, and visualize increasingly complex datasets
in 2D GIS and 3D platforms. For gold exploration, important geophysical advances include airborne gravity, routine 3D inversions of potential field data, and 3D modeling of electrical data. Improved satellite -, airborne- and field-based
infrared spectroscopy has significantly improved alteration mapping around gold systems, extending the dimensions of the footprints and enhancing vectoring capabilities. Conventional geochemistry remains very important to gold exploration, while promising new techniques are
being tested. Selection of the appropriate exploration methods must be dictated by the characteristics of the targeted model, its geologic setting, and the surficial environment. Both greenfield and brownfield exploration contributed to the discovery of ma jor gold deposits (>2.5 moz Au) in the last decade but the discovery rates have declined significantly. Geologists are now better equipped than ever to face this difficult challenge, but geological understanding and quality field work were important discov ery factors and must remain the key underpinnings of exploration programs
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
- Calcite and dolomite are common carbonate minerals. Calcite is the most widespread mineral near the Earth's surface, with the chemical formula CaCO3. Dolomite has the formula (CaMg)(CO3)2.
- Calcite is colorless, white, or grey and has a vitreous luster and perfect rhombohedral cleavage. It reacts quickly with acid to produce bubbles of carbon dioxide. Dolomite is also white but contains magnesium. It reacts more slowly with acid and is slightly harder and denser than calcite.
- Both minerals have orthorhombic crystal systems and similar optical properties. Calcite is used as an ornamental stone while
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
- The document discusses Somalia's mineral potential, including exploration history from colonial times to present. Key minerals mentioned include gold, uranium, platinum, rare earth metals, gemstones, and industrial minerals like salt, gypsum and kaolin.
- Currently mining is primarily artisanal and small-scale, producing non-metallic minerals for domestic use. However, the potential for larger scale mining of deposits like uranium, tin and tantalum is untapped.
- Specific opportunities highlighted for future mining development and investment include cement production using limestone deposits, aggregate production to supply construction booms in cities, and piezoquartz and uranium mining.
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
This document describes the preparation of soluble salts through various methods including neutralization reactions, titration, evaporation, crystallization, and filtration. Soluble salts can be prepared by reacting an acid with an alkali, metal, metallic oxide, or metallic carbonate. The reaction mixtures are then heated, filtered, and dried to obtain pure salt crystals. Key steps involve neutralization, evaporation to saturate and crystallize the salt, then filtration to separate and dry the pure salt product.
Rocks are composed of minerals and can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either deep underground as intrusive rocks with large crystals, or on the surface as extrusive rocks with fine grains. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers of eroded material and often contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks are altered forms of pre-existing rocks that have been subjected to heat, pressure, and chemical changes, resulting in foliated or non-foliated textures.
Micelle mediated extraction is a process for extracting metals from ores using micelles. Micelles are colloidal particles that form when a surfactant concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration. The process involves first crushing and grinding the ore, then concentrating the ore to separate it from waste rock. Various processes can be used for concentration like hydraulic washing, froth flotation, magnetic separation, or chemical separation. The concentrated ore then undergoes processes like calcination and roasting to remove impurities before reduction and purification to extract the pure metal. Metals are classified as ferrous (based on iron), non-ferrous (all other metals), or further divided into precious, minor, and base metals.
This document provides an introduction to acids, bases, and salts for GCSE chemistry students. It discusses key topics like acidity and alkalinity, indicators, the pH scale, types of acids including strong and weak acids, and various methods for making salts through reactions between acids and metals, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and ammonia. The document is intended to help students understand and revise these core chemistry concepts in preparation for their exams.
Este documento resume los conceptos clave del magmatismo y las rocas ígneas. Explica que el magma se forma por disminución de la presión y temperatura en el interior de la Tierra, y puede dar lugar a rocas ígneas tanto por actividad volcánica como por intrusiones. Describe los tipos de magmas, su proceso de solidificación y diferenciación, y clasifica las rocas ígneas según su composición, textura y origen. Finalmente, relaciona los procesos magmáticos con la tectónica de placas
This document summarizes different types of metamorphism. It defines metamorphism as changes in mineralogy and/or texture in rocks due to physical and chemical conditions different from surface conditions. The main types discussed are contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism which can be orogenic, burial, or ocean floor metamorphism, and other types like fault-zone or impact metamorphism. Temperature, pressure, fluids, stress, and strain are identified as the main agents that drive metamorphic changes in minerals and textures.
This document discusses various types of metamorphic reactions including solid-solid net transfer reactions, dehydration reactions, and decarbonation reactions. It also covers topics like the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the effect of fluid pressure on reaction equilibria, and energy-temperature diagrams. The last few sections explain the rules of Schreinemakers for constructing stability diagrams and provide examples of applying these rules to 2-component mineral systems.
1_ Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, Light & Theories-converted.pdfAdnanKhan153072
This document provides an overview of the course contents and objectives for an Optical Mineralogy course. The course covers topics such as the optical properties of minerals in plane and cross-polarized light, interference figures, optical indicatrices, and the determination of optical constants. Laboratory work involves using a polarizing microscope to study mineral samples and determine their optical properties. The course aims to enable students to identify and classify minerals based on their optical characteristics.
This document contains several "Do Now" questions about watershed drainage, the location of Earth's freshwater, and the causes of upwelling in oceans. It also provides the codes for students to take a pre-test and post-test on Study Island about adaptation. The questions are meant to be answered by students without using their notes in order to assess their understanding of key concepts.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic rocks from weathered rock fragments, chemical rocks from mineral precipitation, and organic rocks from accumulated biological matter. Sedimentary rocks provide clues to past environments through their composition and structures, and often contain fossils that reveal the history of life. Important resources like coal and oil are found within sedimentary layers.
This document discusses hydrated salts and their properties. It provides examples of common hydrated salts like copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O), and sodium carbonate (NaCO3.10H2O). It explains that hydrated salts contain water molecules bonded to the salt molecule. When heated, different hydrated salts exhibit different behaviors, such as melting, decomposing, or releasing water and other gases. The document also discusses efflorescent substances that lose their water of crystallization when exposed to air and deliquescent substances that absorb moisture and dissolve in it.
Models and exploration methods for major gold deposit typesMYO AUNG Myanmar
Models and Exploration Methods for Major Gold Deposit Types
Robert, F.[1], Brommecker, R.[1] Bourne, B. T.[2]
, Dobak, P. J.3], McEwan, C. .J.[4],Rowe, R. R.[2], Zhou, X.
[1]
_________________________ 1. Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON
, Canada
2. Barrick Gold of Australia Ltd., Perth, WA, Australia 3. Barrick Gold Exploration Inc., Elko, NV, U.S.A 4. Compania Minera Barrick Chile Ltda., Providencia, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Gold occurs as primary commodity in a wide range of gold deposit types and settings. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in the classification, definition and understanding of the main gold deposit types. Three main clans of deposits are now broadly
defined, each including a range of specific de
posit types with common characteristics and tectonic settings. The orogenic clan has
been introduced to include vein
-
type deposits formed during crustal shortening of their host greenstone, BIF or clastic sedimentary
rock sequences. Deposits of the new red
uced intrusion-
related clan share an Au
- Bi-
Te
-
As metal signature and an association with
moderately reduced equigranular post
-
orogenic granitic intrusions. Oxidized intrusion-related deposits, including porphyry, skarn,and high-
sulfidation epithermal depo sits, are associated with high-
level, oxidized porphyry stocks in magmatic arcs. Other important deposit types include Carlin, low sulfidation pithermal, Au,rich VMS and Witwatersrand deposits. The key geology features of the ore- forming environments and the key geologic manifestations of the different deposit types form the footprints of ore systems that are targeted in exploration programs. Important progress has been made in our ability to integrate, process, and visualize increasingly complex datasets
in 2D GIS and 3D platforms. For gold exploration, important geophysical advances include airborne gravity, routine 3D inversions of potential field data, and 3D modeling of electrical data. Improved satellite -, airborne- and field-based
infrared spectroscopy has significantly improved alteration mapping around gold systems, extending the dimensions of the footprints and enhancing vectoring capabilities. Conventional geochemistry remains very important to gold exploration, while promising new techniques are
being tested. Selection of the appropriate exploration methods must be dictated by the characteristics of the targeted model, its geologic setting, and the surficial environment. Both greenfield and brownfield exploration contributed to the discovery of ma jor gold deposits (>2.5 moz Au) in the last decade but the discovery rates have declined significantly. Geologists are now better equipped than ever to face this difficult challenge, but geological understanding and quality field work were important discov ery factors and must remain the key underpinnings of exploration programs
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
- Calcite and dolomite are common carbonate minerals. Calcite is the most widespread mineral near the Earth's surface, with the chemical formula CaCO3. Dolomite has the formula (CaMg)(CO3)2.
- Calcite is colorless, white, or grey and has a vitreous luster and perfect rhombohedral cleavage. It reacts quickly with acid to produce bubbles of carbon dioxide. Dolomite is also white but contains magnesium. It reacts more slowly with acid and is slightly harder and denser than calcite.
- Both minerals have orthorhombic crystal systems and similar optical properties. Calcite is used as an ornamental stone while
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
- The document discusses Somalia's mineral potential, including exploration history from colonial times to present. Key minerals mentioned include gold, uranium, platinum, rare earth metals, gemstones, and industrial minerals like salt, gypsum and kaolin.
- Currently mining is primarily artisanal and small-scale, producing non-metallic minerals for domestic use. However, the potential for larger scale mining of deposits like uranium, tin and tantalum is untapped.
- Specific opportunities highlighted for future mining development and investment include cement production using limestone deposits, aggregate production to supply construction booms in cities, and piezoquartz and uranium mining.
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
This document describes the preparation of soluble salts through various methods including neutralization reactions, titration, evaporation, crystallization, and filtration. Soluble salts can be prepared by reacting an acid with an alkali, metal, metallic oxide, or metallic carbonate. The reaction mixtures are then heated, filtered, and dried to obtain pure salt crystals. Key steps involve neutralization, evaporation to saturate and crystallize the salt, then filtration to separate and dry the pure salt product.
Rocks are composed of minerals and can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either deep underground as intrusive rocks with large crystals, or on the surface as extrusive rocks with fine grains. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers of eroded material and often contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks are altered forms of pre-existing rocks that have been subjected to heat, pressure, and chemical changes, resulting in foliated or non-foliated textures.
Micelle mediated extraction is a process for extracting metals from ores using micelles. Micelles are colloidal particles that form when a surfactant concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration. The process involves first crushing and grinding the ore, then concentrating the ore to separate it from waste rock. Various processes can be used for concentration like hydraulic washing, froth flotation, magnetic separation, or chemical separation. The concentrated ore then undergoes processes like calcination and roasting to remove impurities before reduction and purification to extract the pure metal. Metals are classified as ferrous (based on iron), non-ferrous (all other metals), or further divided into precious, minor, and base metals.
This document provides an introduction to acids, bases, and salts for GCSE chemistry students. It discusses key topics like acidity and alkalinity, indicators, the pH scale, types of acids including strong and weak acids, and various methods for making salts through reactions between acids and metals, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides, and ammonia. The document is intended to help students understand and revise these core chemistry concepts in preparation for their exams.
Este documento resume los conceptos clave del magmatismo y las rocas ígneas. Explica que el magma se forma por disminución de la presión y temperatura en el interior de la Tierra, y puede dar lugar a rocas ígneas tanto por actividad volcánica como por intrusiones. Describe los tipos de magmas, su proceso de solidificación y diferenciación, y clasifica las rocas ígneas según su composición, textura y origen. Finalmente, relaciona los procesos magmáticos con la tectónica de placas
This document summarizes different types of metamorphism. It defines metamorphism as changes in mineralogy and/or texture in rocks due to physical and chemical conditions different from surface conditions. The main types discussed are contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism which can be orogenic, burial, or ocean floor metamorphism, and other types like fault-zone or impact metamorphism. Temperature, pressure, fluids, stress, and strain are identified as the main agents that drive metamorphic changes in minerals and textures.
This document discusses various types of metamorphic reactions including solid-solid net transfer reactions, dehydration reactions, and decarbonation reactions. It also covers topics like the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the effect of fluid pressure on reaction equilibria, and energy-temperature diagrams. The last few sections explain the rules of Schreinemakers for constructing stability diagrams and provide examples of applying these rules to 2-component mineral systems.
1_ Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, Light & Theories-converted.pdfAdnanKhan153072
This document provides an overview of the course contents and objectives for an Optical Mineralogy course. The course covers topics such as the optical properties of minerals in plane and cross-polarized light, interference figures, optical indicatrices, and the determination of optical constants. Laboratory work involves using a polarizing microscope to study mineral samples and determine their optical properties. The course aims to enable students to identify and classify minerals based on their optical characteristics.
This document contains several "Do Now" questions about watershed drainage, the location of Earth's freshwater, and the causes of upwelling in oceans. It also provides the codes for students to take a pre-test and post-test on Study Island about adaptation. The questions are meant to be answered by students without using their notes in order to assess their understanding of key concepts.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic rocks from weathered rock fragments, chemical rocks from mineral precipitation, and organic rocks from accumulated biological matter. Sedimentary rocks provide clues to past environments through their composition and structures, and often contain fossils that reveal the history of life. Important resources like coal and oil are found within sedimentary layers.
Why Healthcare Brands Need Digital Strategies Now More Than EverPeter Figueredo
Presentation from The 2016 Healthcare IT & PR Marketing Conference in Atlanta.
In this presentation, Peter will discuss why there has recently been a shift in which healthcare brands have started putting a higher value and need on digital marketing. This has not always been the case but is shifting to become a key priority for healthcare brand execs, and digital marketers should look to healthcare brands as vital sources of work, revenue, and purpose. An article that further discusses this point can be found here at Ad Age.Peter will touch on:
Why is this shift taking place now?How is this shift benefitting digital marketers?Why do healthcare brands need to jump at the opportunity to take advantage of digital marketing now, and how can they begin to implement solid strategies for their brands? Where do they find the resources to do this?What can healthcare marketing professionals do to ensure they are creating a solid strategy for their healthcare brand?What does a solid digital marketing strategy look like for a healthcare brand? How does it differ from other industry brand’s strategies?Why should digital marketing professionals and CMOs embrace this shift and how can it improve the digital marketing space as a whole? What opportunities will this bring digital marketing professionals?
Var är bekämpningsmedel används?
BEKÄMPNINGSKRETSLOPP , KLASSIFICERING AV BEKÄMPNINGSMEDEL VERKNINGSSÄTT AV BEKÄMPNINGSMEDEL MEKANISM VAD TYCKER DU OM ANVÄNDNING AV KEMISKA BEKÄMPNINGSMEDEL BEKÄMPNINGSKRETSLOPP
Detta är en sammanfattning av de grundläggande kraven för livsmedelshantering på svenska och arabiska
هذا ملخص للمتطلبات الأساسية للتعامل مع الطعام باللغتين السويدية والعربية '
J01 - Allmänna krav på livsmedelssäkerhet
J02 - Utformning och underhåll av lokaler och utrustning
J03 - Hygien före, under och efter processen
J04 - Personlig hygien
J05 - Utbildning i hygien och arbetsmetoder
J06 - Bekämpning av skadedjur
J07 - Vattenförsörjning
J08 - Upprätthållande av kylkedjan och uppfyllande av temperaturkriterier
J09 - Material i kontakt med livsmedel (FCM)
J99 - Övriga grundförutsättningar
Grundförutsättningarna vid livsmedelshantering
(svenska-Arabiska)
المتطلبات الأساسية
المتطلبات الأساسية التي يجب أن تستوفيها شركات الأغذية. وهي تشمل، على سبيل المثال، متطلبات تتعلق بالمباني والنظافة والتنظيف ومكافحة الحشرات والنقل. تعد المتطلبات الأساسية، بالإضافة إلى نظام تحليل المخاطر ونقاط المراقبة الحرجة (HACCP)، جزءًا من تسجيل ملفات ضبط و الكونترول الداخلي في الشركة.
Sarbast Wali
Grisproduktion Cykel, Sarbast Wali
Allmänt om grisproduktion, Protein vid digivning, Svinraser, Könsmognad, Svinens fortplantning, Vaccination mot rödsjuka och parvovirus, Reproduktions cykel , Könshormoner i brunstcykeln, Skötsel av små grisar, Hull vid avvänjning, Trikinos, Byggnation och ritningar, Styckningsschema
Reglerar hantering och märkning av livsmedel, Vad säger livsmedelslagstiftningen om vår mat? Det handlar om hur livsmedel ska hanteras, kontrolleras och vara beskaffade. En beskrivning av Lagstiftningens uppbyggnad; Vad lagen säger om ansvar .
För- och nackdelar med olika redskap för ogräs bekämpning, harvning av ogräs, stubbearbetning av fleråriga ogräs, Förebyggande åtgärder för ogräs bekämpning, vanliga ogräs bekämpningsmetoder, radhackning, ogräsharvning, radrensning, kompensationspunkt hos ogräs, mekanisk ogräs bekämpning i oljeväxter, bekämpning , Mekanisk bekämpning av ogräs i råg odling, Radrensning, flamning, System Cameleon, robot rad rensning
Kontroll av livsmedelsverksamheter, Hur livsmedelskontrollen ska gå till och vilka mål och prioriteringar som finns för kontrollen, Hur kontrollen går till, information av de regler inom kontroll av livsmedelsverksamhet
De fyra utsädeslagen, korn, havre, vete, råg, rågvete,
Viktiga egenskaper för spannmålsodling, Protein Innehållet i spannmål påverkas av, Kemiska sammansättning av olika sädesslag, De mest frekventa analyser, Vetekorn Anatomi, Vete klassificeras med planteringssäsongen, hårdhet och färg, Kvävegödsling, Utsädesmängd, växtföljd, Falltalet , egenskaper till olika spannmål . sarbast wali
Plog, Syftet med plöjning, Plog delar, Stenutlösningssystem, Skumutrustning, Inställning av skumutrustning, Slitdelar, Vilka är plogtyperna, etc. Föreläsning till växtodling 1 Naturbruksgymnasiet
Såbädden är grunden i grödans start. Föreläsning av växtodling 2, naturbruksgymnasiet Beskriver : Hur skapar man en optimal såbädd, Vilka jordbruksredskap som man använder för så förberedning, för- och nackdelar med olika såbädds förberednings redskap, Val av bearbetnings redskap, etc.
Lektion Västodling 2: Organisk gödsling, hur, när och var ska man sprida, olika organisk gödslingsmedel, faktorer som påverkar organisk gödsel spridning, Kol kväve kvoten C/N kvot, Växtnäring i stall och gödsel, Växtnäring effekt av stallgödsel vid Organisk gödsel spridning på våren, Spridning och ekonomi, etc.
Oljeväxter - sjukdomar och skadedjur, Tips vid odling av höst oljeväxter. Raps eller rybs? Produkter &
användningsområden av oljeväxter, Kvalitetsmått hos oljeväxter (Raps) och växtförädlingsmål,
ogräs, mekanisk bekämpning, Faktorer som påverkar ogräsens förekomst och spridning, För- och nackdelar med olika redskap för mekanisk ogräs bekämpning, Ogräs påverkar skördens kvantitet och kvalitet, Förebyggande åtgärder, ogräs, Vanliga
bekämpningsmetoder, Radrensning, Effekter av olika redskap vid mekanisk ogräsbekämpning
Jordbearbetning
vid raps och
rybs odling, olika odlings strategier, Plöjning. Plöjningsfri odling
med grund
bearbetning.
Plöjningsfri odling
med djup
bearbetning.
Strip tillage –
delar av ytan
bearbetas.
Direktsådd.
Redskap för såbäddsberedning, Skapa en såbädd, Grund och djup bearbetning, kultivator, harv, vält, etc.
PDF föreläsning för växtodling 2, Naturbruksgymnasiet.
5. Fotosyntesen eller kolsyreassimilation och är den process där levande organismer tar
hand om energi från ljus och lagrar den i kemiska bindningar. Fotosyntesen tillverkar
energirika syre- och kolhydratmolekyler av koldioxid och vatten. Fotosyntes i växter
försiggår i kloroplasterna i bladen på dagen med användning av solljuset.
Sarbast Wali
6. Koldioxid + vatten + energi --> syrgas + druvsocker
6CO2 + 6H2O + energi (solljus) --> 6O2 + C6H12O6
• Pågar främst på dagtid,
beroende av solenergi
• Bara hos växter.
• Sker i kloroplaster.
• Behöver koldioxid och vatten.
• Tillverkar druvsocker och syre
• Pågår dygnet runt, oberoende
av solenergi.
• Hos djur och växter
• Sker i mitokondrier.
• Behöver socker och syre.
• Tillverkar koldioxid, vatten
och frigör energi.
• Fotosyntes • Cellandning
Sarbast Wali
7. Ett grundämne räknas som nödvändigt
(essentiellt/ biogent) för växten om:
1. Växten inte kan fullborda sin livscykel
utan ämnet
2. Om ämnet kan visas ingå i livsviktig
funktion eller förening i växten
Essentiella
/biogena
grundäm
nen
• Kol,
• Väte,
• Syre,
• Kväve
• Svavel
• Fosfor
Sarbast Wali
8. • Micro ämne: Senare
har man visat att
växterna även
behöver: zink, koppar,
mangan, bor,
molybden, nickel och
klor.
Kobolt.
Sarbast Wali
9. Vatten
Växten 80 % vatten och resten
är alla övriga ämne
• Kväve N
• Fosfor P
• Kalium K
• Svavel P
• Kalcium CA
• Magnesium Mg
Makro
näringsämne:
Mer är 10
kg/ha
• Bor B
• Mangan Mn
• Koppas Cu
• Järn Fe
• Zink Zn
• Molybden Mo
• Kobolt Co
Mikro
Näringsämne
Mindre än 10
Kg/ha
Makro och Micro näringsämne?
Sarbast Wali
18. • Joner lösta i markvätskan
• Ämnen frigörs genom mikroorganismers, bakteriers och svampars
nedbrytning.
• Ämnen som ingår i oorganiska föreningar frigöres genom vittring.
http://www-markinfo.slu.se/sve/kem/utbytb.html
Mineralämnena förekommer:
Sarbast Wali
19. • växtnäringsämnen förekommer :
Katjoner: NH4
+, K+,
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+)
Anjoner: NO3
-, HSO4
-
, H2PO4
-
1. I utbyte mot växtnäringsämnen
använder växten andra joner, främst
väte (H+), vätekarbonat (HCO3
-) och
hydroxiljoner (OH-), som den utsöndrar
genom rötterna.
2. Till exempel , en H+ mot en K+, en OH-
mot en NO3
-, men två H+ mot en Ca2+
Sarbast Wali
20. 20
Markpartiklarna är negativt laddade därför kan man med positiva joner
t.ex. kalium som binds till markpartiklarna gödsla så det räcker länge.
Med negativa joner som t.ex. nitrat måste man gödsla oftare, eller man får
ha gödselmedel som frisläpper lite nitrat i taget.
Sarbast Wali
21. • Mineralämnena förekommer:
• Joner lösta i markvätskan
• Lättillgängliga, begränsad mängd, lite positiva joner, något mer
negativa joner
• Ämnen frigörs genom mikroorganismers, bakteriers och svampars
nedbrytning.
• Ämnen som ingår i oorganiska föreningar frigöres genom vittring.
Spec. i tropikerna kan från vissa jordar växternas hela behov av K, Ca,
Mg, och P fås på detta sätt.
Sarbast Wali
24. kväve
1. Ingår i klorofyll Protein
uppbyggnad
Höga ger negativa effekter som
lägre skörd, lägre socker halt
eller lägra fet alt
Tas upp i format av NO3
N
Sarbast Wali
25. Nitrifikation: Ammonium
oxideras i aeroba miljöer
mikrobiellt av
Nitrifikationsbakterier till
nitrat via nitrit. Reaktionen
är försurande.
Sarbast Wali
34. Optimal koncentration av
kväve vid olika samband
mellan tillväxt och
koncentration i växten
(Siman, 1974)
Kvävekoncentrationen i växten
sjunker under utvecklingsperiodens
gång. Så ock den optimala
kvävenivån. Syftet med modeller för
utvärdering av sockerbetors
kväveinnehåll är att efterlikna denna
utveckling.
Sarbast Wali
39. Optimal P-AL-nivå
Lättlösligt fosfor (P-AL
P-AL ger ett ungefärligt mått på den mängd
fosfor som är tillgänglig för grödan att ta
upp under växtsäsongen. P-AL mäts i mg
P/100 g lufttorr jord och grupperas i olika
klasser:
P
Sarbast Wali
40. optimal P-AL-nivå
Hitta rätta instrument för P-AL nivå
Egna noteringar
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
P
Sarbast Wali
43. Lättlösligt kalium (K-AL)
K-AL är ett mått på växttillgängligt kalium
och uttrycks i mg K/100 g lufttorr jord. Även
K-AL grupperas i olika klasser:
K
Sarbast Wali
45. Kalcium Ca
CaI växternas blad bör det finnas omkring 1,0-
1,5 % kalcium i torrsubstansen. Under 0,3
% blir det ofta bristsymptom
Cellväggarna (brist yttrar
sig som döda fläckar)
Neutralisera syror
Sarbast Wali
47. Mg
Lättlösligt magnesium (Mg-AL)
Mg-AL anger växttillgängligt
magnesium. Gränsvärdet för brist är 4-10 mg/100 g lufttorr jord.
K/Mg-kvot
Kalium och magnesium konkurrerar med varandra vid
upptagningen genom rötterna. För stor mängd kalium i
förhållande till magnesium kan leda till Mg-brist med
skördesänkning som följd. Vallfoder med för lågt
magnesiuminnehåll kan medföra hälsoproblem för idisslare.
För att undvika Mg-brist bör K/Mgkvoten i jorden inte överstiga
värdena i tabellen.
Sarbast Wali
48. S
Svavel:
Förhållandet
mellan
kväve och
svavel i
protein är
ungefär 17
till 1.
Raps luktar som den gör orsakas av de svavelhaltiga glykosinolater som är kål växternas eget
försvar mot olika angrepp
uppbyggnaden av proteiner bromsas.
Dessutom minskar mängden av
klorofyll
Ingår i de essentiella aminosyror som
metionine och cystein
Sarbast Wali
49. 49
Brist om högt pH.
små nekrotiska fläckar.
Mangan Mn
Vattenspjälkning
fettsyrabiosyntes
enzymer
S
Tillförsel från atmosfären
Sarbast Wali
53. 53
• Nickel Ni
• Enzym för
kvävemetabolism,
• Vid brist:
nekrotiska fläckar i
bladspetsarna
Sarbast Wali
54. järn
• Enzym för
klorofyllsyntes.
• Fe2+ Fe3+
• Brist vid högt pH, ty
järnet fälls ut som
hydroxid.
• Svårrörligt brist i
unga delar, kloros
mellan
bladnerverna.
• Överskott är giftigt,
uppkommer om jorden
mycket sur.
Sarbast Wali
55. For vad & från vart och vad det
ska bli?
C macromolecule synthesis CO2
O macromolecule synthesis CO2
H macromolecule synthesis & proton pumps H2O
N protein & nucleic acid synthesis soil
P nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids soil
K stomate control, water balance soil
Ca cell wall & membrane structure, regulation soil
Mg chlorophyll soil
S proteins, enzymes soil
Sarbast Wali
56. Jordanalys En jordanalys ger besked om jordens innehåll av
de viktigaste näringsämnena, pH värde, lednings tal och
mullhalt.
Med analysen följer gödslings- och jordförbättringsråd.
Kostnaderna för en analys varierar från ca 450 kr och uppåt
(jan -13).
Tag flera delprov från den aktuella ytan och i skiktet 0–25
cm djup, blanda och mät upp ungefär 0,5–1 liter jord, vilket
är vad som behövs för själva analysen.
Ange vilken slags odling jorden används till som finns i
Uddetorp (ta reda på vilken slags jordarter som finns i
Uddetorp , välja ett skifte.
Företag som grö jordanalyser bl.a. www.eurofins.se
Sarbast Wali
57. 57
Effekter av lågt pH
• 1. Positiva joner dvs katjoner går i lösning,
dräneras bort
• 2. Al3+, Fe3+ går i lösning, tas upp, giftigt
• 3. MoO4 svårlösligt, brist
• 4. Bakterier trivs sämre, mer svamp,
långsammare nedbrytning
• 5. Membranskador, sämre jonupptag
• Ändrade konkurrensförhållanden, annan
artsammansättning.
Sarbast Wali
58. För att tala om hur sur eller basisk en lösning är
använder man pH-skalan.
En neutral lösning har pH-värdet 7,0 (kokat vatten).
I sura lösningar är pH-värdet lägre än 7,0, så ju lägre
desto surare lösning (citron).
En basisk lösning funkar tvärtom med hjälp av pH-
skalan. Alltså har basiska lösningar ett pH-värde
över 7,0
Man kan använda pH-skalan själv om man har
speciella papper.
pH-skalan
Sarbast Wali
59. Syror, vätejoner
I alla syror finns det vätejoner, H+. Det är
vätejonerna som gör att de blir sura.
Vätejonerna uppstår när en syremolekyl
hamnar i vatten. Då delas den upp i två delar.
Den ena delen blir en vätejon och den andra
blir en negativ jon.
Sarbast Wali
61. 61
Växthusodling av grönsaker
Att vispa upp näringslösningen så man får en dimma av
näringslösning används fortfarande mest vid
försöksodlingar på lab.Sarbast Wali
62. Nitratkväve
Speciella jordprov kan tas på vårvintern/ försommaren för att få
grepp om hur mycket lättupptagbart nitratkväve som finns i marken
inför vårens kvävegödsling. Mängden kväve varierar mycket mellan
olika fält och områden. För att denna analys ska vara till hjälp och
vägledning krävs att det finns referensvärden att jämföra med.
Det är speciellt intressant att mäta kväveinnehållet efter kväverika
förfrukter, efter stallgödselanvändning eller om man misstänker att
vintern lakat ut mycket kväve ur jorden (varm och fuktig vinter)
alternativt lämnat mycket kväve kvar (kallt och torrt).
Sarbast Wali
63. Kväve fixering via bakterier
cyanobakterie
Cyanobakterier har fotosyntes, och man tror att de var nödvändiga vid
syresättningen av jordens atmosfär i jordens tidiga historia. Vissa arter av
cyanobakterier har förmågan att vid fotosyntes binda kväve som finns i luften,
något som kallas kvävefixering
Kväve fixerande bakterier i marken
Även om vissa kvävefixerande cyanobakterier trivs på land, är det främst
andra bakterier som i symbios med vissa kärlväxter kan fixera kväve. Hit
räknas bl.a.Rhizobium (som lever i symbios med ärtväxter) och. Dessutom
kommer en del kväveoxider med nederbörd ner från luften, där det har
bildats genom blixturladdningar.
Sarbast Wali
68. Kvävefixerande bakterie hos baljväxter
1. Kvävefixering från luften av symbiotiska bakterier Den största kvävekällan i ett ekologiskt
jordbruk är luften, som innehåller obegränsade mängder kväve. Detta kväve fixeras
huvudsakligen av symbiotiska bakterier.
Rhizobium - jordbakterie i symbios
Sarbast Wali
79. 1.I vilken form är kvävet tas i en växt?
2.Vilken mikroorganism förvandlar ammoniak till
nitrat? A) De nitrifikations bakterier B)
Nitrifikationsbakterier C) Kväve fäst bakterier
3.Vilket av följande är en annan metod för att
fixera kväve?
I. Kväve löser sig i regnvatten
II. Växter tar i kväve genom sina blad
III.Blixtnedslag
4. Hur fixar Baljväxter kväve?
Sarbast Wali