This document proposes and analyzes two new C-RAN network architectures that utilize SDN and centralized baseband processing. The first architecture (D-MME-CRAN) distributes the mobility management entity (MME) function within each C-RAN, while the second (C-MME-CRAN) centralizes the MME. Both architectures are evaluated based on control signaling load across five procedures when varying cell area and tracking area size. Results show the D-MME-CRAN performs best for small tracking areas, while C-MME-CRAN is better for larger areas. Overall, the proposed architectures reduce signaling load compared to legacy networks and other SDN-based approaches.
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
Rainer Strobel (Lantiq - An Intel Company), Michael Joham and Wolfgang Utschick presented several articles in academic conferences together with the Technical University of Munich. A conference recently held (June 8 to 12) was the ICC (International Conference on Communications) in London.
Title: Achievable Rates with Implementation Limitations for G.fast-based Hybrid Copper/Fiber Networks
Abstract - Hybrid copper/fiber networks bridge the gap between the fiber link and the customer by using copper wires over the last meters. This solution combines energy efficiency and low cost of the copper access network with high data rates of a fiber connection. However, the fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp) network must prove its ability to convey data at fiber speed over copper wire bundles under the spectral constraints of the copper access network. This work investigates achievable data rates of the FTTdp network. It provides an analysis of the sources of performance loss in a system implementation due to complexity limitations. The results indicate that optimized linear methods perform well on shorter lines, while nonlinear methods have advantages for long lines.
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http://vidcommx.com/@bunty1993
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
Rainer Strobel (Lantiq - An Intel Company), Michael Joham and Wolfgang Utschick presented several articles in academic conferences together with the Technical University of Munich. A conference recently held (June 8 to 12) was the ICC (International Conference on Communications) in London.
Title: Achievable Rates with Implementation Limitations for G.fast-based Hybrid Copper/Fiber Networks
Abstract - Hybrid copper/fiber networks bridge the gap between the fiber link and the customer by using copper wires over the last meters. This solution combines energy efficiency and low cost of the copper access network with high data rates of a fiber connection. However, the fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp) network must prove its ability to convey data at fiber speed over copper wire bundles under the spectral constraints of the copper access network. This work investigates achievable data rates of the FTTdp network. It provides an analysis of the sources of performance loss in a system implementation due to complexity limitations. The results indicate that optimized linear methods perform well on shorter lines, while nonlinear methods have advantages for long lines.
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A Boston OUI lawyer and his former intern were indicted Wednesday on OUI and other offenses stemming from a May 30 Boston Harbor boating accident that cut off the arm of a 19-year-old.
According to the Suffolk County District Attorney’s office, Benjamin Urbelis, 33, was indicted on charges of negligent operation of a boat, operating a boat under the influence of alcohol, and providing alcohol to minors.
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Performance Analysis of Improved Autonomous Power Control Mac Protocol (IAPCM...pijans
Power Control in Mobile Ad Hoc networks is a critical issue, since nodes are powered by batteries.The
main idea of power control schemes is to use different power levels for RTS/CTS and DATA/ACK. These
schemes may degrade network throughput and reduce energy efficiency of the network. In this paper we
have evaluated the performance of Improved Autonomous Power Control MAC Protocol (IAPCMP),that
allows nodes to dynamically adjust power levels for transmission of DATA/ACK according to the distance
between the transmitter and its neighbors.In IAPCMP power level for transmission of RTS/CTS is also
adjustable. This also used maximum power level for transmitting DATA/ACK periodically to make
neighboring nodes aware about ongoing transmission. The performance of IAPCMP is evaluated through
the metrics namely, packet delivery ratio and rate of energy efficiency.The simulation results show
significant improvement in protocol.
A Topology Control Algorithm Taking into Account Energy and Quality of Transm...IJCNCJournal
The efficient use of energy in wireless sensor networks is critical for extending node lifetime. The network topology is one of the factors that have a significant impact on the energy usage at the nodes and the quality of transmission (QoT) in the network. We propose a topology control algorithm for software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) in this paper. Our method is to formulate topology control algorithm as a nonlinear programming (NP) problem with the objective to optimizing two metrics, maximum communication range, and desired degree. This NP problem is solved at the SDWSN controller by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the best topology. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MaxPower algorithm in terms of average node degree and energy expansion ratio.
A Topology Control Algorithm Taking into Account Energy and Quality of Transm...IJCNCJournal
The efficient use of energy in wireless sensor networks is critical for extending node lifetime. The network topology is one of the factors that have a significant impact on the energy usage at the nodes and the quality of transmission (QoT) in the network. We propose a topology control algorithm for software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) in this paper. Our method is to formulate topology control algorithm as a nonlinear programming (NP) problem with the objective to optimizing two metrics, maximum communication range, and desired degree. This NP problem is solved at the SDWSN controller by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the best topology. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MaxPower algorithm in terms of average node degree and energy expansion ratio.
Long-Term Advancement Progressed (LTE-ADV) is the advancement of the long-term evolution,
which created via 3GPP. LTE-ADV aims to offer a transmission bandwidth of (100) MHz by using Carrier
Aggregation (CA) to aggregate LTE-ADV carriers. To increase the data capacity of the system and
resource allocation converts a very good tool. LTE-Advanced multiple Component Carriers (CCs) becomes
a difficult optimization problem. In the paper proposes a new scheduling algorithm and compares with a
different scheduling traditional algorithms that are proportional fair and round robin in the CA, in order to
find the best scheduler that provides high-quality throughput and improves fairness. It also evaluates
mapping model types are Mutual Information Effective SINR Mapping (MIESM) and Exponential Effective
SINR Mapping (EESM). The results show that the throughput in the proposed algorithm with MIESM
outperforms from others mapping and scheduling.
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard specifies a set of pioneer features such as relay nodes and carrier aggregation. At the same time, the Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become an emerging technology which provides centralized control and programmability to modern networks. In the current communication environment, cloud computing could combine the advantages of both technologies in order to create a novel cloud assisted Software Defined LTEA architecture with relay nodes. Moreover, due to the increased requirements of modern services, the optimal resource allocation is a necessity. In such a context, this paper describes a QoS aware cross carrier scheduler for downlink flows, aiming at the optimization of system resources allocation. The proposed scheduler is evaluated against the PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, EXP RULE, LOG RULE, FLS and FLSA schedulers in a cloud assisted Software Defined LTE-A topology with relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler improves the real time services performance while at the same time maintains an acceptable performance for best effort flows.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED E2E TCP CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM OVER ...ijwmn
TCP is one of the main protocols that govern the Internet traffic nowadays. However, it suffers significant
performance degradation over wireless links. Since wireless networks are leading the communication
technologies recently, it is imperative to introduce effective solutions for the TCP congestion control
mechanisms over such networks. In this research four End-to-End TCP implementations are discussed,
they are TCP Westwood, Hybla, Highspeed, and NewReno. The performance of these variants is compared
using LTE emulated environment in terms of throughput, delay, and fairness. Ns-3 simulator is used to
simulate the LTE networks environment. The simulation results showed that TCP Highspeed achieves the
best throughput results. Although TCP Westwood recorded the lowest latency values comparing to others,
it behaved unfairly among different traffic flows. Moreover, TCP Hybla demonstrated the best fairness
behaviour among other TCP variants
3GPP has introduced LTE Femtocells to manipulate the traffic for indoor users and to minimize
the charge on the Macro cells. A key mechanism in the LTE traffic handling is the packet
scheduler which is in charge of allocating resources to active flows in both the frequency and
time dimension. So several scheduling algorithms need to be analyzed for femtocells networks.
In this paper we introduce a performance analysis of three distinct scheduling algorithms of
mixed type of traffic flows in LTE femtocells networks. The particularly study is evaluated in
terms of throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness index and spectral efficiency.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE SCHEDULING IN LTE FEMTOCELLS NETWORKScscpconf
3GPP has introduced LTE Femtocells to manipulate the traffic for indoor users and to minimize the charge on the Macro cells. A key mechanism in the LTE traffic handling is the packet
scheduler which is in charge of allocating resources to active flows in both the frequency and time dimension. So several scheduling algorithms need to be analyzed for femtocells networks. In this paper we introduce a performance analysis of three distinct scheduling algorithms of mixed type of traffic flows in LTE femtocells networks. The particularly study is evaluated in terms of throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness index and spectral efficiency.
Improvement of crankshaft MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: a simula...IJECEIAES
Due to the dramatic growth in the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications ranging from environment and habitat monitoring to tracking and surveillance, network research in WSN protocols has been very active in the last decade. With battery-powered sensors operating in unattended environments, energy conservation becomes the key technique for improving WSN lifetimes. WSN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols address energy awareness and reduced duty cycles. The focus of this study is to investigate, through simulation, the effect of variations in various factors that influence the performance results of WSNs. Using MiXiM framework with OMNeT++ simulator, this simulation study proposes modifications in Crankshaft MAC protocol in order to improve its performance. The impact of duration and number of slots, degree of connectivity among the nodes, mobility speed and mobility update interval and also, the impact of sending data packets without preambles are investigated. Based on the simulation results, an improved version of the Crankshaft protocol for WSN is suggested and a comparative study of the performances of the original and improved protocol is presented. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the improved protocol over its original version.
Machine Learning Based Session Drop Prediction in LTE Networks and its SON As...Ericsson
Abnormal bearer session release (i.e. bearer session drop) in cellular telecommunication networks may seriously impact the quality of experience of mobile users. The latest mobile technologies enable high granularity real-time reporting of all conditions of individual sessions, which gives rise to use data analytics methods to process and monetize this data for network optimization. One such example for analytics is Machine Learning (ML) to predict session drops well before the end of session.
Performing Network Simulators of TCP with E2E Network Model over UMTS NetworksAM Publications,India
Wireless links losses result in poor TCP throughput since losses are perceived as congestion by TCP with the evolution of 3G technologies like Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), the usage of TCP has become more popular for a reliable end-to-end (e2e) data delivery. However, TCP was initially designed for wired networks and therefore it suffers performance degradation due to the radio signal getting affected by fading, shadowing and interference. There are many strategies proposed by the research community on how to improve the performance of TCP over wireless links such as introducing link-layer retransmission, explicitly notifying the sender of network conditions or using new variants of TCP. As UMTS network coverage and availability are currently experiencing rapid growth, optimization of various internal components of its wireless network is very important. One of the optimization is the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). This architecture not only allows higher data rates but also more reliable data transfer by the introduction of Hybrid ARQ (HARQ). With this enhancement to the UMTS network, it becomes vital to see the performance of TCP in such a network. Therefore in this thesis, we try to evaluate two aspects of UMTS networks: first, the impact of HSDPA parameters like scheduling algorithm and RLC/MAC-hs buffer size on overall performance of TCP and second, to study the behaviour of two categories of TCP rate and flow control: loss based and delay based. Our simulation shows that delay based TCP tends to perform better than loss based TCP in our selected scenarios. The simulations are performed using the network simulator NS-2 with an e2e network model for enhanced UMTS (EURANE).
Dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme in lr pon with performance modelling and ...IJCNCJournal
We consider models of telecommunication systems that incorporate probability, dense real-time and data.
We present a new formal abstraction method for computing minimum and maximum reachability
probabilities for such models. Our approach uses strictly local formal abstract steps to reduce both the size
of abstract specifications generated and the complexity of operations needed, in comparison to previous
approaches of this kind. A selection of large case studies are implemented the techniques and evaluate,
which include some infinite-state probabilistic real time models, demonstrating improvements over existing
tools in several cases. The capacity of metro and access networks are extended the reach and split ratio of
the conventional Long - Reach Passive Optical Networks (LR-PONs). The efficient solutions of LR-PONs
are appeared in feeder distances around 100km and high split ratios up to 1000-way . Among many
existing approaches, one of the most effective options to improve network performance in LR-PONs are the
multi-thread based dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme where several bandwidth allocation
processes are performed in parallel is considered. Without proper intercommunication between the
overlapped threads, multi-thread DBA may lose efficiency and even perform worse than the conventional
single thread algorithm. Real Time Probabilistic Systems are used to evaluate a typical PON systems
performance. This approach is more convenient, flexible, and lower cost than the former simulation method,
which do not need develop special hardware and software tools. Moreover, how changes in performance
depend on changes in the particular modes can be easily analysis by supplying ranges for parameter values.
The proposed algorithm with traditional DBA is compared, and shows its advantage on average packet
delay. The key parameters of the algorithm are analysed and optimized, such as initiating and tuning
multiple threads, inter -thread scheduling, and fairness among users. The algorithms advantage in
numerical results are decreased the average packet delay and improve network throughput under varying
offered loads.
Recital Study of Various Congestion Control Protocols in wireless networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation and Performance Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Net...ijsrd.com
In the development, standardization and implementation of LTE Networks based on Orthogonal Freq. Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), simulations are necessary to test as well as optimize algorithms and procedures before real time establishment. This can be done by both Physical Layer (Link-Level) and Network (System-Level) context. This paper proposes Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) which is capable of evaluating the performance of the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE networks and comparing it with available MatLab based LTE System Level Simulator performance.
Similar to Vtc conf presentation - cdt website (20)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Vtc conf presentation - cdt website
1. A C-RAN Architecture for LTE Control
Signalling
Imad Samman , Angela Doufexi &Mark Beach
Imad.Al-samman@bistol.ac.uk
2. Introduction .
C-RAN Size Constraints.
Proposed C-RAN Network architectures.
Control Signalling in C-RAN D-MME
Control Signalling in C-RAN C-MME
Results Analysis.
Conclusion.
3. The emerge of Software Define Network(SDN) as a networking archetype in wired
networks through its OpenFlow(OF) protocol and attractive features in separating the data
and control planes has inspired researchers in both academia and industry to develop and
deploy this architecture for wireless networks.
There have been many recent studies on the advantages of applying SDN in LTE that have
only considered the Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) architecture.
This paper will investigate the potential performance gain of applying SDN LTE in cloud
RAN (C-RAN) deployment and compare it against D-RAN related studies.
In this paper we present new architectures based on what is stated above and perform the
overall signalling load analysis. The objective is to determine a better architecture in terms
of lower signalling load.
4. Virtual BS Pool
Optical Network
C-RAN is composed of:
Remote Radio Units
(RRUs) plus antennas,
located at the remote site.
Optical transport network
connecting the RRUs and
BBU pool, of high bandwidth
and low-latency.
Baseband Unit Pool (BBU
Pool), composed of high performance
programmable
processors and real-time
virtualisation technology.
(Source: CMRA,2013)
5. SGW-D
SGW-C
Control Plane
Data Plane
Policy Control
And Charging
Rules Function
(PCRF)
Home
Subscriber
Server (HSS)
MME
OF -Controller
SGW-D
Gateway
(P-GW)
Packet Data
OpenFlow
protocol
S5 (GTP-U)
API
eNB
UE
eNB
S5 (GTP-C)
S1 (GTP-U)
Internet/PDN
GW-U
GW-U
GW-U
eNB
eNB
UE
OF -Controller
MME SGW-C PGW-C
HSS PCRF
Control Plane
User Plane
Several architectural designs are introduced to integrate SDN into LTE network, SoftCell
[1] is high level SDN approach, it is based on replacing all legacy entities with commodity
middles boxes and OF switches.
Moreover the authors in [2] have adopted a partial SDN approach based on decoupling the
control and data planes at the SGW that turns into an advanced OF switch with a capability
of encapsulating and de-capsulating GTP packets.
While authors in [3] have proposed complementary vision which is fully realised in
Openflow where the PGW-C has been decoupled and virtualised as an application running
on top of the OF controller. ) In the same way the PGW-U will be left only as advanced
OF switch. This methodology is based on complete separation between the control and
data planes as fig 2.3 demonstrates
6. Antenna
Rx Tx
Antenna
Rx Tx
1.DATA
3. ACK/
NACK
Round trip
latency for
HARQ = 3ms+ TA
2.2 BBU
Processing
2.eNB
Processing ≤ 3ms
2.1 Rx antenna
to Modem (CO)
2.3 Modem(CO) to
Rx antenna (cell
site)
RRH
BBU
Antenna
TxRx
BBU
(L1,L2,L3)
Fronthaul(Fib
er Active
equipments
Tprop
Subframe
1(ms)
DATA
ACK/
NACK
The UE in LTE should receive
ACK/NACK from eNB in
three sub-frames after UL data
to comply with HARQ
protocol.
BBU design need to accelerate
DL process to be in the range
of 2.7 ms .
Considering all related units
processes, the max fibre
distance between the BBU and
the RRH is 24.6 km .
7. PGW-C
SGW-C
OF
Controller
BBU
MME
CONTROL
PLANE
RRH
DATA
PLANE
BBU
RRH
PGW-C
OF
Controller
MME
SGW-C
Wi-Fi
hotsp
ot
(802.
11
RAN
PDN/
INTERNET
Wi-Fi
hotsp
ot
(802.
11
RAN
PDN/
INTERNET
Two architectures are proposed:
A. C-RAN distributed MME for the study area .
B. C-RAN centralised MME for each single CRAN macro
cell .
(1) D-MME-CRAN (Sc.1): This architecture is based on
integration of the MME functionality within BBU in
the same data centre, in this aspect each C-RAN is
seen as single cell with its own BBU and MME.
(2) C-MME-CRAN (Sc.2): is intuited on central MME
rather than distributed, the functions of the central
MME are virtualised as an application like SGW-C,
PGW-C in former analysis where all of them run on
top of OF controller and communicate with its API.
Five main signalling procedures are investigated:
1. Initial attachment.
2. UE-generated Services.
3. Network-Generated Services.
4. HandOver (HO).
5. Tracking Area Update (TAU).
A. D-MME-CRAN (Sc.1) B. C-MME-CRAN (Sc.2)
8. UE
HSS
Initial UE
msg
Attach Req
OF
(Create Session
Request)
OF(Modify Bearer
Req)
OF(Modify Bearer
Res)
OF
(Create Session
Response)
HSS Authentication
Update Location
RRC Connection
Reconfiguration
RRC Connection
Reconfiguration Complete
RRH BBU+MME
OF Controller
+SGW+PGW
OF
switch
User Data
UE
Attach Request
Identify Request
Modify Bearer
Response
User Data
Attach
Request
Identify Response
Identity Req /Res
Ciphered Options Req
Ciphered Options Res
Delete Session Req
Delete Session Res
Create
Session Req
Create
Session Req
Create
Session Res
Create
Session Res
Init Context
Setup Req/
Attach
Accept
RRC Connectino
Reconfiguration
RRC Connectino
Reconfiguration CompleteInit Context
Setup Resp
Direct Transfer Attach
Complete Modify
Bearer Req Modify
Bearer Req
Modify
Bearer
Response
HSS Authentication
Update Location
eNB MME Serving
GW
PDN
GW HSS
9. UE
Measurement
Control
Measurement Reports
UL allocation
HandOver
Decision
Handover
Request
Handover
Request Ack
Admission
Control
Dl allocation
RRC Conn. Reconfig inc
mobility confirmaion
Detach from old cell
and sync to new cell
SN Status
Transfer
Syncronisation
UL Allocation + TA for the UE
RRC Conn Reconf Complete
Path Switch
Request
Modify
Bearer
Request
Modify Bearer
ResponsePath Switch
Request AckUE Context
Release
Release
Resources
Switch DL
Path
Source
eNB
Target
eNB
MME
Serving
Gateway
L3
Signalling
L1/L2
Signalling
User Data
DL allocation L1/L2 signalling
UE
OF Controller
+SGW+PGW
RRC Reconfiguration including
mobility confirmation
Syncronisation
UL Allocation + TA for the UE
RRC reconfiguration complete
OF Packet_out
(Modify Bearer
Response)
OF
Packet_out
Switch DL
Path
HandOver
Decision
RRH BBU+MME
OF
switch
OF Packet_in
(Modify Bearer
Request)
Detach from
the old Cell
HO ReqHO Ack
SN Status
Transfer
Path
Switch
Request
Path
Switch
Request
Ack UE
Context
Release
LTE Legacy Arch LTE C-RAN Dist- MME
10. RRH
Deliver buffered and in
transit packets to target
RRH
BBU 1
OF Controller
+SGW+PGW+M
ME
BBU 2 OF Switch
Measurement
Reports
OF (HO
Required)
HO Command OF (HO
Required)
OF (HO
Request)
OF (HO
Request Ack)
OF (eNB
status transfer)
OF (MME
Status
Transfer)
HO Confirm
HO Notify
HO Packet-
Out
HO Packet-
Out
UE
Detach from the old cell
and sync to the new cell
Buffer packets from Source
RRH
RRH
11. 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x 10
7
Legacy support of X2 uni
Sc.1 support of X2 CRAN1
Sc.1 support of X2 CRAN2
Sc.1 support of X2 CRAN3
Sc.1 support of X2 CRAN4
Sc.2 support of X2 CRAN1
Literature OF DRAN
TotalSignallingLoad(messages/hour)
The considered Area ( km² )
First analyzing case is based on increasing
the area of the study region, the area range
to analyze spans between [800...3000] km²
land excluding water.
Four topologies forms are assumed. Where
the total number of RRHs is 108 regardless
what form type is used.
Each form has different number of C-
RANs and RRHs within each.
The evaluation is calculated based on X2
interface for inner HO and S1 outer HO
Total signaling load is the sum of the five
aforementioned procedures.
Scheme.1 of CRAN1 topology
experiences the least amount of the load
followed by the second form CRAN2,
nevertheless Scheme.2 CRAN1 shows
better performance than the rest of
topologies.
CRAN1 has the highest number of RRHs
in single CRAN which means least
amount of related TAU and outer HO
signalling load.
CRAN
FORM
No. CRAN No. RRH in one CRAN
CRAN 1 3 C-RANs 36 RRHs
CRAN 2 4 C-RANs 27 RRHs
CRAN 3 6 C-RANs 18 RRHs
CRAN 4 9 C-RANs 12 RRHs
12. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10
6
Legacy LTE Network Support X2
Scheme.1 Support X2
Scheme.2 Support X2
Literature OF DRAN
Tracking Area Size
TotalSignallingLoad(messages/hour)
Another metric to investigate is the TA size,
increasing the TA size will have an impact
on scenario 2 and OF-DRAN thanks to the
decrease of TAU rate as Fig 2.2 emphasizes.
Scheme.1 doesn’t demonstrate any
amendment as it only relies on the number
of RRHs in single C-RAN as a TA size.
Fig 2 further indicates that
scheme.1performs the optimum load than
scheme.2, literature OF DRAN and
definitely the legacy by saving up to 17%,
36% and 62.8% respectively of signalling
load for TA size of 6.
The lesser the load for our legacy arch
which converges at very high TA size with
scheme.1 and shows no difference at all.
13. In this paper we presented new C-RAN architectures by utilizing both a
SDN LTE architecture and C-RAN topology.
Two new schemes have been proposed : C-RAN.D-MME and C-RAN.C-
MME architectures in order to reduce overall control signalling load.
The paper considered multiple network parameters such as cell area and
tracking area update size. The proposed architectures are shown to offer
improvement in the overall signalling load as compared to the existing
literature and previous suggested topologies.
The impact of tracking area size on system performance has been
investigated. We observed from our analysis that for small TA sizes, the
C-RAN.D-MME gives the best performance while C-RAN.C-MME is
better for higher TA sizes.
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