TCP is one of the main protocols that govern the Internet traffic nowadays. However, it suffers significant
performance degradation over wireless links. Since wireless networks are leading the communication
technologies recently, it is imperative to introduce effective solutions for the TCP congestion control
mechanisms over such networks. In this research four End-to-End TCP implementations are discussed,
they are TCP Westwood, Hybla, Highspeed, and NewReno. The performance of these variants is compared
using LTE emulated environment in terms of throughput, delay, and fairness. Ns-3 simulator is used to
simulate the LTE networks environment. The simulation results showed that TCP Highspeed achieves the
best throughput results. Although TCP Westwood recorded the lowest latency values comparing to others,
it behaved unfairly among different traffic flows. Moreover, TCP Hybla demonstrated the best fairness
behaviour among other TCP variants
Recital Study of Various Congestion Control Protocols in wireless networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
Recital Study of Various Congestion Control Protocols in wireless networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
Implementing True Zero Cycle Branching in Scalar and Superscalar Pipelined Pr...IDES Editor
In this paper, we have proposed a novel architectural
technique which can be used to boost performance of modern
day processors. It is especially useful in certain code constructs
like small loops and try-catch blocks. The technique is aimed
at improving performance by reducing the number of
instructions that need to enter the pipeline itself. We also
demonstrate its working in a scalar pipelined soft-core
processor developed by us. Lastly, we present how a superscalar
microprocessor can take advantage of this technique and
increase its performance.
Differentiated Classes of Service and Flow Management using An Hybrid Broker1IDES Editor
Recently, mobile networks have been overloaded
with a considerable amount of data traffic. The current paper
proposes a management service for mobile environments,
using policies and quality metrics, which ensure a better usage
of network resources with a more fine-grained management
based on flows with different classes of service and
transmission rates. This management of flows is supported
through a closed innovative control loop among a flexible
brokerage service in the network, and agents at the mobile
terminals. It also allows the terminals to make well-informed
decisions about their connections to enhance the number of
connected flows per technology and the individual service level
offered to each flow. Our results indicate that the proposed
solution optimizes the usage of available 4G network resources
among a high number of differentiated flows in several
scenarios where access technologies are extremely overloaded
whilst protecting, through a low complexity scheme, the flows
associated to users that have celebrated more expensive
contracts with their network operators.
Effective Router Assisted Congestion Control for SDN IJECEIAES
Router Assisted Congestion Control (RACC) was designed to improve endto-end congestion control performance by using prior knowledge on network condition. However, the traditional Internet does not provide such information, which makes this approach is not feasible to deliver. Our paper addresses this network information deficiency issue by proposing a new congestion control method that works on the Software Defined Network (SDN) framework. We call this proposed method as PACEC (Path Associativity Centralized Congestion Control). In SDN, global view of the network information contains the network topology including link properties (i.e., type, capacity, power consumption, etc.). PACEC uses this information to determine the feedback signal, in order for the source to start sending data at a high rate and to quickly reach fair-share rate. The simulation shows that the efficiency and fairness of PACEC are better than Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Rate Control Protocol (RCP).
"Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Westwood+, New Reno and Vegas TCP ...losalamos
Luigi A. Grieco, Saverio Mascolo.
ACM CCR, Vol.34 No.2, April 2004.
This article aims at evaluating a comparison between three TCP congestion control algorithms. A really interesting reading.
Efficient and Fair Bandwidth Allocation AQM Scheme for Wireless NetworksCSCJournals
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks are considered nowadays as one of the potential areas in research and development. The traffic management’s schemes that have been used at the fusion points between the different wireless networks are classical and conventional. This paper is focused on developing a novel scheme to overcome the problem of traffic congestion in the fusion point router interconnected the heterogeneous wireless networks. The paper proposed an EF-AQM algorithm which provides an efficient and fair allocation of bandwidth among different established flows. Finally, the proposed scheme developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of a proposed scheme
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTI-PATH TCP NETWORKIJCNCJournal
MPTCP is proposed by IETF working group, it allows a single TCP stream to be split across multiple
paths. It has obvious benefits in performance and reliability. MPTCP has implemented in Linux-based
distributions that can be compiled and installed to be used for both real and experimental scenarios. In this
article, we provide performance analyses for MPTCP with a laptop connected to WiFi access point and 3G
cellular network at the same time. We prove experimentally that MPTCP outperforms regular TCP for
WiFi or 3G interfaces. We also compare four types of congestion control algorithms for MPTCP that are
also implemented in the Linux Kernel. Results show that Alias Linked Increase Congestion Control
algorithm outperforms the others in the normal traffic load while Balanced Linked Adaptation algorithm
outperforms the rest when the paths are shared with heavy traffic, which is not supported by MPTCP.
A dynamic performance-based_flow_controlingenioustech
Dear Students
Ingenious techno Solution offers an expertise guidance on you Final Year IEEE & Non- IEEE Projects on the following domain
JAVA
.NET
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
ROBOTICS
MECHANICAL
MATLAB etc
For further details contact us:
enquiry@ingenioustech.in
044-42046028 or 8428302179.
Ingenious Techno Solution
#241/85, 4th floor
Rangarajapuram main road,
Kodambakkam (Power House)
http://www.ingenioustech.in/
To accommodate real-time multimedia applications that achieve Quality of Service (QOS) requirements in
a wireless ad-hoc network, a QOS control mechanisms is needed. Correspondence over such networks
must consider other aspects in regard to network properties; that the time it takes to send a message and
reach its destination faces different variables from one message to the other in a short time. Therefore, the
equation of calculating the time required to resend the message must be able to contain the worst case and
acknowledges different features for the network. The objective of this paper is to improve retransmission
time calculation adaptability when occurring using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over wireless Ad
hoc networks. Hence, it aims to obtain more accurate time to ensure retransmission time occurring in
accordance to the network environment variables efficiently.
AN EXPLICIT LOSS AND HANDOFF NOTIFICATION SCHEME IN TCP FOR CELLULAR MOBILE S...IJCNCJournal
With the proliferation of mobile and wireless computing devices, the demand for continuous network connectivity exits for various wired-and-wireless integrated networks. Since Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the standard network protocol for communication on the Interne, any wireless network with Internet service need to be compatible with TCP. TCP is tuned to perform well in traditional wired
networks, where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. However cellular wireless network
suffers from significant losses due to high bit errors and mobile handoff. TCP responds to all losses by
invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance. This
paper presents an improved Explicit Loss Notification algorithm to distinguish between packet loss due to congestion and packet loss due to wireless errors and handoffs. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of TCP over cellular wireless network in terms of throughput and congestion window dynamics.
Performance Evaluation of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC for Different Traffic Flow...IJECEIAES
The demand for internet applications has increased rapidly. Providing quality of service (QoS) requirements for varied internet application is a challenging task. One important factor that is significantly affected on the QoS service is the transport layer. The transport layer provides end-to-end data transmission across a network. Currently, the most common transport protocols used by internet application are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Also, there are recent transport protocols such as DCCP (data congestion control protocol), SCTP (stream congestion transmission protocol), and TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control), which are in the standardization process of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC protocols for different traffic flows: data transmission, video traffic, and VOIP in wired networks. The performance criteria used for this evaluation include throughput, end to end delay, and packet loss rate. Well-known network simulator NS-2 used to implement the UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC protocols performance comparison. Based on the simulation results, the performance throughput of SCTP and TFRC is better than UDP. Moreover, DCCP performance is superior SCTP and TFRC in term of end-to-end delay.
An Implementation and Analysis of RTS/CTS Mechanism for Data Transfer in Wire...iosrjce
In this paper, the implementation and analysis of RTS/CTS mechanism for data transfer in wireless
network is being studied. The Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) mechanism is widely used in
wireless networks to avoid collisions due to hidden nodes by reserving the channel for transmitting data from
source to destination. The collisions caused by the hidden nodes reduce the network throughput and efficiency.
In RTS/CTS mechanism, RTS/CTS packets set the timer for the neighboring nodes so that these nodes defer their
transmission for the entire data packet transmission period. But there may be the case when the intended
transmission completes before the expiration of this timer, so a kind of delay has been developed. To reduce this
delay, the proposed methodology in this paper provides RTR (Ready-To-Receive) packets along with RTS/CTS
packets. The receiving node sends RTR packets to notify all the neighboring nodes that the intended
communication has finished. The results show that this method improves the data transfer rate resulting in
higher throughput and network efficiency and the system will be more efficient. This will reflect in the overall
information transfer time.
VEGAS: Better Performance than other TCP Congestion Control Algorithms on MANETsCSCJournals
The wireless communication TCP/IP protocol is an important role in developing communication systems and which provides better and reliable communication capabilities in almost all kinds of networking environment. The wireless networking technology and the new kind of requirements in communication systems need some extensions to the original design of TCP for on coming technology development. In this paper we have analyzed six TCP Congestion Control Algorithms and their performance on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). More specifically, we describe the performance behavior of BIC, Cubic, TCP Compound, Vegas, Reno and Westwood congestion control algorithms. The evaluation is simulated through Network Simulator (NS2) and the performance of these congestion control algorithms is analyzed with suitable metrics.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a fundamental protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP complements the Internet Protocol (IP), therefore it is common to refer to the internet protocol suit as TCP/IP. TCP is used for error detection, detection of packet loss or out of order delivery of data. TCP requests retransmission, rearranges data and helps with network congestion.
Several congestion control algorithms have been developed, over the last years, to improve TCP's performance over various technologies and network conditions.
The purpose of this assignment is to present TCP, network congestion, congestion algorithms and simulate different algorithms in different network conditions to measure their performance. For this assignment's needs, OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition software was used to accomplish the reproduction of projects that have been already published and gave the wanted results.
Implementing True Zero Cycle Branching in Scalar and Superscalar Pipelined Pr...IDES Editor
In this paper, we have proposed a novel architectural
technique which can be used to boost performance of modern
day processors. It is especially useful in certain code constructs
like small loops and try-catch blocks. The technique is aimed
at improving performance by reducing the number of
instructions that need to enter the pipeline itself. We also
demonstrate its working in a scalar pipelined soft-core
processor developed by us. Lastly, we present how a superscalar
microprocessor can take advantage of this technique and
increase its performance.
Differentiated Classes of Service and Flow Management using An Hybrid Broker1IDES Editor
Recently, mobile networks have been overloaded
with a considerable amount of data traffic. The current paper
proposes a management service for mobile environments,
using policies and quality metrics, which ensure a better usage
of network resources with a more fine-grained management
based on flows with different classes of service and
transmission rates. This management of flows is supported
through a closed innovative control loop among a flexible
brokerage service in the network, and agents at the mobile
terminals. It also allows the terminals to make well-informed
decisions about their connections to enhance the number of
connected flows per technology and the individual service level
offered to each flow. Our results indicate that the proposed
solution optimizes the usage of available 4G network resources
among a high number of differentiated flows in several
scenarios where access technologies are extremely overloaded
whilst protecting, through a low complexity scheme, the flows
associated to users that have celebrated more expensive
contracts with their network operators.
Effective Router Assisted Congestion Control for SDN IJECEIAES
Router Assisted Congestion Control (RACC) was designed to improve endto-end congestion control performance by using prior knowledge on network condition. However, the traditional Internet does not provide such information, which makes this approach is not feasible to deliver. Our paper addresses this network information deficiency issue by proposing a new congestion control method that works on the Software Defined Network (SDN) framework. We call this proposed method as PACEC (Path Associativity Centralized Congestion Control). In SDN, global view of the network information contains the network topology including link properties (i.e., type, capacity, power consumption, etc.). PACEC uses this information to determine the feedback signal, in order for the source to start sending data at a high rate and to quickly reach fair-share rate. The simulation shows that the efficiency and fairness of PACEC are better than Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Rate Control Protocol (RCP).
"Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Westwood+, New Reno and Vegas TCP ...losalamos
Luigi A. Grieco, Saverio Mascolo.
ACM CCR, Vol.34 No.2, April 2004.
This article aims at evaluating a comparison between three TCP congestion control algorithms. A really interesting reading.
Efficient and Fair Bandwidth Allocation AQM Scheme for Wireless NetworksCSCJournals
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks are considered nowadays as one of the potential areas in research and development. The traffic management’s schemes that have been used at the fusion points between the different wireless networks are classical and conventional. This paper is focused on developing a novel scheme to overcome the problem of traffic congestion in the fusion point router interconnected the heterogeneous wireless networks. The paper proposed an EF-AQM algorithm which provides an efficient and fair allocation of bandwidth among different established flows. Finally, the proposed scheme developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of a proposed scheme
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTI-PATH TCP NETWORKIJCNCJournal
MPTCP is proposed by IETF working group, it allows a single TCP stream to be split across multiple
paths. It has obvious benefits in performance and reliability. MPTCP has implemented in Linux-based
distributions that can be compiled and installed to be used for both real and experimental scenarios. In this
article, we provide performance analyses for MPTCP with a laptop connected to WiFi access point and 3G
cellular network at the same time. We prove experimentally that MPTCP outperforms regular TCP for
WiFi or 3G interfaces. We also compare four types of congestion control algorithms for MPTCP that are
also implemented in the Linux Kernel. Results show that Alias Linked Increase Congestion Control
algorithm outperforms the others in the normal traffic load while Balanced Linked Adaptation algorithm
outperforms the rest when the paths are shared with heavy traffic, which is not supported by MPTCP.
A dynamic performance-based_flow_controlingenioustech
Dear Students
Ingenious techno Solution offers an expertise guidance on you Final Year IEEE & Non- IEEE Projects on the following domain
JAVA
.NET
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
ROBOTICS
MECHANICAL
MATLAB etc
For further details contact us:
enquiry@ingenioustech.in
044-42046028 or 8428302179.
Ingenious Techno Solution
#241/85, 4th floor
Rangarajapuram main road,
Kodambakkam (Power House)
http://www.ingenioustech.in/
To accommodate real-time multimedia applications that achieve Quality of Service (QOS) requirements in
a wireless ad-hoc network, a QOS control mechanisms is needed. Correspondence over such networks
must consider other aspects in regard to network properties; that the time it takes to send a message and
reach its destination faces different variables from one message to the other in a short time. Therefore, the
equation of calculating the time required to resend the message must be able to contain the worst case and
acknowledges different features for the network. The objective of this paper is to improve retransmission
time calculation adaptability when occurring using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over wireless Ad
hoc networks. Hence, it aims to obtain more accurate time to ensure retransmission time occurring in
accordance to the network environment variables efficiently.
AN EXPLICIT LOSS AND HANDOFF NOTIFICATION SCHEME IN TCP FOR CELLULAR MOBILE S...IJCNCJournal
With the proliferation of mobile and wireless computing devices, the demand for continuous network connectivity exits for various wired-and-wireless integrated networks. Since Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the standard network protocol for communication on the Interne, any wireless network with Internet service need to be compatible with TCP. TCP is tuned to perform well in traditional wired
networks, where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. However cellular wireless network
suffers from significant losses due to high bit errors and mobile handoff. TCP responds to all losses by
invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance. This
paper presents an improved Explicit Loss Notification algorithm to distinguish between packet loss due to congestion and packet loss due to wireless errors and handoffs. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of TCP over cellular wireless network in terms of throughput and congestion window dynamics.
Performance Evaluation of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC for Different Traffic Flow...IJECEIAES
The demand for internet applications has increased rapidly. Providing quality of service (QoS) requirements for varied internet application is a challenging task. One important factor that is significantly affected on the QoS service is the transport layer. The transport layer provides end-to-end data transmission across a network. Currently, the most common transport protocols used by internet application are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Also, there are recent transport protocols such as DCCP (data congestion control protocol), SCTP (stream congestion transmission protocol), and TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control), which are in the standardization process of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC protocols for different traffic flows: data transmission, video traffic, and VOIP in wired networks. The performance criteria used for this evaluation include throughput, end to end delay, and packet loss rate. Well-known network simulator NS-2 used to implement the UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC protocols performance comparison. Based on the simulation results, the performance throughput of SCTP and TFRC is better than UDP. Moreover, DCCP performance is superior SCTP and TFRC in term of end-to-end delay.
An Implementation and Analysis of RTS/CTS Mechanism for Data Transfer in Wire...iosrjce
In this paper, the implementation and analysis of RTS/CTS mechanism for data transfer in wireless
network is being studied. The Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) mechanism is widely used in
wireless networks to avoid collisions due to hidden nodes by reserving the channel for transmitting data from
source to destination. The collisions caused by the hidden nodes reduce the network throughput and efficiency.
In RTS/CTS mechanism, RTS/CTS packets set the timer for the neighboring nodes so that these nodes defer their
transmission for the entire data packet transmission period. But there may be the case when the intended
transmission completes before the expiration of this timer, so a kind of delay has been developed. To reduce this
delay, the proposed methodology in this paper provides RTR (Ready-To-Receive) packets along with RTS/CTS
packets. The receiving node sends RTR packets to notify all the neighboring nodes that the intended
communication has finished. The results show that this method improves the data transfer rate resulting in
higher throughput and network efficiency and the system will be more efficient. This will reflect in the overall
information transfer time.
VEGAS: Better Performance than other TCP Congestion Control Algorithms on MANETsCSCJournals
The wireless communication TCP/IP protocol is an important role in developing communication systems and which provides better and reliable communication capabilities in almost all kinds of networking environment. The wireless networking technology and the new kind of requirements in communication systems need some extensions to the original design of TCP for on coming technology development. In this paper we have analyzed six TCP Congestion Control Algorithms and their performance on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). More specifically, we describe the performance behavior of BIC, Cubic, TCP Compound, Vegas, Reno and Westwood congestion control algorithms. The evaluation is simulated through Network Simulator (NS2) and the performance of these congestion control algorithms is analyzed with suitable metrics.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a fundamental protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP complements the Internet Protocol (IP), therefore it is common to refer to the internet protocol suit as TCP/IP. TCP is used for error detection, detection of packet loss or out of order delivery of data. TCP requests retransmission, rearranges data and helps with network congestion.
Several congestion control algorithms have been developed, over the last years, to improve TCP's performance over various technologies and network conditions.
The purpose of this assignment is to present TCP, network congestion, congestion algorithms and simulate different algorithms in different network conditions to measure their performance. For this assignment's needs, OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition software was used to accomplish the reproduction of projects that have been already published and gave the wanted results.
IMPACT OF CONTENTION WINDOW ON CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS ADH...cscpconf
TCP congestion control mechanism is highly dependent on MAC layer Backoff algorithms that
predict the optimal Contention Window size to increase the TCP performance in wireless adhoc
network. This paper critically examines the impact of Contention Window in TCP congestion
control approaches. The modified TCP congestion control method gives the stability of
congestion window which provides higher throughput and shorter delay than the traditional TCP. Various Backoff algorithms that are used to adjust Contention Window are simulatedusing NS2 along with modified TCP and their performance are analyzed to depict the influence of Contention Window in TCP performance considering the metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss and end-to-end delay
A Packet Drop Guesser Module for Congestion Control Protocols for High speed ...ijcseit
Different high speed Transport layer protocols have been designed and proposed in the literature to
improve the performance of standard TCP on high BDP links. They are mainly different in their increase
and decrease formulas of their respective congestion control algorithm. Most of these high speed protocols
consider every packet drop in the network as an indication of congestion and they immediately reduce their
congestion window size. Such an approach will usually result in under utilization of available bandwidth in
case of noisy channel conditions. We take CUBIC as a test case and have compared its performance in
case of normal and noisy channel conditions. The throughput of CUBIC was drastically degraded from
50Mbps to 0.5Mbps when we introduced a random packet drops with 0.001 probability. When the
probability of the packet drops increases then the throughput gets decreases. Indeed, we need to
complement existing congestion control algorithms with some intelligent mechanisms that can differentiate
whether a certain packet drop is because of congestion or channel error thus avoid unnecessary window
reduction. In order to distinguish between packets drops, we have developed a k-NN based module to guess
whether the packet drops are due to the congestion or any other reasons. After integrating this module with
CUBIC algorithm, we have observed significant performance improvement.
Abstract - The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
connection oriented, reliable and end-to-end protocol that support
flow and congestion control, with the evolution and rapid growth
of the internet and emergence of internet of things IoT, flow and
congestion have clear impact in the network performance. In this
paper we study congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Reno,
Newreno, SACK and Vegas, which are introduced to control
network utilization and increase throughput, in the performance
evaluation we evaluate the performance metrics such as
throughput, packets loss, delivery and reveals impact of the cwnd.
Showing that SACK had done better performance in terms of
numbers of packets sent, throughput and delivery ratio than
Newreno, Vegas shows the best performance of all of them.
Towards Seamless TCP Congestion Avoidance in Multiprotocol EnvironmentsIDES Editor
In this paper we explore the area of congestion
avoidance in computer networks. We provide a brief overview
of the current state of the art in congestion avoidance and also
list our extension to the TCP congestion avoidance mechanism.
This extension was previously published on an international
forum and in this paper we describe an improved version which
allows multiprotocol support. We list preliminary results
carried out in a simulation environment.
New introduced approach called Advanced Notification
Congestion System (ACNS) allows TCP flows prioritization
based on the TCP flow age and priority carried in the header
of the network layer protocol. The aim of this approach is to
provide more bandwidth for young and high prioritized TCP
flows by means of penalizing old greedy flows with a low
priority. Using ACNS, substantial network performance
increase can be achieved.
Analytical Research of TCP Variants in Terms of Maximum ThroughputIJLT EMAS
This paper is comparative, throughput analysis, for
the TCP variants as for New Reno, Westwood & High Speed,
and it analyzes the outcomes in simulated environment for NS -3
(version 3.25) simulator with reference to multiple varying
network parameters that includes network simulation time,
router bandwidth, varying traffic source counts to observe which
is one of the best TCP variant in different scenarios. Analysis
was done using dumbbell topology to figure out the comparative
maximum throughput of TCP variants. The analysis gives result
as TCP Variant “NewReno” is good when low bandwidth is used,
while TCP Variant “HighS peed” is good in terms of using large
bandwidths in comparison to Westwood. Network traffic flow
was observed in NetAnim tool.
Available network bandwidth schema to improve performance in tcp protocolsIJCNCJournal
The TCP congestion control mechanism in standard implementations presents several problems, for
example, large queue lengths in network routers and packet losses, a misleading reduce of the transmission
rate when there are link failures, among others. This paper proposes a schema to congestion control in
TCP protocols, called NGWA, witch is based on the network bandwidth. The NGWA provides information
considering the available bandwidth of the network infrastructure to the endpoints of the TCP connection.
Hence, it helps in choosing a better transmission rate for TCP improving its performance. Simulation
results show superior performance of the proposed scheme when compared to those obtained by TCP New
Reno and standard TCP. A physical implementation in the Linux kernel was performed to prove the correct
operation of the proposal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Survey of Different Approaches for Differentiating Bit Error and Congestion...IJERD Editor
TCP provides reliable wireless communication. The packet loss occurs in wireless network during
the data transmission and these losses are always classified as congestion losses. While Packet is also lost due to
random bit error. But traditional TCP always consider as packet is lost due to congestion and reduce it
congestion window. Thus, TCP gives poor performance in wireless link. Many TCP variants have been
proposed for congestion control but they cannot distinguish error either due to congestion or due to bit error thus
it reduces congestion window every time but when there is a bit error then no need to reduce the transmission
rate. In this survey the general approaches taken for differentiating congestion or bit error has been discussed.
Proposition of an Adaptive Retransmission Timeout for TCP in 802.11 Wireless ...IJERA Editor
The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is used to establish and control a session between two endpoints. The problem is that in 802.11 wireless environments TCP always considers that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in these networks packet loss are usually caused by the high bit error rate, and the wireless link failures. Researchers found out that TCP performance in wireless networks can be highly enhanced as long as it is feasible to identify the packet loss causes; hence appropriate measures can be dynamically applied during an established TCP session in order to adjust the session parameters. This paper proposes an endto-end adaptive mechanism that allows the TCP session to dynamically adjust the RTO (Retransmission Timeout) of a TCP session; the server will have to adjust the timers based on feedbacks from clients. Feedbacks are piggybacked in the TCP Options header field of the ACK (Acknowledgment) messages. A feedback is an approximation of the time needed by the wireless channel to get the errors fixed. The mechanism has been validated using numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the original TCP protocol. Simulation results have shown better performance in terms of number of retransmissions at the server side due to the decrease in the number of timeouts; and thus lowest congestion on the wireless access point.
In the last few years, video streaming facilities over TCP or UDP, such as YouTube, Facetime, Daily-motion, Mobile video calling have become more and more popular. The important
challenge in streaming broadcasting over the Internet is to spread the uppermost potential quality,
observe to the broadcasting play out time limitation, and efficiently and equally share the offered
bandwidth with TCP or UDP, and additional traffic types. This work familiarizes the Streaming
Media Data Congestion Control protocol (SMDCC), a new adaptive broadcasting streaming
congestion management protocol in which the connection’s data packets transmission frequency is
adjusted allowing to the dynamic bandwidth share of connection using SMDCC, the bandwidth share
of a connection is projected using algorithms similar to those introduced in TCP Westwood. SMDCC
avoids the Slow Jump phase in TCP. As a result, SMDCC does not show the pronounced rate
alternations distinguishing of modern TCP, so providing congestion control that is more appropriate
for streaming broadcasting applications. Besides, SMDCC is fair, sharing the bandwidth equitably
among a set of SMDCC connections. Main benefit is robustness when packet harms are due to
indiscriminate errors, which is typical of wireless links and is becoming an increasing concern due to
the emergence of wireless Internet access. In the presence of indiscriminate errors, SMDCC is also
approachable to TCP Tahoe and Reno (TTR). We provide simulation results using the ns3 simulator
for our protocol running together with TCP Tahoe and Reno.
Enhancing HTTP Web Protocol Performance with Updated Transport Layer TechniquesIJCNCJournal
Popular Internet applications such as web browsing, and web video download use HTTP protocol as application over the standard Transport Control Protocol (TCP). Traditional TCP behavior is unsuitable for this style of application because their transmission rate and traffic pattern are different from conventional bulk transfer applications. Previous works have analyzed the interaction of these applications with the congestion control algorithms in TCP and the proposed Congestion Window Validation (CWV) as a solution. However, this method was incomplete and has been shown to present drawbacks. This paper focuses on the ‘newCWV’ which was designed to address these drawbacks. NewCWV provides a practical mechanism to estimate the available path capacity and suggests a more appropriate congestion control behavior. This paper describes how this algorithm was implemented in the Linux TCP/IP stack and tested by experiments, where results indicate that, with newCWV, the browsing can get 50% faster in an uncongested network.
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Popular Internet applications such as web browsing, and web video download use HTTP protocol as application over the standard Transport Control Protocol (TCP). Traditional TCP behavior is unsuitable for this style of application because their transmission rate and traffic pattern are different from conventional bulk transfer applications. Previous works have analyzed the interaction of these applications with the congestion control algorithms in TCP and the proposed Congestion Window Validation (CWV) as a solution. However, this method was incomplete and has been shown to present drawbacks. This paper focuses on the ‘newCWV’ which was designed to address these drawbacks. NewCWV provides a practical mechanism to estimate the available path capacity and suggests a more appropriate congestion control behavior. This paper describes how this algorithm was implemented in the Linux TCP/IP stack and tested by experiments, where results indicate that, with newCWV, the browsing can get 50% faster in an uncongested network.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED E2E TCP CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM OVER 4G NETWORKS
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2017.9605 71
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED E2E TCP
CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM OVER 4G
NETWORKS
Mohanad Al-Hasanat1
, Abduallah Al-Hasanat1
, Saud Althunibat2
, Ali AlSbou3
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
2
Department of Communications Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an,
Jordan
3
Department of Computer Information System Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an,
Jordan
ABSTRACT
TCP is one of the main protocols that govern the Internet traffic nowadays. However, it suffers significant
performance degradation over wireless links. Since wireless networks are leading the communication
technologies recently, it is imperative to introduce effective solutions for the TCP congestion control
mechanisms over such networks. In this research four End-to-End TCP implementations are discussed,
they are TCP Westwood, Hybla, Highspeed, and NewReno. The performance of these variants is compared
using LTE emulated environment in terms of throughput, delay, and fairness. Ns-3 simulator is used to
simulate the LTE networks environment. The simulation results showed that TCP Highspeed achieves the
best throughput results. Although TCP Westwood recorded the lowest latency values comparing to others,
it behaved unfairly among different traffic flows. Moreover, TCP Hybla demonstrated the best fairness
behaviour among other TCP variants.
KEYWORDS
TCP congestion control; NewReno; 4G; HighSpeed TCP; TCP Westwood; Hybla; ns-3; LTE.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the Internet has reached many parts of the world, even most of the remotest places on
the planet. Consequently, people are connected through their smart devices most of the times. The
extensive development of new communication technologies and the needs of these technologies is
the motivation for a large spectrum of networking researchers who seek to enhance
communication system’s hardware and software infrastructure [12]. Rapidly over the past two
decades, spacious communications applications and services have been developed, especially in
wireless communications. Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile network, standardized by the
3GPP is one of the most recently used technology in current mobile communication systems. LTE
mobile network aims to provide high spectral efficiency, high peak data rates, low latency, better
coverage, and low operating cost [11].
One main fact is that most of the current Internet traffic is managed and controlled by the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The TCP traffic uses a window-based congestion control
mechanism. This mechanism endeavour to equalize each TCP flow’s sending rate with the link’s
fair share, also responding to the congestion link by reducing the flow sending rate. The TCP
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
72
congestion control mechanisms are well designed and optimized to perform efficiently over wired
links. However, these mechanisms experience severe performance degradation over wireless links
[7, 8].
To this end, several TCP implementations were introduced to enhance the TCP congestion
control mechanism over wireless links. Mainly, these enhancements could be classified into three
main categories; Link-Level solutions (e.g. I-TCP, M-TCP, etc.), split connection solutions (e.g.
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Hybrid ARQ, etc.), and End-to-End solutions (E2E) including
TCP Westwood [1], TCP Hybla [2], TCP Highspeed [3], TCP Vegas, TCP Veno, and many other
TCP implementations.
E2E solutions attempt to control the TCP traffic based on the Transport Layer knowledge on both
the connection’s ends (source and destination). Thus, these schemes don’t require the cooperation
of intermediate nodes. E2E solutions handle the network as a black-box; therefore, these solutions
maintain the end-to-end semantics of the original TCP. In E2E solutions, either the sender or the
receiver controls the traffic’s flow based on the other end’s notifications. Thus, these solutions try
to accurately probe the available link bandwidth to achieve better performance. Most of the
proposed E2E solutions try to predict the network’s bandwidth using the receiver feedback,
however, calculating the link’s bandwidth is still a great challenge.
In this paper we compare four E2E TCP congestion control mechanisms, they are NewReno,
Westwood, Highspeed, and TCP Hybla. Their performance is evaluated over one of the leading
technologies of the 4G networks, the LTE, using ns-3 simulator. Three different performance
metrics are used to evaluate the tested TCP implementations, these metrics are total throughput,
latency, and fairness.
In the next section, four different E2E TCP congestion control mechanisms will be discussed,
including Westwood, NewReno, Hybla and TCP Highspeed. The main metrics to compare the
performance of these TCP variants are given in section 3. Section 4 introduced the simulation
model and showed the simulation results. Finally, a conclusion is drawn in section 5.
2. E2E TCP VARIANTS
2.1. TCP NewReno
Mainly, most of the proposed E2E TCP congestion control mechanisms are based on controlling
the source sending rate to match the network capacity (i.e. the capacity of both, the destination
and the intermediate nodes). However, they differ in how the available link bandwidth is
predicted. Many solutions were introduced with different mechanisms to probe the network
status. The first was TCP Tahoe. A very simple mechanism to predict a congestion condition
whenever a packet loss event occurs. Later, a new TCP variant was introduced, TCP Reno. Reno
uses four distinct congestion control mechanisms they are Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance,
Fast Retransition and Fast Recovery.
Later, a third improvement was introduced in [6], NewReno. The new variant improves
Retransmission Timeout (RTO) calculation and the back-off procedure whenever a packet
dropped. Moreover, NewReno uses Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD)
congestion avoidance with Slow Start. In addition, NewReno modified the Fast Recovery
mechanism to solve the problem of multiple packet loss within a single window of a data stream.
In spite of these modifications, the only way that the three variants can detect congestion is by
creating a congestion. As the three variants carefully probe for congestion by slowly increasing
their sending rate to create congestion, then they cut down their sending rate. The next subsection
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
73
1
*
k k
acked MSS
BWE
t t −
=
−
introduces another TCP variant that predicts the available link’s bandwidth without creating
congestion.
2.2. TCP Westwood
TCP Westwood introduced a new revolution in TCP congestion control mechanisms. It has
introduced the first E2E bandwidth estimation mechanism using the following formula:
(1)
Where BWE is the estimated bandwidth, acked is the number of the acknowledged packets
between tk and tk-1 period, and MSS is the maximum segment size.
Westwood uses the calculated bandwidth to properly set both, the congestion window (cwnd), and
the k8slow start threshold (ssthresh) values. Whenever a packet drop event or three duplicate
Acknowledgments (3dupACK) arrive, Westwood set the ssthresh value to the calculated BWE
value. Therefore, Westwood never triggers congestion mechanism unless its cwnd value is greater
than the BWE value. The following pseudo-code shows how it works:
if (n DUPACKs are received OR RTO expires)
ssthresh = (BWE*RTTmin)/seg_size;
if (RTO expire)
cwnd=1;
else
if (cwin>ssthresh)
cwnd = ssthresh;
endif
endif
endif
Westwood’s bandwidth estimation mechanism is particularly effective over wireless networks. As
sporadic packet losses due to radio channels are misinterpreted as a congestion symptom in other
TCP variants. A throughput improvement of up to 550% rather than NewReno has been shown in
[1].
2.3. TCP Hybla
TCP Hybla presented a promising solution to the performance disparity in heterogeneous
networks due to their different Round Trip Times (RTT). Unlike other TCP variants, Hybla is
based on the cwnd evolutions as a function of connection delays. Thus, it attempts to obtain the
same instantaneous transmission rate of a fast reference TCP connection to use it for long RTT
connections.
(2)
Where ρ=RTT/RTT0, and RTT0 is the reference TCP connection [2].
Based on equation (2), Hybla increments its cwnd by 2ρ
-1 during the slow start phase, and
ρ2
/cwnd during congestion avoidance phase. Thus, this aggressive incrementing of the cwnd in
the slow start phase could result in bursts of losses. Therefore, TCP Hybla recommends using
SACK option at the receiver end to support multiple packets losses.
1 2
2 1,
/ ,
H
iH
i H H
i i
W SS
W
W W CA
ρ
ρ
+
+ −
=
+
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
74
Hybla shows significant improvement in TCP performance over long RTT connections (e.g.
satellite connection). Moreover, it shows fair sharing of the available link’s bandwidth and
friendly behaviour with other TCP variants as reported in [2].
2.4. Highspeed TCP
Another modification to the standard TCP congestion control mechanism for use with large
bandwidth channels was introduced in Highspeed TCP [3]. The proposed variant addressed the
TCP limitation of reaching the steady-state in very long time. Highspeed TCP introduced a
fundamental change to the standard TCP response function at the sender side only. Actually, the
proposed modification suggested to enable TCP connections to start with large cwnd value using
the following formula:
(3)
According to [3], p is the error rate, low_p is set to 10-3
, low_window is set to 38, High_Window
is set to 83000, High_p is set to 10-7
, and S is equal to:
(4)
Thus, over high error rate connections, Highspeed TCP’s response function will be quite close to
that of the standard TCP response function. However, over low loss ratio connections, Highspeed
TCP uses larger cwnd size comparing to the standard TCP cwnd size.
3. METHODOLOGY
To evaluate the performance of the selected TCP variants, this study suggests using ns-3
simulator to capture and analyse specific network performance metrics including throughput,
latency (average delay), and fairness. Thus, two main topologies were used to emulate a standard
LTE network environment. The two topologies are based on LENA LTE model [4]. The first
topology uses a simple LTE-EPC network architecture with one user equipment (UE) and one
Evolved-Node Base station (eNB). Different parameters were used to test the TCP congestion
control mechanisms behaviour in different scenarios. In the second topology, we have extended
the previous topology to include more UEs to test the TCP fairness among 10 different TCP
connections flows. The two topologies and their parameters are discussed in more details in the
experiment section. Next, we will discuss the selected network performance metrics.
3.1. Throughput
A network throughput is the aggregate data that is successfully received to all the network’s
terminals. Throughput is an important performance indicator for most transmission protocols
[10]. One main goal to achieve is to maximize the network throughput. To do so, both the
connection ends should perfectly utilize the link capacity.
Mainly, there are two ways to calculate the network throughput, the indiscriminate throughput
and the goodput. The indiscriminate throughput measures the total bits received at a destination
within the connection period. On the other hand, goodput excludes the retransmitted bits,
downstream drooped packets, and the packets fragments. In this research, we will calculate the
indiscriminate throughput as in the following equation:
* _
( / _ )S low Window
W p low p=
(log _ log _ )
S=
(log _ log _ )
High Window Low Window
High p Low p
−
−
5. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
75
(5)
3.2. Delay
Delay can be measured in term of per-packet transfer latency in millisecond (ms). This time
includes nodal processing time and transmission delay. In this research we will calculate the
average delay as the summation of all the latencies for all the received packets divided by the
total number of the received packets using the following equation:
(6)
3.3. Fairness
Fairness is a very important metric used to evaluate the performance of many systems. Fairness
determines whether users are receiving a fair share of the system resources or not. TCP Fairness
requires that all the comparable TCP flows fairly share the link’s bandwidth. Mostly, TCP
unfairness problem results when different TCP flows with different RTTs share the same
bottleneck.
One method of testing TCP Fairness is using Jain’s Fairness Index [5]. This index is bounded
between 0 and 1. For any set of flows’ throughputs (T1, T2, .., Tn) Jain’s index is given as in the
following formula:
(7)
If all users received an equal number of bits, then Jain’s index will equal to 1. Where 0.90 Jain’s
index means 90% of the bottleneck bandwidth is shared fairly among the TCP connections.
4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
As discussed before, ns-3 simulator will be used to compare the performance of the selected TCP
variants over an emulated LTE environment. One stable LTE model is presented in LENA project
[4]. The model provides an open source LTE/EPC network simulator based on the popular ns-3
simulator. Fig. 1 shows a simple LTE/EPC network consists of one UE, an eNB, one SGW, one
MME, and a remote host.
_
_
received bits
Throughput
connection period
=
∑
2
1
2
1
( )
n
i
i
n
i
i
T
Fairness throughput
n T
=
=
=
∑
∑
1
_ _
n
i
delay of packet
Delay
n
=
=
∑
6. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
76
Figure 1: Long Term Evolution architecture based on LEAN model [4]
For the first experiment, we have used the same simple model shown in Fig. 1. Table 1 lists the
first experiment scenario.
Table 1. The first experiment scenario
A BulkSend built-in class is used to generate a single flow of traffic starting at the remote host
and destined for the UE along the simulation period. To simulate the wireless link over the UE-
eNB link, the built-in ns-3’s RateErrorModel built-in class is used to generate random
transmission errors during the simulation period. Table 2 summarizes the first experiment links
parameters.
Table 2. The first experiment links specifications. These values are based on the LTE standard
specifications of the 3GPP [9].
7. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
77
The same parameters listed in the Table2 are used to calculate the throughput values for the four
TCP variants. Moreover, the throughput is calculated again using different PER values as listed in
Table 1. The throughput results are shown in Figure2.
Figure2 shows that TCP Highspeed achieved the largest throughput values comparing to other
implementations. Whereas, TCP NewReno recorded the lowest throughput values. In addition, it
is clear that all TCP variants are affected by the changing of the PER values. More specifically,
NewReno performance is seriously degraded over high PER channels.
Figure 2. The throughput values for TCP Westwood, TCP Hybla, TCP Highspeed, and TCP NewReno in
different PER values.
On the other hand, the average delay values are recorded and plotted in Figure 3. The results
showed that TCP Westwood reported the lowest delay values except when PER is equal to 0.001.
This result could be explained as NewReno works perfectly over wired-like links where a very
low transmission error is expected. However, NewReno recorded the longest delay values for
other PER values, and Hybla recorded the highest latency among other TCP variants when PER is
equal to 0.001.
Figure 3. This figure shows the average delay in milliseconds for NewReno, Hybla,
Highspeed, and Westwood TCP variants using the same bandwidth with different PER
values.
A different topology is used to test the selected TCP variants fairness. The new topology uses the
same specifications listed in the previous experiment but extending the UE number to 10 users.
Thus, the throughput values for every flow are recorded, and then Jain’s index for every TCP
8. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
78
variant is calculated based on equation (7). Figure. 4 shows a graphical representation of every
flow throughput.
Figure 4. The throughput of the 10’Th flows using four different TCP variants; NewReno in (a), Hybla in
(b), Highspeed TCP in (c), and Westwood in (d).
The above figure clearly shows that TCP Hybla Figure. 3 (b) almost achieves fair share among all
the 10th
flows. TCP Highspeed comes in the second place. However, TCP Westwood shows the
worst fairness behaviour among others. Table 3 shows Jain’s fairness index for the four TCP
variants.
Table 3. Jain's Fairness index for the selected four TCP variants
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
In this study, the performance of four E2E TCP congestion control mechanisms over LTE
network was discussed. The selected TCP variants are TCP Westwood, TCP Hybla, TCP
Highspeed, and TCP NewReno. Three main network performance metrics were selected to
compare the four TCP implementations. These metrics are throughput, delay, and fairness. Ns-3
simulator was used to collect and monitor the selected TCP behaviours over LTE emulated
environment. LENA LTE/EPC model was adopted to simulate the LTE network environment.
The simulation results showed that TCP Highspeed achieved the best throughput values. In
addition, TCP Westwood attained the lowest latency values comparing to other TCP
implementations. On the other hand, the best fairness behaviour is demonstrated by the TCP
Hybla.
9. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2017
79
For future works, other TCP variants could be selected to test their performance. In addition,
more experiment scenarios could be used such as, including the mobility feature for UE. Other
performance metrics could be also useful such as friendliness, and loss ratio.
REFERENCES
[1] Mascolo, S., Casetti, C., Gerla, M., Sanadidi, M. Y., & Wang, R., “TCP Westwood: Bandwidth
estimation for enhanced transport over wireless links,” ACM SIGMOBILE, pp. 287-297, 2001.
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