This document discusses the design of digital processor subsystems. It begins by outlining objectives like designing for problems and solutions. It then discusses design processes and considerations like top-down design. Several illustrations of design processes are provided, including designing a 4-bit shifter and ALU subsystem. Computational elements like adders are examined in detail, with discussions of adder design techniques to enhance performance.
VLSI subsystem design processes and illustrationVishal kakade
This document discusses the design processes for digital subsystem design. It begins by outlining the objectives of design consideration, problem and solution, basic digital processor structure, and datapath. It then discusses general considerations for subsystem design such as lower unit cost and higher reliability. It presents some common problems in design like how to design complex systems efficiently. It proposes solutions like top-down design and partitioning the system. The document then illustrates the design processes through examples like designing a 4-bit shifter and ALU subsystem. It provides block diagrams, logic diagrams and layouts at different stages of the design process.
The document discusses the design of an adder subsystem. It describes the design of a 4-bit adder using equations to calculate the sum and carry. It then covers further considerations for adder design including generation and propagation principles. It presents schematics for CMOS adder elements and Manchester carry chains. Finally, it discusses techniques for enhancing adder performance including carry select adders and carry skip adders. Optimization strategies are presented for carry select and carry skip adder structures to minimize delay.
This document introduces VLSI physical design. It discusses how the number of transistors on chips has rapidly increased over time, from 100,000 to over 3 million. Complex chip design is now only possible using computer-aided design tools. The document outlines the different levels of abstraction in chip design from behavioral modeling down to the cell/mask level. It provides examples of logical and architectural design, and discusses the different layout styles including full-custom, gate-array, and standard-cell approaches.
Short.course.introduction.to.vhdl for beginners Ravi Sony
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses modeling and different levels of abstraction in modeling. It describes the design flow from idea to fabrication. It gives examples of architectural design, data path design, control path design, and register allocation. It discusses high-level synthesis and the tasks of scheduling and allocation. Finally, it provides some historical context and applications of hardware description languages.
This document discusses the topics that will be covered in the ME6501 Computer Aided Design course, including fundamentals of computer graphics, CAD system architecture, and computer graphics principles. Specifically, it will cover coordinate systems, transformations, line drawing, clipping, and viewing transformations. It also discusses design processes, product cycles, concurrent engineering, and the roles of computers in engineering design.
This document discusses the fundamentals of computer aided design (CAD). It covers topics like the product design cycle, sequential and concurrent engineering approaches, CAD system architecture, computer graphics fundamentals, 2D and 3D transformations using homogeneous coordinates, and CAD applications in areas like modeling, analysis, and drafting. The key stages of the design process like conceptualization, analysis, and refinement are also summarized.
Area Efficient 4-Bit Full Adder Design using CMOS 90 nm Technology IJEEE
This document describes the design of an area efficient 4-bit full adder using two different methods in a 90nm CMOS technology. The first method is a fully automatic CMOS design where the schematic and layout are developed automatically. The second method is a semicustom design where the layout is developed manually using fringes to reduce area. Simulation results show that the semicustom design reduces the silicon area by 72% compared to the fully automatic design, from 2217.1 μm2 to 620.5 μm2.
The document outlines an ASIC design flow using Mentor Graphics tools and describes 10 experiments for digital and analog circuit design. The design flow involves using Pyxis Schematic for circuit design, Pyxis Layout for layout, and Calibre for verification. The 10 experiments include designing basic gates, adders, latches, counters, static RAM cells, and differential amplifiers. The goal is to take students through the full ASIC design flow from circuit design to tapeout.
VLSI subsystem design processes and illustrationVishal kakade
This document discusses the design processes for digital subsystem design. It begins by outlining the objectives of design consideration, problem and solution, basic digital processor structure, and datapath. It then discusses general considerations for subsystem design such as lower unit cost and higher reliability. It presents some common problems in design like how to design complex systems efficiently. It proposes solutions like top-down design and partitioning the system. The document then illustrates the design processes through examples like designing a 4-bit shifter and ALU subsystem. It provides block diagrams, logic diagrams and layouts at different stages of the design process.
The document discusses the design of an adder subsystem. It describes the design of a 4-bit adder using equations to calculate the sum and carry. It then covers further considerations for adder design including generation and propagation principles. It presents schematics for CMOS adder elements and Manchester carry chains. Finally, it discusses techniques for enhancing adder performance including carry select adders and carry skip adders. Optimization strategies are presented for carry select and carry skip adder structures to minimize delay.
This document introduces VLSI physical design. It discusses how the number of transistors on chips has rapidly increased over time, from 100,000 to over 3 million. Complex chip design is now only possible using computer-aided design tools. The document outlines the different levels of abstraction in chip design from behavioral modeling down to the cell/mask level. It provides examples of logical and architectural design, and discusses the different layout styles including full-custom, gate-array, and standard-cell approaches.
Short.course.introduction.to.vhdl for beginners Ravi Sony
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses modeling and different levels of abstraction in modeling. It describes the design flow from idea to fabrication. It gives examples of architectural design, data path design, control path design, and register allocation. It discusses high-level synthesis and the tasks of scheduling and allocation. Finally, it provides some historical context and applications of hardware description languages.
This document discusses the topics that will be covered in the ME6501 Computer Aided Design course, including fundamentals of computer graphics, CAD system architecture, and computer graphics principles. Specifically, it will cover coordinate systems, transformations, line drawing, clipping, and viewing transformations. It also discusses design processes, product cycles, concurrent engineering, and the roles of computers in engineering design.
This document discusses the fundamentals of computer aided design (CAD). It covers topics like the product design cycle, sequential and concurrent engineering approaches, CAD system architecture, computer graphics fundamentals, 2D and 3D transformations using homogeneous coordinates, and CAD applications in areas like modeling, analysis, and drafting. The key stages of the design process like conceptualization, analysis, and refinement are also summarized.
Area Efficient 4-Bit Full Adder Design using CMOS 90 nm Technology IJEEE
This document describes the design of an area efficient 4-bit full adder using two different methods in a 90nm CMOS technology. The first method is a fully automatic CMOS design where the schematic and layout are developed automatically. The second method is a semicustom design where the layout is developed manually using fringes to reduce area. Simulation results show that the semicustom design reduces the silicon area by 72% compared to the fully automatic design, from 2217.1 μm2 to 620.5 μm2.
The document outlines an ASIC design flow using Mentor Graphics tools and describes 10 experiments for digital and analog circuit design. The design flow involves using Pyxis Schematic for circuit design, Pyxis Layout for layout, and Calibre for verification. The 10 experiments include designing basic gates, adders, latches, counters, static RAM cells, and differential amplifiers. The goal is to take students through the full ASIC design flow from circuit design to tapeout.
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses what VHDL is used for, including modeling digital systems at different levels of abstraction, design specification, documentation, verification through simulation, test generation, and hardware synthesis. The document outlines the design flow process from initial idea to physical design. It provides examples of modeling behavioral and structural designs in VHDL and using VHDL for register transfer level logic design.
Area Delay Power Efficient and Implementation of Modified Square-Root Carry S...IJTET Journal
Abstract: In VLSI Technology, Carry Propagation Delay is the most important concern for the Adders. Adder is the most unavoidable component for the arithmetic performances. This paper is Modified Square Root-Carry Select Adder (SQRT-CSLA) design reduces the delay with 16 bit adder. Carry select adder have two units for Carry Generation (CG) and Carry Selection (CS). The modified SQRT-CSLA design can gives parallel path for carry propagation. So the overall adder delay has reduced. Modified design is obtained using Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) with Boolean Excess-1 Converter (BEC). BEC produces an output i.e., is an excess one result for given input bits. Then input bits and BEC output is given to multiplexer for carry selection. Use of BEC instead of dual RCA gives efficient carry propagation delay and it consumes the lower power and overall gates using in design is reduced with compared to carry select adder with dual RCA. The final sum is calculated using final sum generation.
Flow of PCB Designing in the manufacturing processSharan kumar
The document outlines the process for PCB design from prototyping to product development. It discusses two main stages: prototyping, which involves researching and validating circuit designs through iterations, and product development, which focuses on finalizing designs for manufacturing. Key steps in product development include researching components, capturing schematics, simulation, board layout, and verification. The goal is to design high quality, efficient PCBs that meet specifications.
This document summarizes a presentation on reconfigurable computing for high-performance systems. It discusses reconfigurable architectures and their motivation in providing flexibility between FPGAs and ASICs. Various types of reconfigurable architectures are classified based on granularity, configuration time, and coupling with host processors. The document also covers designing for high performance, including the evolution of FPGA families, design flows, and considerations when specifying algorithms and developing RTL implementations.
1) Pipeline processing increases computational speed by dividing tasks into sequential steps and allowing multiple tasks to progress through the steps simultaneously.
2) Arithmetic pipelines are used for fixed-point and floating-point operations by dividing the operations, like multiplication, into stages like generating partial products or adding carry bits.
3) Vector and array processors further improve parallelism by performing the same operations on multiple data elements simultaneously using multiple processing units.
Computational steering Interactive Design-through-Analysis for Simulation Sci...SURFevents
The document discusses computational steering and interactive design-through-analysis. It provides a vision of a unified computational framework that allows for rapid prototyping and accurate analysis of engineering designs. This framework would combine physics-informed machine learning for initial design exploration with isogeometric analysis for detailed analysis and optimization. The document then demonstrates some of the key concepts behind isogeometric analysis, including its use of B-spline basis functions to represent geometry, solutions, and right-hand sides, as well as its formulation as an abstract linear system.
The document describes a 4-bit synchronous ALU design project including schematics and layouts. Key components designed were logic gates, a carry lookahead adder, D flip-flop, 4-bit register, and multiplexer. Layouts were extracted and LVS was performed to verify the layouts matched the schematics. Simulation shows the ALU performs 4-bit addition, 2's complement, add-traction, 4-input NAND, 4-input NOR, and 1's complement as required for different input codes.
This document outlines the sections and content for a project on implementing a neural network for digital image recognition in hardware. It includes sections for the network description and architecture, software implementation details in MATLAB, hardware specifications and implementation using Verilog, simulation and testing of the hardware design, and reports on synthesis, placement, routing, and power/timing analysis. The goal is to describe the full workflow from a software model to a synthesized hardware implementation of the neural network on an FPGA, analyzing accuracy and performance.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED CARRY INCREMENT ADDERVLSICS Design
A complex digital circuit comprises of adder as a basic unit. The performance of the circuit depends on the
design of this basic adder unit. The speed of operation of a circuit is one of the important performance
criteria of many digital circuits which ultimately depends on the delay of the basic adder unit. Many
research works have been devoted in improving the delay of the adder circuit. In this paper we have
proposed an improved carry increment adder (CIA) that improves the delay performance of the circuit. The
improvement is achieved by incorporating carry look adder (CLA) in the design of CIA contrary to the
previous design of CIA that employs ripple carry adder (RCA). A simulation study is carried out for
comparative analysis. The coding is done in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and the
simulation is carried out in Xilinx ISE 13.1 environment.
This document describes the design and implementation of a 32-bit ALU using Cadence tools. Verilog code was written for the 32-bit ALU and its 8-bit components. NCVerilog was used to verify the code had no errors. Encounter was used to generate schematics, perform analysis, and implement the design. Virtuoso extracted the layout from the design file. The 32-bit ALU was successfully simulated and the design met timing constraints.
SIMUL8 User Group - Visual8 Case Study - Plywood Manufacturing. SIMUL8 Corporation
The document provides an agenda and overview for a SIMUL8 User Group presentation by Visual8 Corporation. Visual8 is an industrial engineering consulting firm that specializes in simulation modeling. The presentation includes an overview of Visual8, example projects applying SIMUL8 across various industries, a case study of simulating different designs for an automated plywood patching line, and a live SIMUL8 model demonstration. The case study details the project goals, simulation model development process, different layout designs tested through sensitivity analysis, and results identifying Layout 4 with a combined routing and patching robot as the final choice meeting throughput needs within space limitations.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED CARRY INCREMENT ADDERVLSICS Design
A complex digital circuit comprises of adder as a basic unit. The performance of the circuit depends on the design of this basic adder unit. The speed of operation of a circuit is one of the important performance criteria of many digital circuits which ultimately depends on the delay of the basic adder unit. Many research works have been devoted in improving the delay of the adder circuit. In this paper we have
proposed an improved carry increment adder (CIA) that improves the delay performance of the circuit. The improvement is achieved by incorporating carry look adder (CLA) in the design of CIA contrary to the previous design of CIA that employs ripple carry adder (RCA). A simulation study is carried out for comparative analysis. The coding is done in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and the simulation is carried out in Xilinx ISE 13.1 environment.
The document discusses VLSI design automation which involves converting an electrical circuit specification into a geometric layout using computers. The layout consists of geometric shapes in different layers which are used to produce photolithographic masks for fabricating chips. Physical design is the process of converting a circuit into a layout and involves steps like logic design, circuit design and placement and routing of components on the layout. Automation tools help implement the complex physical design process.
solve 6 , quiz 2link of book httpwww.irccyn.ec-nantes.fr~mart.pdfarihantcomputersddn
solve 6 , quiz 2
link of book :http://www.irccyn.ec-
nantes.fr/~martinet/Mobrob/FundamentalsofVehicleDynamics.pdf 122% Document Elements
Tables charts Smart Art Review A Home Layout Paragraph Style Cambria (Body) 12 Aa A
AaBbc AaBbCcDdE Normal No spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Tit Problem 6 Propose a currently
non-commercially available car mechatronics system. Describe the sensors, ac uators and control
system you ntend to use. Explain the purpose of this innovation and specify what the added value
is for the user [i.e why would anyone want to buy it?]. Print Layout View Sec 1 Pages: rds: 32 of
45 Search in Document Aa Text Box Shape Picture Themes 22% O
Solution
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I Use of advanced computer
tools in the product development process is necessary to meet the market needs for fast product
development. I These tools allows for the verification of the design in all phases of the
development process. I Virtual prototypes, I The main drawback of using the computer tools is
that they are mostly limited to specific domains. The main requirement to the computer tools for
mechatronic system design I to apply to the systems from various domains. I to simultaneously
use different system representations (block diagram, physical model, bond graph)
Matuško&Koloni 2 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 CLASSICAL (NON-
MECHATRONIC) OPTIMIZATION I Classical approach to the optimization during the design
process assumes that the parameters of the process, sensors, actuators are known and constant
and only controller parameters are optimized. CONTROLLER PROCESS INTERFACE
SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 3 of 43 MECHATRONICS
SYSTEMS 2014/2015 OPTIMIZATION IN MECHATRONIC SYSTEM I Since the main
characteristic of the mechatronic design approach is simultaneous design of all system
components, the optimization process is performed, not only on the controller parameters but
also on the parameters of the other parts of the system. CONTROLLER PROCESS
INTERFACE SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 4 of 43
MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 MODELS OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I
Physical models, I Bond graphs I Control oriented models I Block diagrams, I Bode diagrams, I
Nyquist diagram, I Sate space models. I Time domain models I Animation I C-code
Matuško&Koloni 5 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 PHYSICAL MODELS I
Physical models describe the system behavior both on functional and structural level, I Model
parameters are real physical parameters, I Generally, physical models are not suitable for the
control system design, I Building such models requires a deep insight into a physical behavior of
the system. Matuško&Koloni 6 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 BOND
GRAPHS I Universal representation of the system behavior, independent of the system nature. I
Based on power flow analysis of the system. I Two quantities that define the system behavior
and power flow within the system (and with its environment).
This document summarizes different types of adders used in digital circuits. It introduces half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, look ahead carry adders, and carry save adders. Half adders add two bits and produce a sum and carry output. Full adders add three bits. Ripple carry adders are made of cascaded full adders to add multiple bits, with each full adder inputting the carry from the previous stage. Look ahead carry adders reduce delay by calculating carry signals in parallel rather than series. Carry save adders add three bits in parallel and store the carry rather than propagating it to reduce delay.
This document outlines a presentation given at the National Conference on Advances in Process Engineering (CAPE-2013) about Scilab, an open-source computing tool. The presentation covers the basics of Scilab including variables, matrices, functions, control statements, plotting, and file operations. It also describes 12 tutorials that demonstrate key Scilab capabilities like matrix calculations, solving equations of motion, finding polynomial roots, and using loops and conditionals. The goal is to help engineers learn Scilab syntax and programming skills to complement their education.
The document describes the design methodology for an ALU chip controller. It discusses using a carry look-ahead adder to speed up addition and subtraction. The ALU can perform various arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical (AND, OR, XOR) operations. It uses a combinational logic design with multiplexers to select the output. The block diagram shows the main components are a control unit, 16-bit ALU, and memory. The control unit provides signals to control the ALU operations.
VLSI lab manual Part A, VTU 7the sem KIT-tipturPramod Kumar S
This document provides procedures for digital and analog VLSI design experiments using CAD tools. It includes the VLSI design flow, prerequisites for using the tools, verification using simulation, and synthesis. Experiments cover digital logic gates, flip-flops, adders, counters, and analog circuits like inverters, amplifiers, and data converters. The goal is to introduce students to computer-aided design of digital and analog VLSI systems.
This document discusses datapath design and arithmetic operations in computer architecture. It covers:
1) The design of circuits to implement basic fixed-point arithmetic instructions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Multiplication can be done with combinational or sequential circuits using an array of adders, while division is typically sequential using repeated subtraction.
2) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used to process arithmetic and logical instructions and employs a chain of identical 1-bit adders. Coprocessors can provide fast hardware implementations for complex arithmetic functions.
3) Pipeline processing is used to improve processor throughput by dividing arithmetic operations into stages to allow overlapped processing, at the cost of requiring more hardware resources
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It describes how IPv4 addresses are structured, including the network and host parts. It also covers subnet masks and prefix lengths. The document discusses IPv4 address types like unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It explains public and private IP addresses and how NAT is used for routing between private and public networks. The document also covers network segmentation and how subnetting can be used to partition large networks into smaller broadcast domains.
This document discusses various e-technologies including e-business, e-learning, e-government, and digital signatures. E-business involves business transactions carried out electronically and has basic models of B2B, B2C, and C2C. E-learning uses information technologies and computer engineering for education and has platforms like LMS, open source initiatives, and proprietary solutions. E-government aims to improve governance using information technologies to provide integrated public services online, overcome the digital divide, and promote economic development and citizen participation. Digital signatures provide legal validity to electronic documents by finding a mathematical equivalent to a handwritten signature to unambiguously identify document authors.
More Related Content
Similar to vlsisubsystemdesignprocessesandillustration-131101063110-phpapp02.pptx
This document provides an introduction to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language). It discusses what VHDL is used for, including modeling digital systems at different levels of abstraction, design specification, documentation, verification through simulation, test generation, and hardware synthesis. The document outlines the design flow process from initial idea to physical design. It provides examples of modeling behavioral and structural designs in VHDL and using VHDL for register transfer level logic design.
Area Delay Power Efficient and Implementation of Modified Square-Root Carry S...IJTET Journal
Abstract: In VLSI Technology, Carry Propagation Delay is the most important concern for the Adders. Adder is the most unavoidable component for the arithmetic performances. This paper is Modified Square Root-Carry Select Adder (SQRT-CSLA) design reduces the delay with 16 bit adder. Carry select adder have two units for Carry Generation (CG) and Carry Selection (CS). The modified SQRT-CSLA design can gives parallel path for carry propagation. So the overall adder delay has reduced. Modified design is obtained using Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) with Boolean Excess-1 Converter (BEC). BEC produces an output i.e., is an excess one result for given input bits. Then input bits and BEC output is given to multiplexer for carry selection. Use of BEC instead of dual RCA gives efficient carry propagation delay and it consumes the lower power and overall gates using in design is reduced with compared to carry select adder with dual RCA. The final sum is calculated using final sum generation.
Flow of PCB Designing in the manufacturing processSharan kumar
The document outlines the process for PCB design from prototyping to product development. It discusses two main stages: prototyping, which involves researching and validating circuit designs through iterations, and product development, which focuses on finalizing designs for manufacturing. Key steps in product development include researching components, capturing schematics, simulation, board layout, and verification. The goal is to design high quality, efficient PCBs that meet specifications.
This document summarizes a presentation on reconfigurable computing for high-performance systems. It discusses reconfigurable architectures and their motivation in providing flexibility between FPGAs and ASICs. Various types of reconfigurable architectures are classified based on granularity, configuration time, and coupling with host processors. The document also covers designing for high performance, including the evolution of FPGA families, design flows, and considerations when specifying algorithms and developing RTL implementations.
1) Pipeline processing increases computational speed by dividing tasks into sequential steps and allowing multiple tasks to progress through the steps simultaneously.
2) Arithmetic pipelines are used for fixed-point and floating-point operations by dividing the operations, like multiplication, into stages like generating partial products or adding carry bits.
3) Vector and array processors further improve parallelism by performing the same operations on multiple data elements simultaneously using multiple processing units.
Computational steering Interactive Design-through-Analysis for Simulation Sci...SURFevents
The document discusses computational steering and interactive design-through-analysis. It provides a vision of a unified computational framework that allows for rapid prototyping and accurate analysis of engineering designs. This framework would combine physics-informed machine learning for initial design exploration with isogeometric analysis for detailed analysis and optimization. The document then demonstrates some of the key concepts behind isogeometric analysis, including its use of B-spline basis functions to represent geometry, solutions, and right-hand sides, as well as its formulation as an abstract linear system.
The document describes a 4-bit synchronous ALU design project including schematics and layouts. Key components designed were logic gates, a carry lookahead adder, D flip-flop, 4-bit register, and multiplexer. Layouts were extracted and LVS was performed to verify the layouts matched the schematics. Simulation shows the ALU performs 4-bit addition, 2's complement, add-traction, 4-input NAND, 4-input NOR, and 1's complement as required for different input codes.
This document outlines the sections and content for a project on implementing a neural network for digital image recognition in hardware. It includes sections for the network description and architecture, software implementation details in MATLAB, hardware specifications and implementation using Verilog, simulation and testing of the hardware design, and reports on synthesis, placement, routing, and power/timing analysis. The goal is to describe the full workflow from a software model to a synthesized hardware implementation of the neural network on an FPGA, analyzing accuracy and performance.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED CARRY INCREMENT ADDERVLSICS Design
A complex digital circuit comprises of adder as a basic unit. The performance of the circuit depends on the
design of this basic adder unit. The speed of operation of a circuit is one of the important performance
criteria of many digital circuits which ultimately depends on the delay of the basic adder unit. Many
research works have been devoted in improving the delay of the adder circuit. In this paper we have
proposed an improved carry increment adder (CIA) that improves the delay performance of the circuit. The
improvement is achieved by incorporating carry look adder (CLA) in the design of CIA contrary to the
previous design of CIA that employs ripple carry adder (RCA). A simulation study is carried out for
comparative analysis. The coding is done in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and the
simulation is carried out in Xilinx ISE 13.1 environment.
This document describes the design and implementation of a 32-bit ALU using Cadence tools. Verilog code was written for the 32-bit ALU and its 8-bit components. NCVerilog was used to verify the code had no errors. Encounter was used to generate schematics, perform analysis, and implement the design. Virtuoso extracted the layout from the design file. The 32-bit ALU was successfully simulated and the design met timing constraints.
SIMUL8 User Group - Visual8 Case Study - Plywood Manufacturing. SIMUL8 Corporation
The document provides an agenda and overview for a SIMUL8 User Group presentation by Visual8 Corporation. Visual8 is an industrial engineering consulting firm that specializes in simulation modeling. The presentation includes an overview of Visual8, example projects applying SIMUL8 across various industries, a case study of simulating different designs for an automated plywood patching line, and a live SIMUL8 model demonstration. The case study details the project goals, simulation model development process, different layout designs tested through sensitivity analysis, and results identifying Layout 4 with a combined routing and patching robot as the final choice meeting throughput needs within space limitations.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED CARRY INCREMENT ADDERVLSICS Design
A complex digital circuit comprises of adder as a basic unit. The performance of the circuit depends on the design of this basic adder unit. The speed of operation of a circuit is one of the important performance criteria of many digital circuits which ultimately depends on the delay of the basic adder unit. Many research works have been devoted in improving the delay of the adder circuit. In this paper we have
proposed an improved carry increment adder (CIA) that improves the delay performance of the circuit. The improvement is achieved by incorporating carry look adder (CLA) in the design of CIA contrary to the previous design of CIA that employs ripple carry adder (RCA). A simulation study is carried out for comparative analysis. The coding is done in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and the simulation is carried out in Xilinx ISE 13.1 environment.
The document discusses VLSI design automation which involves converting an electrical circuit specification into a geometric layout using computers. The layout consists of geometric shapes in different layers which are used to produce photolithographic masks for fabricating chips. Physical design is the process of converting a circuit into a layout and involves steps like logic design, circuit design and placement and routing of components on the layout. Automation tools help implement the complex physical design process.
solve 6 , quiz 2link of book httpwww.irccyn.ec-nantes.fr~mart.pdfarihantcomputersddn
solve 6 , quiz 2
link of book :http://www.irccyn.ec-
nantes.fr/~martinet/Mobrob/FundamentalsofVehicleDynamics.pdf 122% Document Elements
Tables charts Smart Art Review A Home Layout Paragraph Style Cambria (Body) 12 Aa A
AaBbc AaBbCcDdE Normal No spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Tit Problem 6 Propose a currently
non-commercially available car mechatronics system. Describe the sensors, ac uators and control
system you ntend to use. Explain the purpose of this innovation and specify what the added value
is for the user [i.e why would anyone want to buy it?]. Print Layout View Sec 1 Pages: rds: 32 of
45 Search in Document Aa Text Box Shape Picture Themes 22% O
Solution
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I Use of advanced computer
tools in the product development process is necessary to meet the market needs for fast product
development. I These tools allows for the verification of the design in all phases of the
development process. I Virtual prototypes, I The main drawback of using the computer tools is
that they are mostly limited to specific domains. The main requirement to the computer tools for
mechatronic system design I to apply to the systems from various domains. I to simultaneously
use different system representations (block diagram, physical model, bond graph)
Matuško&Koloni 2 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 CLASSICAL (NON-
MECHATRONIC) OPTIMIZATION I Classical approach to the optimization during the design
process assumes that the parameters of the process, sensors, actuators are known and constant
and only controller parameters are optimized. CONTROLLER PROCESS INTERFACE
SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 3 of 43 MECHATRONICS
SYSTEMS 2014/2015 OPTIMIZATION IN MECHATRONIC SYSTEM I Since the main
characteristic of the mechatronic design approach is simultaneous design of all system
components, the optimization process is performed, not only on the controller parameters but
also on the parameters of the other parts of the system. CONTROLLER PROCESS
INTERFACE SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 4 of 43
MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 MODELS OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I
Physical models, I Bond graphs I Control oriented models I Block diagrams, I Bode diagrams, I
Nyquist diagram, I Sate space models. I Time domain models I Animation I C-code
Matuško&Koloni 5 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 PHYSICAL MODELS I
Physical models describe the system behavior both on functional and structural level, I Model
parameters are real physical parameters, I Generally, physical models are not suitable for the
control system design, I Building such models requires a deep insight into a physical behavior of
the system. Matuško&Koloni 6 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 BOND
GRAPHS I Universal representation of the system behavior, independent of the system nature. I
Based on power flow analysis of the system. I Two quantities that define the system behavior
and power flow within the system (and with its environment).
This document summarizes different types of adders used in digital circuits. It introduces half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders, look ahead carry adders, and carry save adders. Half adders add two bits and produce a sum and carry output. Full adders add three bits. Ripple carry adders are made of cascaded full adders to add multiple bits, with each full adder inputting the carry from the previous stage. Look ahead carry adders reduce delay by calculating carry signals in parallel rather than series. Carry save adders add three bits in parallel and store the carry rather than propagating it to reduce delay.
This document outlines a presentation given at the National Conference on Advances in Process Engineering (CAPE-2013) about Scilab, an open-source computing tool. The presentation covers the basics of Scilab including variables, matrices, functions, control statements, plotting, and file operations. It also describes 12 tutorials that demonstrate key Scilab capabilities like matrix calculations, solving equations of motion, finding polynomial roots, and using loops and conditionals. The goal is to help engineers learn Scilab syntax and programming skills to complement their education.
The document describes the design methodology for an ALU chip controller. It discusses using a carry look-ahead adder to speed up addition and subtraction. The ALU can perform various arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical (AND, OR, XOR) operations. It uses a combinational logic design with multiplexers to select the output. The block diagram shows the main components are a control unit, 16-bit ALU, and memory. The control unit provides signals to control the ALU operations.
VLSI lab manual Part A, VTU 7the sem KIT-tipturPramod Kumar S
This document provides procedures for digital and analog VLSI design experiments using CAD tools. It includes the VLSI design flow, prerequisites for using the tools, verification using simulation, and synthesis. Experiments cover digital logic gates, flip-flops, adders, counters, and analog circuits like inverters, amplifiers, and data converters. The goal is to introduce students to computer-aided design of digital and analog VLSI systems.
This document discusses datapath design and arithmetic operations in computer architecture. It covers:
1) The design of circuits to implement basic fixed-point arithmetic instructions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Multiplication can be done with combinational or sequential circuits using an array of adders, while division is typically sequential using repeated subtraction.
2) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used to process arithmetic and logical instructions and employs a chain of identical 1-bit adders. Coprocessors can provide fast hardware implementations for complex arithmetic functions.
3) Pipeline processing is used to improve processor throughput by dividing arithmetic operations into stages to allow overlapped processing, at the cost of requiring more hardware resources
Similar to vlsisubsystemdesignprocessesandillustration-131101063110-phpapp02.pptx (20)
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It describes how IPv4 addresses are structured, including the network and host parts. It also covers subnet masks and prefix lengths. The document discusses IPv4 address types like unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It explains public and private IP addresses and how NAT is used for routing between private and public networks. The document also covers network segmentation and how subnetting can be used to partition large networks into smaller broadcast domains.
This document discusses various e-technologies including e-business, e-learning, e-government, and digital signatures. E-business involves business transactions carried out electronically and has basic models of B2B, B2C, and C2C. E-learning uses information technologies and computer engineering for education and has platforms like LMS, open source initiatives, and proprietary solutions. E-government aims to improve governance using information technologies to provide integrated public services online, overcome the digital divide, and promote economic development and citizen participation. Digital signatures provide legal validity to electronic documents by finding a mathematical equivalent to a handwritten signature to unambiguously identify document authors.
This document discusses the network layer and IP routing. It begins with an overview of the network layer and its key functions, including addressing devices, encapsulation, routing, and de-encapsulation. It then covers IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers and characteristics, such as IPv4 addressing limitations that IPv6 addresses. The document discusses routing methods on hosts, including how they determine if a destination is local or remote and use a default gateway. It concludes with an introduction to routing, explaining the different types of routes in a router's table, including direct connections, static routes, and dynamic routes learned from routing protocols.
The document provides an overview of IDEF0, a modeling methodology for functional modeling. It discusses what IDEF is, its history and objectives. IDEF0 originated in the 1970s from SADT and was developed to enhance communication around system analysis. The document outlines the IDEF family of modeling methods, including IDEF0 for function modeling. It provides examples of IDEF0 diagrams and describes the basic elements - boxes for activities, and arrows for inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. The document also discusses IDEF0 syntax, semantics and how the diagrams can be decomposed into multiple levels with child and parent diagrams.
Cloud computing allows users to access computing resources like programs and data through the internet. It has characteristics like self-service, universal access, resource pooling and elasticity. Modern infrastructure trends that led to cloud computing include computer productivity growth, multi-core systems, storage area networks, and data center consolidation. Virtualization is a key technology and involves partitioning resources and distributing them across virtual machines. Cloud computing provides infrastructure, platform and software as services and various deployment models.
This document discusses Ethernet switching and MAC address tables on switches. It provides information on Ethernet frames, MAC addressing, and how switches use MAC address tables to learn the ports associated with device MAC addresses to efficiently forward frames to their destinations. The document covers the basic components of Ethernet frames, unicast, broadcast, and multicast MAC addressing, and how switches build and use MAC address tables to associate MAC addresses with switch ports for frame forwarding.
The document discusses the physical layer of computer networks. It describes the functions of the physical layer, which include getting bits across a physical medium and representing digital bits as analog signals. It then covers various data transmission media like copper cables, optical cables, and radio waves. It also discusses communication channel characteristics and different types of physical layer devices.
This document discusses physical layer encoding schemes for transmitting digital data across analog physical mediums. It describes challenges like distinguishing long strings of zeros from an absent signal. Encoding schemes discussed include Non-Return to Zero (NRZ), Non-Return to Zero Inverted (NRZI), 4-bit/5-bit, and Manchester encoding. The physical layer must represent digital bits as analog signals without losing synchronization between the sender and receiver.
This document discusses the physical layer in computer networks. The physical layer is responsible for getting bits across a physical medium and its key challenge is representing digital bits as analog signals. Common data transmission media include cables like coaxial cable, twisted pair, and optical cable as well as wireless technologies that use radio waves or infrared radiation. The physical layer must also deal with characteristics of the communication channel like bandwidth, delay, and errors. Common physical layer devices include hubs, switches, repeaters, bridges, and modems.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including their definition, components, benefits, disadvantages, classifications by geography and role. It defines a computer network as interconnecting two or more computers to enable communication and sharing of resources. The key components are computers, cables, network cards, switches and operating systems. Networks are classified by their geographic scale such as personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks. They can also be classified by their role as either peer-to-peer networks with equal clients and servers, or client-server networks with dedicated server and client computers.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to database systems including the definition of a database, database management systems (DBMS), data models, database classification, data integrity, query optimization, structured query language (SQL), parallel databases, and object-relational mapping (ORM).
2. It provides details on common data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models. It also describes concepts like database architecture, data definition language, data manipulation language, and distributed databases.
3. Control questions are provided at the end to test understanding of database concepts like the difference between a database and data set, components of a database system, and main elements of a database.
The document discusses human-computer interaction and user interfaces, outlining different types of interfaces like command line, graphical, and natural language. It also covers topics like usability, the development process for interfaces, and testing interfaces. Prospects for future interface development include more intuitive, culturally sensitive designs that account for users' mental models formed by observation, experience, and culture.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems, including an overview of computer architecture and hardware/software components. It discusses how computers represent data using binary numbers and different number systems. It also defines different types of computers based on their speed and power, from personal computers to supercomputers. The document outlines the basic components of a computer system, including that the hardware system allows a computer to accept input, process and store data, and produce outputs through both external and internal physical parts. It also explains that software includes operating systems and application programs that allow users to interact with the hardware through a defined architecture.
The document discusses human-computer interaction and user interfaces. It covers the purpose of interfaces in allowing users to control systems and understand system states. It then discusses various types of interfaces like command line, graphical, and natural language interfaces. It also covers topics like usability, mental models of users, and testing of interfaces.
This document discusses various topics related to e-technology including electronic business, e-learning, electronic government, and free and open source software. It defines electronic business as business conducted over the internet and outlines several common e-business models. It also discusses e-learning platforms and electronic textbooks. Electronic government is defined as using technology to provide public services to citizens. The document then covers types of government interactions including government-to-citizen, government-to-business, and government-to-government. It also discusses business incubation and acceleration programs that support startups. Finally, it covers free and open source software, defining the four core freedoms of such software.
The document discusses key topics in information and communication technologies (ICT), including:
1) The main directions of ICT development which are systems of communications, cognitive technologies and robotization, new computer-human interfaces, virtual worlds, smart cities/production/transport, and cloud technologies.
2) Standardization bodies that contribute to ICT standards including ISO, IEC, ITU, and others.
3) How ICT relates to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals through principles like adaptability, ease of use, and accessibility.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
2. • Objectives:
– Design consideration, problem and solution
– Design processes
• Basic digital processor structure
• Datapath
• Bus Architecture
– Design 4 – bit shifter
– Design of ALU subsystem
– Adders
– Multipliers
INTRODUCTION
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
3. ➢
➢
➢
Lower unit cost
Higher reliability
Lower power dissipation, lower weight and
lower volume
Better performance
Enhanced repeatability
Possibility of reduced design/development
periods
➢
➢
➢
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
4. SOME PROBLEMS
1. How to design complex systems in a
reasonable time & with reasonable effort.
2. The nature of architectures best suited to take
full advantage of VLSI and the technology.
3. The testability of large/complex systems
once implemented on silicon.
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
5. • Problem 1 & 3 are greatly reduced if two
aspects of standard practices are accepted:
1. a) Top-down design approach with adequate CAD tools to
do the job
b) Partitioning the system sensibly
c) Aiming for simple interconnections
d) High regularity within subsystem
e) Generate and then verify each section of the design.
2. Devote significant portion of total chip area to test and
diagnostic facility
3. Select architectures that allow design objectives and high
regularity in realization
SOME SOLUTIONS
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
6. •
•
Structured design begins with the concept of hierarchy
It is possible to divide any complex function into less
complex subfunctions that is up to leaf cells
Process is known as top-down design
As a systems complexity increases, its organization changes
as different factors become relevant to its creation
Coupling can be used as a measure of how much submodels
interact
It is crucial that components interacting with high frequency
be physically proximate, since one may pay severe penalties
for long, high-bandwidth interconnects
Concurrency should be exploited – it is desirable that all
gates on the chip do useful work most of the time
Because technology changes so fast, the adaptation to a new
process must occur in a short time.
•
•
•
•
•
•
ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
7. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
Approaches used at Different Stages
➢
➢
➢
➢
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
Conventional circuit symbols
Logic symbols
Stick diagram
Any mixture of logic symbols and stick
diagram that is convenient at a stage
Mask layouts
Architectural block diagrams and floor plans
➢
➢
8. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.1: Basic digital processor structure
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
9. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.2: Communication strategy for the datapath
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
10. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.3: Subunits and basic interconnection for datapath
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
11. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.4: One bus architecture
Sequence:
1. 1st operand from registers to ALU. Operand is stored there.
2. 2nd operand from register to ALU and added.
3. Result is passed through shifter and stored in the register
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
12. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.5: Two bus architecture
Sequence:
1. Two operands (A & B) are sent from register(s) to ALU & are operated upon, result (S) in ALU.
2. Result is passed through the shifter & stored in registers.
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
13. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.6: Three bus architecture
Sequence:
Two operands (A & B) are sent from registers, operated upon, and shifted result (S) returned to
another register, all in same clock period.
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
14. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Figure 6.7: Tentative floor plan for 4 – bit datapath
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
15. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
General Arrangement of 4-bit
Arithmetic Processor
Points to be noted for design:
✓Metal can cross poly or diffusion
✓Poly crossing diffusion form a transistor
✓Whenever lines touch on the same level an interconnection is formed
✓Simple contacts can be used to join diffusion or poly to metal
✓Buried contacts or a butting contacts can be used to join diffusion
and poly
✓Some processes use 2nd metal
✓1st and 2nd metal layers may be joined using a via
✓Each layer has particular electrical properties which must be taken
into account
✓For CMOS layouts, p-and n-diffusion wires must not directly join
each other
✓Nor may they cross either a p-well or an n-well boundary
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
16. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
Design of a 4-bit Shifter
Any general purpose n-bit shifter should be able to
shift incoming data by up to (n – 1) place in a right-
shift or left-shift direction.
Further specifying that all shifts should be on an
end-around basis, so that any bit shifted out at one
end of a data word will be shifted in at the other end
of the word, then the problem of right shift or left
shift is greatly eased.
The shifter must have:
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
input from a four line parallel data bus
four output lines for the shifted data
means of transferring input data to output lines with any
shift from 0 to 3 bits
17. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
Design of a 4-bit Shifter
Figure 6.8: 4 X 4 crossbar switch using MOS
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
18. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
Design of a 4-bit Shifter
Figure 6.9: 4 X 4 barrel shifter
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
19. ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES
Summary of Design Processes
Set out the specifications
Partition the architecture into subsystems
Set a tentative floor plan
Determine the interconnects
Choose layers for the bus & control lines
Conceive a regular architecture
Develop stick diagram
Produce mask layouts for standard cell
Cascade & replicate standard cells as required to complete
the design
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
20. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Figure 6.10: 4-bit data path for processor
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
21. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
• Design of 4-bit adder:
From the table one
form of the equation is:
Sum
Sk = HkCk-l’ + Hk’Ck-1
New carry
Ck = AkBk + HkCk-1
Where Half sum
Hk = Ak’Bk + AkBk’
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
22. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Adder element requirement:
•
Table reveals that the adder requirement may be stated as:
If
Else
Ak = Bk then
Sk = Ck-l’
Sk = Ck-1
And for the carry Ck
If
Else
Ak = Bk
Ck = Ck-l
then Ck = Ak = Bk
Thus the standard adder element for 1-bit is as shown in the figure 6.11
Figure 6.11: Adder element
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
23. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Adder element requirement:
•
Figure 6.12: Multiplexer based adder
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
24. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Adder element requirement:
•
Figure 6.13: CMOS based adder
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
25. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Standard cells required for adder:
•
Figure 6.14: Multiplexer cell with or without cut
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
26. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Standard cells required for adder:
•
Figure 6.15: NMOS (butting contact) inverters
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
27. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Standard cells required for adder:
•
Figure 6.16: NMOS (buried contact) inverters
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
28. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Standard cells required for adder:
•
Figure 6.17: CMOS inverter design
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
29. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Adder element bounding box:
•
Figure 6.18: Approximate bounding box and floor plan for CMOS adder element
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
30. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Adder element bounding box:
•
Figure 6.19: 4-bit adder element
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
31. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Implementing ALU functions with an adder:
The adder equations are:
•
Sum
New carry
Half sum
Sk = HkCk-l’ + Hk’Ck-1
Ck = AkBk + Hk Ck-1
Hk = Ak’Bk + Ak Bk’
Let us consider the sum output, if the previous carry is at logical 0, then
Sk = Hk. 1 + Hk’. 0
Sk = Hk = Ak’Bk + Ak Bk’ – An Ex-or operation
Now, if Ck-1 is logically 1, then
Sk = Hk. 0 + Hk’. 1
Sk = Hk’ – An Ex-Nor operation
Next, consider the carry output of each element, first Ck-1 is held at logical 0, then
Ck = AkBk + Hk . 0
Ck = AkBk - An And operation
Now if Ck-1 is at logical 1, then
Ck = AkBk + Hk . 1
On solving UNITC
–V
I
=S
U
AB
S
+Y
T
BE
M-
D
E
A
S
n
I
G
O
NrP
R
oO
pC
eE
raS
tS
iE
oS
nA
N
D
ILLUSTRATION
32. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Design of an ALU Subsystem
Implementing ALU functions with an adder:
•
Figure 6.20: 1-bit adder element and 4-bit ALU
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
33. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Generation:
• This principle of generation allows the system
advantage of the occurrences “Ak=Bk”.
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
to take
Propagation:
Ak+1... Ak+p
• If we are able to localize a chain of bits Ak and Bk
Bk+1... Bk+pfor which Aknot equal to Bkfor k in [k, k+p], then the
output carry bit of this chain will be equal to the input carry bit
of the chain.
These remarks constitute the principle of generation and
propagation used to speed the addition of two numbers.
All adders which use this principle calculate in a first stage.
Pk= Ak XOR Bk
Gk= Ak Bk
•
•
35. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Figure 6.22: Manchester carry-chain element
•
Further Consideration of Adder
The Manchester Carry Chain:
• If the carry path is precharged to
VDD, the transmission gate is then
reduced to a simple NMOS
transistor.
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
• In the same way the PMOS
transistors of the carry generation
is removed.
• The Manchester cell is very fast,
but a large set of such cascaded
cells would be slow due to the
body effect making
distributed RC effect and the
the
propagation time grow with the
square of the number of cells.
36. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
The Manchester Carry Chain:
Figure 6.23: Cascaded Manchester carry-chain elements with buffering
•
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
37. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry select adders:
Figure 6.24: Carry select adder structure
•
–
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
38. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry select adders:
Figure 6.25: Carry select adder structure (6-bit)
•
–
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
39. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
– Carry select adders:
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
•
Optimization of the carry select adder:
•
•
• Computational time
T = k1n
k1 – delay through one adder cell
Dividing the adder into blocks with 2 parallel paths
T = k1n/2 + k2
k2 – time needed by multiplexer of next block to select actual output carry
For a n-bit adder of M-blocks and each block contains P adder cells in series so
that
T = Pk1 + (M – 1) k2 ;
n = M.P minimum value for T is when M= (k1n / k2 )1/2
40. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry skip adders:
•
–
Figure 6.26: Carry skip adder structure
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
41. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry skip adders:
•
–
Figure 6.27: Carry skip adder structure
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
42. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry skip adders:
•
–
Figure 6.28: Carry skip adder structure (24-bit)
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
43. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
• Adder Enhancement Techniques:
– Carry skip adders:
Optimization of the carry skip adder:
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
•
•
•
• Let us formalize that the total adder is made of N adder cells. It contains M
blocks of P adder cells. The total of adder cells is then
N = M.P
The time T needed by the carry signal to propagate through P adder cells is
T = k1.P
The time T' needed by the carry signal to skip through M adder blocks is
T‘ = k2.M
The problem to solve is to minimize the worst case delay which is:
Tworst = 2(P – 1).k1 + (M – 2)
where P = n/M
• T is minimum when M = (2n.k1/k2)1/2
44. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
• Adder Enhancement Techniques:
– Carry skip adders:
Optimization of the carry skip adder:
Figure 6.29: Worst case carry propagation carry skip adder
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
45. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
• Adder Enhancement Techniques:
– Carry skip adders:
Optimization of the carry skip adder:
Figure 6.30: Block propagation carry skip adder
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
46. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.31: Carry look-ahead adder structure
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
47. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.32: Carry look-ahead and ripple through compromise
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
48. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.33: 4-bit Carry look-ahead adder unit
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
49. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.34: 16-bit, 4X4 block Carry look-ahead adder unit
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
50. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.35: Generation of carry out (from 4-bits and carry in)
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION
51. COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS
Further Consideration of Adder
Adder Enhancement Techniques:
Carry look-ahead (CLA) adders:
•
–
Figure 6.36: Four-cell Manchester carry-chain
UNIT – VI SUBSYTEM DESIGN PROCESSES AND ILLUSTRATION