SIEWIRE - Tool To Create DCS Wiring DiagramsDisha Bedi
SIEWIRE is a Tool To Create DCS(Distributed Control System) Wiring Diagrams I developed during my 2 years of Experience at Siemens Ltd. The tool is a pure work of innovation and hard work and has been implemented in Siemens projects - TATA Trombay, NTPC Korba , Korea Electric Power Corporation Samcheonpo and has managed to save considerable amount of engineering hours and money. I also won an Award for Best Graduate Trainee Engineer Project Presentation for this project.
SIEWIRE - Tool To Create DCS Wiring DiagramsDisha Bedi
SIEWIRE is a Tool To Create DCS(Distributed Control System) Wiring Diagrams I developed during my 2 years of Experience at Siemens Ltd. The tool is a pure work of innovation and hard work and has been implemented in Siemens projects - TATA Trombay, NTPC Korba , Korea Electric Power Corporation Samcheonpo and has managed to save considerable amount of engineering hours and money. I also won an Award for Best Graduate Trainee Engineer Project Presentation for this project.
Software_effort_estimation for Software engineering.pdfsnehan789
calculating software effort estimation for subjects like software engineering and software project management all according to your college preference on the subject
Revit MEP is a unified tool for design, analysis, and certification of building systems projects. Multisoft Virtual Academy introduced all basic and advanced concept related to Building Information Modeling (BIM) solution in the online classes that can be leveraged from the primary stage of concept through construction.
For more info visit: http://www.multisoftvirtualacademy.com/cad-cam-cae/revit-mep-online-training
solve 6 , quiz 2link of book httpwww.irccyn.ec-nantes.fr~mart.pdfarihantcomputersddn
solve 6 , quiz 2
link of book :http://www.irccyn.ec-
nantes.fr/~martinet/Mobrob/FundamentalsofVehicleDynamics.pdf 122% Document Elements
Tables charts Smart Art Review A Home Layout Paragraph Style Cambria (Body) 12 Aa A
AaBbc AaBbCcDdE Normal No spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Tit Problem 6 Propose a currently
non-commercially available car mechatronics system. Describe the sensors, ac uators and control
system you ntend to use. Explain the purpose of this innovation and specify what the added value
is for the user [i.e why would anyone want to buy it?]. Print Layout View Sec 1 Pages: rds: 32 of
45 Search in Document Aa Text Box Shape Picture Themes 22% O
Solution
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I Use of advanced computer
tools in the product development process is necessary to meet the market needs for fast product
development. I These tools allows for the verification of the design in all phases of the
development process. I Virtual prototypes, I The main drawback of using the computer tools is
that they are mostly limited to specific domains. The main requirement to the computer tools for
mechatronic system design I to apply to the systems from various domains. I to simultaneously
use different system representations (block diagram, physical model, bond graph)
Matuško&Koloni 2 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 CLASSICAL (NON-
MECHATRONIC) OPTIMIZATION I Classical approach to the optimization during the design
process assumes that the parameters of the process, sensors, actuators are known and constant
and only controller parameters are optimized. CONTROLLER PROCESS INTERFACE
SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 3 of 43 MECHATRONICS
SYSTEMS 2014/2015 OPTIMIZATION IN MECHATRONIC SYSTEM I Since the main
characteristic of the mechatronic design approach is simultaneous design of all system
components, the optimization process is performed, not only on the controller parameters but
also on the parameters of the other parts of the system. CONTROLLER PROCESS
INTERFACE SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 4 of 43
MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 MODELS OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I
Physical models, I Bond graphs I Control oriented models I Block diagrams, I Bode diagrams, I
Nyquist diagram, I Sate space models. I Time domain models I Animation I C-code
Matuško&Koloni 5 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 PHYSICAL MODELS I
Physical models describe the system behavior both on functional and structural level, I Model
parameters are real physical parameters, I Generally, physical models are not suitable for the
control system design, I Building such models requires a deep insight into a physical behavior of
the system. Matuško&Koloni 6 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 BOND
GRAPHS I Universal representation of the system behavior, independent of the system nature. I
Based on power flow analysis of the system. I Two quantities that define the system behavior
and power flow within the system (and with its environment).
While Autodesk was pushing a transformative method developing AutoCAD, a enlightened upstart called Revit, entered the market. Parametric-driven plan programming was not new, but slightly Revit brought a database approach where 2D, 3D, or calendar gets all refresh as single database mechanisms. Likewise new was the idea of the family reader where clients could outline and tweak mechanisms for their own particular utilize. It didn't take ache for Autodesk to buy Revit and announce it their "lead" for the compositional market.
For more info visit: https://www.multisoftvirtualacademy.com/cad-cam-cae/revit-mep-online-training
Software_effort_estimation for Software engineering.pdfsnehan789
calculating software effort estimation for subjects like software engineering and software project management all according to your college preference on the subject
Revit MEP is a unified tool for design, analysis, and certification of building systems projects. Multisoft Virtual Academy introduced all basic and advanced concept related to Building Information Modeling (BIM) solution in the online classes that can be leveraged from the primary stage of concept through construction.
For more info visit: http://www.multisoftvirtualacademy.com/cad-cam-cae/revit-mep-online-training
solve 6 , quiz 2link of book httpwww.irccyn.ec-nantes.fr~mart.pdfarihantcomputersddn
solve 6 , quiz 2
link of book :http://www.irccyn.ec-
nantes.fr/~martinet/Mobrob/FundamentalsofVehicleDynamics.pdf 122% Document Elements
Tables charts Smart Art Review A Home Layout Paragraph Style Cambria (Body) 12 Aa A
AaBbc AaBbCcDdE Normal No spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Tit Problem 6 Propose a currently
non-commercially available car mechatronics system. Describe the sensors, ac uators and control
system you ntend to use. Explain the purpose of this innovation and specify what the added value
is for the user [i.e why would anyone want to buy it?]. Print Layout View Sec 1 Pages: rds: 32 of
45 Search in Document Aa Text Box Shape Picture Themes 22% O
Solution
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I Use of advanced computer
tools in the product development process is necessary to meet the market needs for fast product
development. I These tools allows for the verification of the design in all phases of the
development process. I Virtual prototypes, I The main drawback of using the computer tools is
that they are mostly limited to specific domains. The main requirement to the computer tools for
mechatronic system design I to apply to the systems from various domains. I to simultaneously
use different system representations (block diagram, physical model, bond graph)
Matuško&Koloni 2 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 CLASSICAL (NON-
MECHATRONIC) OPTIMIZATION I Classical approach to the optimization during the design
process assumes that the parameters of the process, sensors, actuators are known and constant
and only controller parameters are optimized. CONTROLLER PROCESS INTERFACE
SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 3 of 43 MECHATRONICS
SYSTEMS 2014/2015 OPTIMIZATION IN MECHATRONIC SYSTEM I Since the main
characteristic of the mechatronic design approach is simultaneous design of all system
components, the optimization process is performed, not only on the controller parameters but
also on the parameters of the other parts of the system. CONTROLLER PROCESS
INTERFACE SENSOR OPTIMIZATION + - yR(t) y(t) Matuško&Koloni 4 of 43
MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 MODELS OF MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS I
Physical models, I Bond graphs I Control oriented models I Block diagrams, I Bode diagrams, I
Nyquist diagram, I Sate space models. I Time domain models I Animation I C-code
Matuško&Koloni 5 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 PHYSICAL MODELS I
Physical models describe the system behavior both on functional and structural level, I Model
parameters are real physical parameters, I Generally, physical models are not suitable for the
control system design, I Building such models requires a deep insight into a physical behavior of
the system. Matuško&Koloni 6 of 43 MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS 2014/2015 BOND
GRAPHS I Universal representation of the system behavior, independent of the system nature. I
Based on power flow analysis of the system. I Two quantities that define the system behavior
and power flow within the system (and with its environment).
While Autodesk was pushing a transformative method developing AutoCAD, a enlightened upstart called Revit, entered the market. Parametric-driven plan programming was not new, but slightly Revit brought a database approach where 2D, 3D, or calendar gets all refresh as single database mechanisms. Likewise new was the idea of the family reader where clients could outline and tweak mechanisms for their own particular utilize. It didn't take ache for Autodesk to buy Revit and announce it their "lead" for the compositional market.
For more info visit: https://www.multisoftvirtualacademy.com/cad-cam-cae/revit-mep-online-training
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. SUBJECT: ME6501 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
YEAR / DEPT: III / MECH
UNIT I –FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Product cycle- Design process- sequential and
concurrent engineering- computer aided design –
6.cad system architecture- computer graphics – co-
ordinate systems- 2d and 3d transformations-
homogeneous coordinates – line drawing -clipping-
viewing transformation
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
1
2. 1.PRODUCT CYCLE
• Need identification
through Customers
demand and
market demand
Need
• Synthesis
• Analysis
Design process
• Process planning
• Procurement
• programming
Manufacturing
process
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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5. DESIGN PROCESS
Starts from customers
and markets.
Synthesis & analysis
The detailed design of
the product is drafted.
Process plan.
production schedule will
be prepared
quality testing and
delivery to the customer
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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Philosophy,
functionality and
uniqueness
Synthesis
Conceptual
design
Analysis
Performance
analysis
Design modeling
& Simulation
What if ?
7. Introductory Stage
• High failure rates
• Little competition
• Frequent product modification
• Limited distribution
• High marketing and production
costs
• Negative profits
• Promotion focuses on awareness
and information
• Intensive personal selling to
channels
Full-Scale Launch
of New Products
8. • Increasing rate of sales
• Entrance of competitors
• Market consolidation
• Initial healthy profits
• Promotion emphasizes brand ads
• Goal is wider distribution
• Prices normally fall
• Development costs are recovered
Offered in more
sizes,
flavors, options
Growth stage
9. • Declining sales growth
• Saturated markets
• Extending product line
• Stylistic product changes
• Heavy promotions to dealers and consumers
• Marginal competitors drop out
• Prices and profits fall
• Niche marketers emerge
Many consumer
products are in
Maturity Stage
Maturity Stage
10. • Long-run drop in sales
• Large inventories of
unsold items
• Elimination of all nonessential
marketing expenses
Rate of decline depends on
change in tastes or
adoption of substitute products
Decline Stage
21. Design refinement:
• Several of better preliminary ideas are
selected for further refinement.
• Rough sketches are converted to scale
drawings
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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22. Analysis
• A product must be analyzed to determine its
acceptance by the market before it is released
for production.
• It involves the evaluation of best designs
• general areas of analysis are
(a) Functional analysis.
(b) Human engineering.
(c) Market and product analysis.
(d) Specification analysis.
(e) Strength analysis.
(f) Economic analysis.
(g) Model analysis. IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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24. 3. SEQUENTIAL ENGINEERING
•In the process planning phase, manufacturing instructions are given based on the
method of manufacturing, decoded in the design phase.
•Activities are carried out one after the other. Each phase/activities there is no
interaction between them.
•Over Wall approach. Because Each department complete work and throw to
next There is no interaction i.e. there is a communication barrier between
each department.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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25. 4. CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Co-operate work between design and manufacturing and
other specialists has to be made. This is known as Concurrent
Engineering or Simultaneous Engineering.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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27. Advantage of concurrent engineering:
1.The design decisions - taken by a team of multi
disciplinary experts.
2. Changes and modifications -product design -faster.
3. Shorter lead time -activities related to product design
and Developments -carried out simultaneously.
4. Higher quality.
5. In sequential engineering the number of modifications –
distributed throughout the product development cycle.
concurrent engineering number of
Changes/modifications -maximum at the beginning
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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28. Characteristics of Concurrent Engineering
1. Product responsibilities lie on team of multi disciplinary
group.
2. Integration of design, process planning and production.
3. Product lead time will be less, because cross-functional
activities are started simultaneously.
4. Most of the modification changes are carried in the
planning stage itself.
5. Frequent review of design and development process.
6. Rapid prototyping.
7. More attention will be given to satisfy the customer needs
and to include newer technologies in product development.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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29. ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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Geometric modeling
Engineering Analysis
Design Review and
Analysis
Automated Drafting
31. • CAD
– Linkage analysis
– Dynamic & Kinematic analysis
– Design of Machine elements
– Form/shape design of graphic terminals
– Finite element analysis
– Heat transfer problems
– Design of Tools , Dies and fixtures
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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32. • CAPM
– Material and inventory control
– Plant lay out
– Pay roll
– Process lay out
– CAPP
– Project analysis (PERT/CPM)
– Group technology
– Computer aided Scheduling
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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33. • CAM
– CNC of machine tools
– Programming/computer aided production of parts
– Graphic simulation of cutter path
– FMS
– Computer controlled CMM/inspection
– Computerised tool selection
– Robotics
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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34. • CAD (Computer aided drafting)
– 2D drafting of parts
– Assembly of parts
– 3D models
– 3D Shaded images
– Wire frame models
– Hydraulic circuits
– Electrical and electronic circuits
– Animations
– Graphs
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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36. COMPUTER GRAPHICS
The most common graphics output device is standard cathode ray tube
(CRT)
b) Random Scan
c) Raster Scan
Color CRT Monitors
Direct-View Storage Tubes (DVST-Stores the picture information -a charge
distribution -behind
Light-emitting Diode (LED)- In LED, a matrix of diodes is arranged -form the
pixel positions
Liquid-crystal Displays (LCDs)- produce picture -passing polarized light e
through a liquid
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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38. b) Raster Scan
• The viewing screen is divided into a large number of discrete
phosphor picture elements, called pixels.
• The matrix of pixels constitutes the raster.
• Might typically range from 256X256 to 1024X1024.
• Each pixel - screen -glow with a different brightness. Color
screen provide for the pixels -different colors & brightness.
• In a raster-scan system, the electron beam is swept across the
screen, one row at a time from top to bottom.
• The beam intensity -turned on and off - create pattern of
illuminated spots.
• Picture definition -stored -memory area -refresh buffer or
frame buffer. IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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40. (c) Random Scan
• Random scan system uses an electron beam -
operates like a pencil -create a line image on the CRT.
• The image is constructed - sequence of straight line
segments.
• Each line segment is drawn on the screen by
directing the beam is defined by its X and Y
coordinates
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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42. Color CRT Monitors
• Beam Penetration Method--electron beam
penetrates into the phosphor layers.
• Shadow Mask Method -One phosphor dot
emits a red light, another emits a green light,
and the third emits a blue light.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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43. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
Model coordinate system(MCS)
Working coordinate system (WCS)
Screen coordinate system (SCS)
Model coordinate system (MCS)-Reference space –model-MCS
displayed –computer screen
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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44. • Origin arbitrary selected-MCS orthogonal
plane &model views to be understood.
• Two possible orientation –
• XY planes in horizontal model in top view-
front view XZ-Right side view YZ
• XY plane front view-XZ plane top view-YZ right
side view
Model coordinate system (MCS)…
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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45. Working coordinate system(WCS)
MCS –difficult to define inclined model-
convenient to define WCS-Cartesian
coordinate system-XY plane coincides with
plane of construction-Can be established at
any position in space. CAD software
transforms WCS to MCS before storing data
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
45
46. Screen coordinate system (SCS)-SCS is defined as 2D
device –origin fixed at the left corner of graphics display-
aspect ratio and type of device (Raster) determine the
range of SCS- used in view related clicks. A 1024 display has
range of (0,0) to ((1024,1024)- center of coordinates
(512,512)-Normalized SCS can also be used range from (0,0)
to (1,1)-Third method drawing size that user defines.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
46
47. 2D AND 3D TRANSFORMATIONS
• 2D transformation of primitives
4 main types
• Translations
• Scaling
• Rotation
• Shearing
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
47
48. Translations
Point at (x,y)=(2,1)- Translate 3 units right and
1 unit up -(x',y') = (5,2) : (x',y') = (x+3,y+1).
Matrix/Vector Representation of Translations
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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49. Scaling
Suppose we want to double the size of a 2-D
object.- scaling along each dimension-For e.g.
triangle have been doubled in both width and
height.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
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50. Rotation
• Consider rotation of a point (x,y) with respect
to origin in the anti clock wise direction. Let
(x’, y’) be the new point after rotation and let
the angular displacement (ie. Angle of
rotation) be θ
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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51. Shear
• In x direction
In x direction
In y direction
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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52. HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES
Complex transformation- combining basic
transformations- Homogeneous coordinates (HC) add
an extra virtual dimension.- 2D HC are actually 3D and
3D HC are 4D. 2D point p = (x,y)- In HC, p= (x,y,1)- An
extra coordinate 1 added - represent translations as
matrix multiplication instead of as vector addition.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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53. Composite transformation
• Translations:
If two successive translation vectors (t,x1, tyl)
and (tx2,ty2) are applied to a coordinate
position P, the final transformed location P' is
calculated as
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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58. 3D transformations
(i) Perspective transformation.
(ii) Brightness modulation
(iii) Hidden line removal
(iv) Hidden surface removal
(v) Shading
(vi) Movement
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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59. (i) Perspective transformation
Perspective projection is often used for pictorial
projection of large objects. This enhances the
realism of displayed image by providing the viewer
with a sense of depth. Perspective projection is
used to represent an object that is so large. In
perspective projection the projections converge to
the eye. Therefore it may be generated by first
transforming points to the eye co-ordinate system
using a parallel viewing transformation.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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60. (ii) Brightness modulation
Generally parts of the picture near to the
observer are bright while those far away are
dim. During construction of drawing, the
maximum and minimum z co-ordinates are
noted. The z region is the divided into n number
of regions. There are n numbers of visible
brightness levels available in the display system.
The picture is displayed with the appropriate
intensity of brightness along z axis
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
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61. (iii) Hidden line removal
It is also called visible surface determination. It is more
generally an image space process. In this process, an
image of an object is generated at a particular resolution
by manipulating pixels on a raster display, exploding the
ability of raster devices to display shaded areas. A wide
variety of algorithms exists. They include the z-buffer
algorithm, Watkin’s algorithm, Wamock’s algorithm and
Painter’s algorithm
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
61
63. DDA algorithm
Straight line form the basis for the display of all types
of shapes.
The computer must be able to pick up a number of
other pixels that should be illuminated in addition to
the two end pixels
A popular method uses an algorithm known as the
“Symmetric digital differential analyzer” (DDA).
For a like segment joining two points P1 & P2 a
parametric representation is
u
P
P
p
u
p )
1
2
(
1
)
(
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
63
64. Bresenham’s Algorithm.
In this method, developed by Jack Bresenham,
we look at just the center of the pixels. We
determine d1 and d2 which is the "error", i.e.,
the difference from the "true line."
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
64
65. Parametric Equation
Consider u- parameter varies from 0 to 1
P1 is initial point and p2 is the Final point
The above equation defines a line by the
end points p1 and p2 whose associated
parametric values are 0 to 1.
IFETCE/MECH/III YEAR/V
SEM/ME6501/CAD/PPT-VER 1.0
65
69. 9. CLIPPING
Line Clipping-process of removing lines or
portions of lines outside of an area of interest.
Clipping Individual Points-x coordinate
boundaries Xmin and Xmax-y coordinate
boundaries are Ymin and Ymax, inequalities
must be satisfied for a point at (X,Y) to be inside
the clipping rectangle. Xmin < X < Xmax and
Ymin < Y < Ymax.
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71. Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping-The algorithm extends window
boundaries to define 9 regions
top-left, top-center, top-right, center-left, center, center-right,
bottom-left, bottom-center, and bottom-right.- (LRBT) for these
four bits
Step1: Compute 4-bit out codes LRBT0 and LRBT1 for each end-
point.
Step2: If both outcodes are 0000, the trivially visible case-
outcodes yields 0000.
Step 3: If both outcodes have 1's in the same bit position- the
trivially invisible case-outcodes is not 0000.
Step 4: the indeterminate case line partially visible or not visible-
compute the intersection of the line with the appropriate
window edges.
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72. Liang-Barsky Line Clipping-uses floating-point arithmetic but finds the appropriate
end points with at most four computations-uses the parametric equations for a line
and solves four inequalities-
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73. 1. Set tmin=0 and tmax=1
2. Calculate the values of tL, tR, tT, and tB (tvalues).
• if t<tmin or t>tmax ignore it and go to the next edge to otherwise
classify the t value as entering or exiting value (using inner
product to classify)
• if t is entering value set tmin=t ; if t is exiting value set tmax=t
1. If tmin<tmax then draw a line from (x1 + dx*tmin, y1 + dy*tmin)
to (x1 +dx*tmax, y1 + dy*tmax)
2. If the line crosses over the window, you will see (x1 + dx*tmin,
y1 + dy*tmin)and (x1 + dx*tmax, y1 + dy*tmax) are intersection
between line and edge
Liang-Barsky Line Clipping-Algorithm
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74. 10. VIEWING TRANSFORMATION
2D primitives
Vector generation-to use sufficient display lines for the
curve to appear smooth.- The number needed is
controlled by the display tolerance, lines are drawn
between points on the normal curve shape, and
therefore the permissible deviation is inside the curve
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77. (II) WINDOWING AND VIEWING TRANSFORMATION-
It is necessary to view only a portion of the drawing in the full
screen if the drawing is very large and too crowded in the
screen.- Different part of the drawing can thus be selected for
viewing by placing the windows-The window is an imaginary
rectangular frame or boundary through which the user looks
onto the model. The viewpoint is the area on the screen in which
the contents of the window are to be displayed as an image.
Shown in Fig
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78. Clipping transformation
Clipping is the process of determining the visible
portion of a drawing lying within a window and
discarding the rest.
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79. Reflection transformation-Reflection or mirror
transformation is useful in constructing
symmetric models.
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80. Zooming
Zooming transformation is useful for getting
magnified view or enlarged view of particular
part of the drawing. Zooming = Scaling +
translation + Clipping
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81. Panning- The panning transformation is used to move
the screen across the work page. i.e. it is used to shift a
drawing across the screen as if it were moving window.
Transmitting information on a network - It is used to
transfer the data from one device to another. For this
purpose the data must be encoded using a protocol.
Graphics libraries- These graphic libraries are used to
avoid unnecessary repeated programs when
programming the operation described above.
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