This document discusses vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts to promote chemical reactions in the body. They are obtained through foods like fruits, vegetables, and supplements. There are 9 water-soluble vitamins including all B vitamins and vitamin C, and 4 fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K. Each vitamin serves important functions, and deficiencies can lead to conditions like rickets, scurvy, or anemia. Maintaining a varied diet with fruits and vegetables is important to obtain necessary vitamins.

1. VITAMINS
KANZA SALEEM

2. The term vitamin is derived from the words vital and amine , because
vitamins are required for life and were originally thought to be amines.
Vitamins are complex organic substances necessary to our diet in small
amounts to promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes
(growth, reproduction, and health maintenance) carried out In the human
body.
Vitamins are called micro nutrients because they are needed in only
very small quantities.

3. Where are vitamins found?
We gain most of our vitamins through the food and drink we eat, but we can also
obtain vitamins in supplement form. Some examples would be a high level of
vitamins C found in oranges and various other citrus fruits.
Vegetables are also a good source of naturally occurring vitamins, which is why it
pays to have a varied diet to allow for a wide range of nutrients to be absorbed by
the body.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
Water soluble
• They can dissolve in water solutions
• These are readily excreted from the body
• There are 9 water soluble vitamins
1. Vitamin B1
2. Vitamin B2
3. Vitamin B6
4. Vitamin B12
5. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
6. Folic acid
7. Niacin
8. Biotin
9. Pantothenic acid
Fat soluble
• They can dissolve in lipids solutions
• These are absorbed through intestinal track
with the help of lipids
• There are 4 fat soluble vitamins
1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin D
3. Vitamin E
4. Vitamin K

5. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Functions:
• Maintains healthy eyes and skin
• Normal bone growth and reproduction
• Healthy immune system
Deficiency:
Night blindness, dry rough skin
Sources:
• Fat containing animal food( butter
,cream, cheese ,egg yolk)
• Carrots, spinach , sweet potatoes
VITAMIN D
Also known as “sunshine vitamin”.
Functions:
• Promotes calcium and phosphorous
absorption in the body
Deficiency:
• Rickets (children)
• Osteomalacia(adults )
Sources:
• Sunlight
• Food sources(milk , fish, liver oil...etc)

6. How night blindness occur Effect of Rickets on bones

7. VITAMIN E
Functions:
• Antioxidant(substances that fight off free
radicals in the body)
• Enhances immune system
Deficiency:
Serious neurological defects can occur from
malabsorption
Sources:
• Vegetable oils ( corn , sun flower, cotton
seed etc)
• Wheat germ , nuts and green leafy
vegetables
VITAMIN K
Functions:
• Formation of prothrombin for blood clotting
• Candidates likely to receive vitamin k
1. Newborns immediately after birth
2. After extensive antibiotic therapy
Deficiency:
• Defective blood coagulation, which
increases clotting time and makes client
prone to haemorrhage
Sources:
• Green leafy vegetables
• Dairy products

8. VITAMIN B1 (thiamine)
Functions:
Essential for nerve and muscle action, and
metabolism of carbohydrates and some
amino acids.
Deficiency:
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• nervous irritability
Sources:
• Unrefined and enriched cereals
• Wheat germs
• legumes
• VITAMIN B2 (riboflavin)
Functions:
• It is a part of two co enzyme (FAD) and
(FMN) which are oxidizing agent.
• Helps in the production of healthy red
blood cells.
Deficiency:
• Anemia
• Swollen and dark tongue
Sources:
• Cereal, nuts
• milk
• eggs
• green leafy vegetables
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

10. • VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN)
Functions:
• It prevents development of pellagra
• Plays an important role in coenzyme NAD, which is
very important in metabolism
Deficiency:
• Leads to pellagra
• Muscular weakness
• Indigestion
Sources:
• Dairy
• Poultry
• Fish
• Nuts
• eggs
• VITAMIN B6 (pyridoxine)
Functions:
• Maintains healthy brain functions
• Helps in formation of red blood cells
• The break down of protein and synthesis of
antibodies
Deficiency:
• Weakness
• Sleeplessness
• Personalities changes
Sources:
• Beans
• Legumes
• Fish
• Bread
• cereals

11. pellagra

12. BIOTIN
Functions:
Participates in reaction in which carbon dioxide
is added to a compound
Deficiency:
• Skin rash
• Neurological disorders
• Impaired growth
Sources:
• Whole grains
• Egg
• Nuts
• legumes
FOLIC ACID
Functions:
• Aids in the production of red blood cells
• Aids in the synthesis of DNA
Deficiency:
• Reduce ability to double DNA
• anemia
Sources:
• Dark green leafy vegetables
• Fish
• Beans
• Legumes
• Milk and milk products
• Citrus fruits

13. VITAMIN B12
Functions:
• Plays very important role in metabolism
• Red blood cells production
• And maintenance of central nervous system
Deficiency:
• Weakness
• Rapid heartbeat and breathing
• Pale skin
• Sour toung
Sources:
• Egg
• Meat
• Poultry
• Shellfish
• Milk and milk products
VITAMIN C (ascorbic acid)
Functions:
• Most imp function is the synthesis of
collagen
• Healthy immune system
• Helps in wound healing
• Aids in iron absorption
Deficiency:
• Scurvy
• Fatigue
• Inflammation of gum
Sources:
• Citrus fruits
• Broccoli
• Green pepper

14. HOW TO OVERCOME VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
Besides taking proper diet which are the main source of
vitamins including fruits and vegetables we can also take
vitamin supplements (contains one or more dietary
ingredient).
Vitamin and mineral supplements are types of dietary
supplements containing micronutrients meant to help a
healthy body function smoothly.
 Taking vitamins does not make up for an unhealthy diet,
and vitamins are an insufficient substitute for nutrients from
fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. However, a
general multivitamin and mineral supplement can be a
good safeguard against periodic vitamin shortfalls in your
diet.

15. THANK YOU 