This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The main objective of this study was to better understand the underlying behavioral and cognitive interactions of autism. We used a bottom-up approach to analyze the patterns of behavior and cognitive development among autistic individuals to define probable interactions between the two. More specifically, we used the Social Communication Questionnaire to quantify the behavioral symptoms and the Simon, First-Order False Belief, and Global/Local tasks to quantify the cognitive abilities of autistic children in the age range of 5 and 13 years old (n = 20; 17 males and 3 females). Results showed a positive correlation between communication problems and exaggerated inhibitory processes (reflected in less interference on the Simon task). Results also showed a positive correlation between more social interaction problems and a better understanding of first-order mental states. Finally, more restricted and repetitive behaviors were related to an improved performance on global as opposed to local processing tasks. These interaction findings could eventually lead to cognitive, theory-based, intervention methods to treat the behavioral symptoms found in autistic individuals.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The main objective of this study was to better understand the underlying behavioral and cognitive interactions of autism. We used a bottom-up approach to analyze the patterns of behavior and cognitive development among autistic individuals to define probable interactions between the two. More specifically, we used the Social Communication Questionnaire to quantify the behavioral symptoms and the Simon, First-Order False Belief, and Global/Local tasks to quantify the cognitive abilities of autistic children in the age range of 5 and 13 years old (n = 20; 17 males and 3 females). Results showed a positive correlation between communication problems and exaggerated inhibitory processes (reflected in less interference on the Simon task). Results also showed a positive correlation between more social interaction problems and a better understanding of first-order mental states. Finally, more restricted and repetitive behaviors were related to an improved performance on global as opposed to local processing tasks. These interaction findings could eventually lead to cognitive, theory-based, intervention methods to treat the behavioral symptoms found in autistic individuals.
Sensory Processing Disorder is under-recognized among medical professionals but known well among Speech language and occupational therapists. Also known as Sensory Integration Dysfunction, it overlaps with Autism Spectrum, Aspergers, ADD, and ADHD or may be its own disorder. Person with this are often highly reactive to their environment (but can be under reactive). Knowing how to structure their environment, provide family and client support, and calm secondary symptoms with Homeobotanicals is key for managing it.
This presentation was prepared for educating the patients with stroke and their caregivers about the role of Occupational Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. It gives a very BRIEF over view about OT in Parkinson's Disease rehabilitation
Introduction to psy- pure & applied.pptxnainisharma3
While pure psychology focuses on the pursuit of knowledge and the expansion of theoretical frameworks, applied psychology harnesses that knowledge to address practical challenges and improve human well-being.
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the simplest and easiest techniques of relaxation.
JPMR is a two-step relaxation practice to reduce stress and build awareness of sensations of tension and deep relaxation in various muscle groups.
The first step in this practice is to create tension in specific muscle groups and begin to notice what tension feels like in this body part.
The second step is to then release this muscle tension and begin to notice what a relaxed muscle feels like as the tension drains away. By moving through the body by alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in a certain order, one builds awareness of how to recognize and differentiate between the associated feelings of a tensed muscle and a completely relaxed one.
Mental retardation is refer to significant sub average general intellectual functioning which develop during the developmental period and cause impairment in adaptive behavior.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten’s "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Sensory Processing Disorder is under-recognized among medical professionals but known well among Speech language and occupational therapists. Also known as Sensory Integration Dysfunction, it overlaps with Autism Spectrum, Aspergers, ADD, and ADHD or may be its own disorder. Person with this are often highly reactive to their environment (but can be under reactive). Knowing how to structure their environment, provide family and client support, and calm secondary symptoms with Homeobotanicals is key for managing it.
This presentation was prepared for educating the patients with stroke and their caregivers about the role of Occupational Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. It gives a very BRIEF over view about OT in Parkinson's Disease rehabilitation
Introduction to psy- pure & applied.pptxnainisharma3
While pure psychology focuses on the pursuit of knowledge and the expansion of theoretical frameworks, applied psychology harnesses that knowledge to address practical challenges and improve human well-being.
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the simplest and easiest techniques of relaxation.
JPMR is a two-step relaxation practice to reduce stress and build awareness of sensations of tension and deep relaxation in various muscle groups.
The first step in this practice is to create tension in specific muscle groups and begin to notice what tension feels like in this body part.
The second step is to then release this muscle tension and begin to notice what a relaxed muscle feels like as the tension drains away. By moving through the body by alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in a certain order, one builds awareness of how to recognize and differentiate between the associated feelings of a tensed muscle and a completely relaxed one.
Mental retardation is refer to significant sub average general intellectual functioning which develop during the developmental period and cause impairment in adaptive behavior.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten’s "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Introduction to sensation and perceptionLance Jones
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage
بواسطة: عبدالرحمن البلادي | كاتب في مدونة و دليل البحث العلمي و التعليم
يستعرض الكاتب أهمية التفكير النقدي في البحث العلمي و ضرورة أن يطور الباحث مهاراته
التفكير النقدي قد يعرف بأنه القدرة على التحقق من الافتراضات أو الافكار أو الأخبار هل هي حقيقية، أم تحمل جزءا من الحقيقة، أم أنها غير حقيقية. وقد عرف التفكير النقدي على أنه: تفكير تأملي معقول يركز على ما يعتقد به الفرد أو يقوم بأدائه، و هو فحص و تقويم الحلول المعروضة من أجل إصدار حكم حول قيمة الشيء.
المفكر الناقد هو الشخص الذي يفكر و يحلل بعد الغوص في المعلومات و التحقق من دقتها و صحتها، ويتأمل المواقف ثم يقيميها بناءً على الامكانيات التي لديه ، ثم يطلق الأحكام أو المقترحات بعد ذلك. هذه العملية تكون في جميع مراحل الحياة، في القراءة، في الكتابة، عند سماع الأخبار، عند التعليم الخ.
للمزيد من التفاصيل عن التفكير النقدي، يمكنك الإطلاع على المقال الأصلي للكاتب:
http://goo.gl/voYiM
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
التفكير الناقد في أبسط معانيه هو القدرة على تقدير الحقيقة ومن ثم الوصول إلى القرارات في ضوء تقييم المعلومات وفحص الآراء المتاحة والأخذ بعين الاعتبار وجهات النظر المختلفة
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
“Individual difference and educational implications- thinking, intelligence a...Shrooti Shah
The differences among individuals, that distinguish or separate them from one another and make one as an unique individual in oneself, may be termed as individual differences.
Learning is most effective when differences in learner’s language, cultural, and social behaviour are taken into account.
A teacher should be sensitive to individual differences.
A teacher’s challenge is to acknowledge and celebrate the differences among children and work to maximize the growth in each child.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
Week 5 neural basis of consciousness eyes, early visual system and conscious...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) What is our peripheral experience?
- A closer look with color, motion, and metacognition
2) What neural mechanisms underlie the transmission of visual input from the eyes to the brain?
3) What is a receptive field of a neuron?
4) What are the key properties of V1 (the primary visual cortex)?
5) What are the implications of the properties of V1 for conscious phenomenology?
6) What are the visual pathways from the eyes to the brain, and its implication for blindsight?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. The follow series of slides is intended to demonstrate some of the phenomena that you read about in Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception
3. The eye: A Living Optical Instrument Sensory organ for vision: The eye Main sensory component: The retina
4.
5. The eye: A Living Optical Instrument Characteristics of the Retina The retina is an extension of your central nervous system. It is only a couple neurons away from your occipital cortex.
6. The eye: A Living Optical Instrument Characteristics of the Retina Functions of the retina Absorb light – the obvious function Process light information – yes, the retina processes light information. Some of what hits the retina never makes it to your brain! Send information to the brain – this has a fun consequence
7. Functions of the Retina Function 1: Absorbing Light Humans have two main types of receptor cells When photons hit chemicals inside of these cells, the cell changes its electrical charge. This leads to action potentials in connected neurons. Two types: Rods – sensitive to low light. Only shades of black, gray, white Cones – sensitive to color. Most sensitive in daylight vision
8. Fun Time Cones are more sensitive. There is a cluster of cones directly in the back of the eye at a location called your fovea. Fovea
9. Fun Time When you “look at” something, you are angling your eyes so that light from the object hits your fovea. If you force yourself to stare at something and not move your eyes, you also can see off to the sides. This is peripheral vision.
10. Fun Time Your peripheral vision is mostly due to rods detecting light. Rods are not sensitive to color. There are far fewer cones on the retina outside of the fovea. Yes, this means that your amazing brain constantly lies to you. Look around the room, now.
11. Fun Time You do not see a round spot of color moving around a mostly black and white room as you scan your eyes, do you? Your brain fills it in, keeping your experience of the room constant, despite your retina.
12. Fun Time I don’t have a test to show you this with color, but you can see your peripheral vision’s limitations in the next demonstration.
13. On the next screen, stare at the cross, and don’t let your eyes move. As you keep your eyes staring at the cross, see if you can count the number of vertical lines in your peripheral vision. Don’t cheat! You should struggle trying.
14. Stare at the Cross Try to count these lines Click to see just the figure.
15.
16. Why do you struggle to make out individual lines in your peripheral vision? Rods aren’t as sensitive as cones, so you cannot see as crisply as you can when you orient your eyes to make an object fall on your fovea, where cones are plentiful.
17. Functions of the Retina Function 1: Absorbing Light The retina does not absorb light on an absolute scale. If there is a drastic change in the level of light hitting your rods and cones, the chemicals inside the cells change and become more or less sensitive. This leads to Adaptation
18. Examples Light Adaptation You experience this when you leave a movie theater and walk into noon-day sun. Your eyes don’t seem to work. Dark Adaptation You experience this when you walk into a pitch black room from outside. Slowly…you see more and more.
19. Fun with Adaptation Adaptation is awesome. Without adaptation, we couldn’t have pig farms.
20. Fun with Adaptation Normally functioning people experience adaptation with each sense.
21. Fun with Adaptation Touch When you put on your clothes, you feel how they fall on your skin. You may be able to tell, just by the feel on your skin, just how good or bad you look in those new clothes…
22. Fun with Adaptation Touch A few minutes later, you no longer feel your clothes. They no longer capture your attention. All of those sensations fall into the background. Can you imagine if you felt your clothes, constantly, with every motion you make…
23. Fun with Adaptation Smell If you light a scented candle, you smell the scent pretty quickly. An hour later, you’re surprised to notice that it is still burning, but you smell nothing! Now you may regret buying a crappy candle.
24. Fun with Adaptation Smell This is sensory adaptation for smell. You notice changes. With prolonged, continuous exposure, you stop noticing a smell. This is why friends comment on your cologne, which you no longer smell. This is why people can live beside pig farms, and not smell them.
25. Several companies have realized that people experience smell adaptation for room fresheners. Have you noticed the new products that pulse smells periodically instead of releasing them continuously? If a candle smells good constantly, you don’t notice it! If it only smells good occasionally, you notice it and like it!
27. Review The first function of the retina: Absorb light Rods and Cones react to light They are located in different numbers in the fovea and periphery They do not absorb light on an absolute scale. They are sensitive to changes in light levels. We experience this as Adaptation.
28. Functions of the Retina Function 2: Processing Information Key point: Each neuron leaving the eye through the optic nerve contains information from around 100 rods and/or cones. The retina processes the information and only sends the most important parts to the brain.
29. The apparent flashing on this picture is due to the processing of information on your retina
30. Functions of the Retina Function 3: Sending Information to the Brain Because of this…you have a blind spot.
31. Example: Your Blindspot The cells that process light are actually in front of your retina. Rods and cones only get photons after they pass through all of that cellular circuitry. To exit the eye, there is a hole in the retina for the optic nerve to leave. This is your blind spot. Rod Light Cone Light Optic Nerve Light
32. Want to see your blind spot? Close your right eye. With your left eye, stare at the circle. Start sitting back in your chair, and move your head closer to the screen, staring at the dot. The cross will disappear at about 12 – 15 inches from the screen.
33. Functions of the Retina Function 3: Sending Information to the Brain Optic nerve – a bundle of myelinated axons leaving your eye.
34. From the Retina to the Brain The optic nerves from each eye send information to the left and right occipital cortex. This is a brain, viewed from the back. The red is your primary visual cortex. Yellow is visual association cortex.
35. From the Retina to the Brain The following screens show how each side of your visual field goes to the opposite hemisphere. Click through quickly.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. Information Processing in the Visual Cortex From the primary visual cortex, action potentials radiate out into neighboring brain regions, like the lights below.
75. Information Processing in the Visual Cortex Different brain areas are sensitive to different information. The following image shows how brain cells in your parietal lobe begin to fire, or not fire, based on details of space, orientation, distance, etc. Brain cells in your temporal lobes begin to fire, or not, based on details of shapes, colors, features, etc.
76.
77. Information Processing in the Visual Cortex Think of the connected neurons in your cerebral cortex as groups of gossiping coworkers. Dorsal Stream – is like a group of people who only spread a rumor if that rumor is about “where” people are, where they are going, or how they are moving. Other rumors don’t spark their interest. Ventral Stream – is like a group of people who only spread rumors about “what” people are like, how they look, what group they belong to, or what they do. Other rumors don’t spark their interest.
78. Review Functions of the retina Absorb light Process light information Send information to the brain From the Retina, neural activity goes to the primary visual cortex From there, visual information is processed in two streams
80. Do you see numbers in these circles? If not, you might want to get an eye exam.
81. Stare at the white circle below. Don’t move your eyes. Hold for 20 – 60 seconds. Then go to the next slide. What do you see?
82.
83. Summary We pointed out parts of the eye Then we looked at characteristics and functions of the retina Specifically, the retina Absorbs light Processes light information Sends information to the brain We traced this path from retina to occipital cortex, then to the parietal and temporal lobes
84. Let’s explore some more visual stimuli. The following are used to demonstrate how perceptions can vary.
94. Most of us are extremely sensitive to details of faces. Bottom-up processing is pretty easy for us. To actually feel what it is like to process differently, look at the next few slides.
95. Briefly flip past the next slide. Ask yourself what is different between the two faces?
96.
97.
98. Now look at the same image, turned right side up. Isn’t it MUCH more noticeable what they did to poor Britney?
100. Top-down Processing I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.
102. For people who are skilled readers, we typically do not read every word on the page. As you read, you begin to predict what is coming next. That allows you to skip a lot of bottom-up processing (looking at every letter is not necessary). If you were able to read the sentences with letters missing, this shows that you were using top-down processing.
104. Could you read “Love” and “Hate” on the two shirts fairly easily? This is top-down processing. When you tried to confirm if it was a real reflection, did you have to pay careful attention to each angle and twist of the text? This is more bottom-up in its approach.
105. Now let’s mess with your depth perception The following slide is NOT animated. Nothing is moving.
106.
107. Click the back arrow to try it again, and this time focus on only one football. It isn’t moving. If you do not move your eyes, it seems to stop moving. If you move your eyes around, it writhes like snakes. This happens because your brain interprets the light and dark edges as depth cues, but they are purposefully arranged in an impossible way. As your eyes move, your brain tries to figure out the shading. What you get is a wonderfully headache-inducing illusion.
108. Summary Vision is Complex! Psychologists study how light is registered by your retina and then sent to your brain (sensation). Psychologists also study how your brain processes this information (perception). Perception is subjective. Top-down processing is a great example of this. See your text for more details.