This document summarizes a study on lying in virtual environments among Czech adolescents and young adults. The study examined how frequently lying occurs in different online environments, who is most often the recipient of lies, and common motivations for lying. Results were compared based on gender and three age groups: adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Key findings include that younger respondents lied more frequently than older ones, and motivations for lying varied between age groups and genders. For example, adolescents of both genders were more likely to lie about age and appearance in chat rooms.
Is social media redefining love? That’s the theme of our latest study. We know that social media has changed the way we live—and now, we’ve discovered, it’s changing the way we love. Euro RSCG Worldwide surveyed 1,000 respondents in the United States to explore how the digital world, specifically social media, has affected their lives in the areas of love and intimacy. In this white paper, we tackle new realities in love, like the questions of whether old-fashioned matchmaking will be a job of the past (about half of those we surveyed said they knew someone whose relationship had started online) and how old is too old to search for closeness online? Has social media affected fidelity? (Our poll says yes.) Which generation is most actively using online connections to find their love connections? And what do Facebook and the neighborhood bar have in common? Our groundbreaking survey reveals the answers to these questions and more.
The document discusses factors that predict teenagers' online and offline romantic encounters known as "on-off dating". A study of over 1,800 Romanian teenagers found that use of instant messaging, time spent online, and positive social self-concept were among the strongest predictors for both boys and girls engaging in on-off dating. However, factors like parental monitoring and exposure to sexually explicit content showed more ambiguous relationships to on-off dating behavior.
This document discusses anonymity on social media and its effects. It notes that while anonymity allows people to discuss difficult topics privately, it can also enable bullying and harassment with few repercussions. The document examines both the benefits of anonymity, such as allowing privacy and exploration of identity, and the drawbacks, like cyberbullying and the disinhibition effect leading to more aggressive behaviors online. It concludes that while anonymity has value, social media sites should regulate anonymous interactions to curb bullying.
This document summarizes research on cyberbullying among adolescent victims. It finds that cyberbullying can lead to both positive and negative behavioral changes in victims. Positively, it can help them recognize aggressive people online. However, it can also result in lower self-esteem, loneliness, distrust of others, and in extreme cases self-harm. The study examines coping strategies used by victims, which include technical defenses, confronting the aggressor, avoidance, seeking social support, and defensive strategies. The effectiveness of different coping strategies remains unclear.
This document discusses a research paper analyzing communication tendencies and interpretation through text messages. It begins by explaining that texting has become the primary means of communication for younger generations. While texting can allow for constant contact, messages may also be misunderstood due to lack of non-verbal cues. The paper then reviews literature showing texting is very common among youth and can increase both uncertainty and feelings of connectedness. Hypotheses are presented that texting is a main form of communication but can also cause uncertainty or be effective communication.
Relational Development And Maintenance on Social NetworkingNeville Wiles
Men and women develop and maintain relationships on social networking sites differently through the use of uncertainty reduction theory. Women are more likely to use social networking sites to connect with friends and family and spend more time on the sites for entertainment and passing time. They also disclose more personal information, use more relational maintenance strategies like positivity and openness, and communicate in a more expressive style. Men tend to use social networking sites less for relationship maintenance and disclose less personal information. Their communication style is more instrumental. Uncertainty reduction theory posits that increasing self-disclosure and perceptions of similarity can help develop relationships by increasing predictability and trust between users.
1) The document compares predictors of self-disclosure and privacy settings use between adolescents and adults on social network sites. It finds that adolescents disclose more personal information and have more lenient privacy settings than adults.
2) Several factors were found to affect disclosure and privacy settings, with some differences between adolescents and adults. Gender, age, frequency of use, motives for use, concerns about privacy and contacts, trust in others, and susceptibility to peer influence were investigated as predictors.
3) The study aims to provide better information for developing interventions to encourage appropriate privacy management tailored for different age groups on social network sites.
Phoenix Man, An Example of Stigmatization Phenomenon in the China Social MediaDr. Amarjeet Singh
With the rapid transformation and development of
contemporary Chinese network society, the phenomenon of
stigmatization is becoming more and more common in social
media communication. The theory about the social stratum
and the mobility of society could give us a good theoretical
explanation, it could help us understand why a group is
stigmatized and excluded. The purpose of this article was to
find out the formation mechanism of stigmatization with
Phoenix man through literature review and qualitative
analysis, linked this phenomenon to social mobility and
anxiety of middle-class in China, and finally point out the
existing deep-seated social inequality problems and hazards in
China. Through the network search engine "Baidu" and
literature review, get the network search index and some other
social media information about Phoenix Man, found the
process (initial, development and final) of stigmatization
phenomenon of Phoenix Man, and made reasonable analysis.
By compared Phoenix Man with the two groups, Zhuanjia and
Gongzhi, it easily to find that Phoenix Man have always been
highly concerned in Chinese social media. Finally, this study
found that the stigmatization was originated from the anxiety
caused by differences in cultural, customs and habits between
middle-class and the lower-class. The stigmatization made the
people who came from lower class groups been marginalized,
also damaged social justice and harmony.
Is social media redefining love? That’s the theme of our latest study. We know that social media has changed the way we live—and now, we’ve discovered, it’s changing the way we love. Euro RSCG Worldwide surveyed 1,000 respondents in the United States to explore how the digital world, specifically social media, has affected their lives in the areas of love and intimacy. In this white paper, we tackle new realities in love, like the questions of whether old-fashioned matchmaking will be a job of the past (about half of those we surveyed said they knew someone whose relationship had started online) and how old is too old to search for closeness online? Has social media affected fidelity? (Our poll says yes.) Which generation is most actively using online connections to find their love connections? And what do Facebook and the neighborhood bar have in common? Our groundbreaking survey reveals the answers to these questions and more.
The document discusses factors that predict teenagers' online and offline romantic encounters known as "on-off dating". A study of over 1,800 Romanian teenagers found that use of instant messaging, time spent online, and positive social self-concept were among the strongest predictors for both boys and girls engaging in on-off dating. However, factors like parental monitoring and exposure to sexually explicit content showed more ambiguous relationships to on-off dating behavior.
This document discusses anonymity on social media and its effects. It notes that while anonymity allows people to discuss difficult topics privately, it can also enable bullying and harassment with few repercussions. The document examines both the benefits of anonymity, such as allowing privacy and exploration of identity, and the drawbacks, like cyberbullying and the disinhibition effect leading to more aggressive behaviors online. It concludes that while anonymity has value, social media sites should regulate anonymous interactions to curb bullying.
This document summarizes research on cyberbullying among adolescent victims. It finds that cyberbullying can lead to both positive and negative behavioral changes in victims. Positively, it can help them recognize aggressive people online. However, it can also result in lower self-esteem, loneliness, distrust of others, and in extreme cases self-harm. The study examines coping strategies used by victims, which include technical defenses, confronting the aggressor, avoidance, seeking social support, and defensive strategies. The effectiveness of different coping strategies remains unclear.
This document discusses a research paper analyzing communication tendencies and interpretation through text messages. It begins by explaining that texting has become the primary means of communication for younger generations. While texting can allow for constant contact, messages may also be misunderstood due to lack of non-verbal cues. The paper then reviews literature showing texting is very common among youth and can increase both uncertainty and feelings of connectedness. Hypotheses are presented that texting is a main form of communication but can also cause uncertainty or be effective communication.
Relational Development And Maintenance on Social NetworkingNeville Wiles
Men and women develop and maintain relationships on social networking sites differently through the use of uncertainty reduction theory. Women are more likely to use social networking sites to connect with friends and family and spend more time on the sites for entertainment and passing time. They also disclose more personal information, use more relational maintenance strategies like positivity and openness, and communicate in a more expressive style. Men tend to use social networking sites less for relationship maintenance and disclose less personal information. Their communication style is more instrumental. Uncertainty reduction theory posits that increasing self-disclosure and perceptions of similarity can help develop relationships by increasing predictability and trust between users.
1) The document compares predictors of self-disclosure and privacy settings use between adolescents and adults on social network sites. It finds that adolescents disclose more personal information and have more lenient privacy settings than adults.
2) Several factors were found to affect disclosure and privacy settings, with some differences between adolescents and adults. Gender, age, frequency of use, motives for use, concerns about privacy and contacts, trust in others, and susceptibility to peer influence were investigated as predictors.
3) The study aims to provide better information for developing interventions to encourage appropriate privacy management tailored for different age groups on social network sites.
Phoenix Man, An Example of Stigmatization Phenomenon in the China Social MediaDr. Amarjeet Singh
With the rapid transformation and development of
contemporary Chinese network society, the phenomenon of
stigmatization is becoming more and more common in social
media communication. The theory about the social stratum
and the mobility of society could give us a good theoretical
explanation, it could help us understand why a group is
stigmatized and excluded. The purpose of this article was to
find out the formation mechanism of stigmatization with
Phoenix man through literature review and qualitative
analysis, linked this phenomenon to social mobility and
anxiety of middle-class in China, and finally point out the
existing deep-seated social inequality problems and hazards in
China. Through the network search engine "Baidu" and
literature review, get the network search index and some other
social media information about Phoenix Man, found the
process (initial, development and final) of stigmatization
phenomenon of Phoenix Man, and made reasonable analysis.
By compared Phoenix Man with the two groups, Zhuanjia and
Gongzhi, it easily to find that Phoenix Man have always been
highly concerned in Chinese social media. Finally, this study
found that the stigmatization was originated from the anxiety
caused by differences in cultural, customs and habits between
middle-class and the lower-class. The stigmatization made the
people who came from lower class groups been marginalized,
also damaged social justice and harmony.
This document summarizes research on pornography addiction in adolescents. It finds that 93% of boys and 62% of girls are exposed to internet pornography before age 18, including 18% of boys and 10% of girls seeing rape or violence online. While society focuses on preventing drug and alcohol addiction, pornography is readily available online. The paper explores how exposure affects adolescent development and behaviors, the types of pornography and societal influences, and controversies around its impact and appropriate regulation.
Understanding Users' Privacy Motivations and Behaviors in Online SpacesJessica Vitak
I’ve spent my career so far studying the social outcomes people derive from their use of new communication systems like Facebook. These sites contain numerous affordances that differentiate them from other forms of communication & create low-cost environments for things like relationship maintenance and exchange of resources. I have found this research to be extremely rewarding, as it is important to understand how these social systems extend our capabilities for human interaction, beyond the more traditional forms of communication we have relied on previously.
But, there's a flip side to this story. Humans, by nature, are very social beings and want to interact, want to disclose information and share it with others. Social network sites and their like facilitate this through a variety of features. However, as individuals have moved their communication from offline spaces, where the interactions tend to be much more ephemeral and audiences are generally known, to online spaces, where the lines between public and private become much more blurred, I believe that thoughts of privacy of personal information are often lost in the novelty of the technologies. Now, as we begin to think about this issue more and more, I believe it’s time to step back and re-evaluate how we conceptualize our privacy in this highly networked world and to integrate that understanding into solutions that will help individuals become more savvy users of the technology.
This document discusses how social media is hurting society in several ways. It argues that children are exposed to more media through devices like smartphones, consuming over 10 hours per day on average. This constant exposure to content like violent video games can desensitize children to violence and negative actions. Additionally, once social media became widespread, suicide rates increased as unrealistic standards became more apparent and difficult to live up to. While some companies have tried to promote self-love, the high expectations on social media will likely never disappear and continue to negatively impact society.
Social Media: the good, the bad and the uglyJosh Cowls
1. Social media can facilitate information sharing and communication, aiding disaster relief and public health efforts. However, when information is more mediated, people can be anti-social, offline power dynamics are replicated online, and behavior is difficult to measure accurately.
2. While social media aim to be horizontal, in reality prominent offline figures and media elites still hold sway. Measuring public opinion on social media also faces challenges regarding representativeness and reliability.
3. Those who have access to large social media datasets can use algorithms to potentially influence users or even predict criminal behavior, showing the power of "big data."
This report is a study of the identity negotiations of young active Facebook users through their online significant others. The following research investigates the identity negotiations in the life of a Facebook user.
This document is a continuous assessment cover sheet for a student named Thomas Roe completing a module called "Enterprise Communications" for their second year of a program. It includes details of the student's name, student number, program, year, module, lecturer, and word count for the assessment. The student declares that the attached report is their original work.
Hayes Privacy And Social Media Paper, October 29, 2010canadianlawyer
This document discusses privacy and social media, specifically the blurring line between public and private information online. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that privacy and the internet are inherently at odds. It then discusses how social media has expanded information sharing but also privacy risks. A key case discussed is the Facebook privacy complaint, which highlighted challenges in applying traditional privacy laws to social media. Reasonableness is seen as a flexible standard that may differ across generations and over time as attitudes change. Younger users seem less concerned with privacy risks of social media.
Millennials will benefit and suffer from their hyperconnected lives according to experts surveyed. While some believe millennials will be adept decision makers by accessing information online, others expect that constant connectivity will lead to shallow thinking and lack of focus. The document calls for education reform to teach skills like critical thinking, synthesis, and focus to help youth succeed in an online world.
This document discusses measuring digital citizenship and broadband adoption, comparing home broadband use to mobile-only access. A 2011 Chicago survey found that more Black residents use mobile phones for internet than white residents, and those relying on smartphones were more likely to use the internet for job searches than home broadband users. However, home broadband remains important for digital citizenship activities. Multilevel models show inequality in internet access and economic/political online activities across Chicago neighborhoods, indicating technology disparities patterned by place impact opportunity and equity at local levels.
2012 pip teens kindness_cruelty_sns_report_nov_2011_final_110711Dustianne North
The document summarizes findings from a Pew Research Center study on how American teens navigate social media. Some key findings:
- 88% of teen social media users have witnessed online cruelty. 15% have been targets themselves.
- While most teens (69%) feel peers are mostly kind online, their views are less positive than adults (85%).
- Teens report both positive (78%) and negative (41%) personal outcomes from social media interactions.
The document summarizes findings from the Pew Research Center's survey on teens' use of mobile devices and texting. Some key findings include:
- The median number of texts sent per day by teens has risen from 50 in 2009 to 60 in 2011, with older teens, boys, and black teens showing the largest increases.
- Texting is the dominant mode of daily communication for teens, exceeding phone calls, in-person socializing, and social media use. However, the frequency of voice calls between teens has declined.
- About one in four teens now own a smartphone, with ownership highest among older teens ages 14-17. Smartphone owners are more likely to engage with other mobile technologies like tablets.
This document discusses the debate around the impacts of social media. While some argue social media harms society by reducing privacy and face-to-face communication, the author believes social media benefits communication. The document examines how teenagers and young adults are heavily attached to social media and their phones. It also explores privacy concerns like oversharing personal details, cyberstalking, and catfishing. However, the author ultimately argues that social media brings people together and helps communication more than it harms. Research on its impacts has produced mixed results and failed to establish clear causation.
The Dress vs. Ebola: The Effect of Different News Sources on Social Action.Deborah Tuggy
Abstract
Abstract
This study looks at how different types of news sources affects social action. It predicts that infotainment consumption is related inversely with social action, while news consumption is positively correlated with societal action. Findings show that most respondents use both social media and online news as news sources, and that while there is a relationship between different types of news media sources and different types and varying frequencies of social action, other factors such as religiosity, political party, sex, SES and class year have an impact as well. Thus the casual model is a much more complex and complicated one than expected, and it would be fascinating to further explore this phenomenon.
The document discusses two topics: whether social deprivation causes crime and the impact of social media on culture. For the first topic, it presents arguments that social deprivation can lead to crime due to lack of opportunities and education, but also acknowledges evidence against a direct link. For social media, it is argued that while it enables political organization and sharing of information, it also facilitates cyberbullying and criminal activities. Both sides of the debates are presented, along with sociological perspectives and examples.
Gunalan Ranganahan is presenting a final year project on the negative impacts of social networking. The project will use projection mapping to demonstrate how social networking can negatively impact individuals and society through teasing. Research found that while users are aware of potential downsides, many underestimate the risks or become addicted. The presentation will last 2-5 minutes and use text, images, video, animation and sound effects to metaphorically portray social networking's downsides like privacy issues, stress on families, and addiction. The goal is to educate viewers on social media's realities beyond communication.
Role of Information Technology in Social Society Cyber Bullying as a Contempo...IJSRED
This document discusses cyberbullying amongst teenagers. It begins with defining cyberbullying and noting how technology has enabled new forms of bullying. It then reviews studies showing high rates of cyberbullying experienced by teenagers, particularly on social media. The document outlines the negative impacts of cyberbullying, including emotional distress, depression, and even suicidal thoughts. It then describes a case study of 67 teenagers, finding high rates experienced various forms of cyberbullying and negative effects on self-esteem and mental well-being. The study demonstrates the need to address this issue to prevent further harm.
Technology has significantly impacted human sexuality and psychology in several ways. It has changed how people interact and form relationships by facilitating online communication and virtual interactions. It has also influenced perceptions of sexuality through increased exposure to pornography online. Research shows that technology use is associated with both benefits like reduced loneliness, and risks such as impacts on body image from pornography. Overall, technology has changed fundamental aspects of human sexuality like social behaviors and roles.
The introduction discusses the emergence of participatory culture online, especially among teens, and highlights both promising and concerning examples. It outlines 5 core ethical issues raised by new digital media: identity, privacy, ownership/authorship, credibility, and participation. While these issues are not new, their stakes may be different online. The document seeks to provide an objective analysis of ethical fault lines in new digital media and how supports for ethical participation can help realize its promises.
The document discusses how the internet may impact social capital. It presents three perspectives: that the internet increases social capital by enabling new forms of interaction and community; decreases social capital by competing for time and reducing offline social interaction; or supplements social capital by providing an additional means of communication without major effects on offline social life. The document then analyzes data from a 1998 survey of National Geographic website visitors to evaluate these perspectives.
Clip Mobile: Location-Based Content PlatformClip Mobile
Clip Mobile has built a multi-platform location-based content management system and analytics dashboard. Currently configured to handle location-based mobile coupons, the platform is available for co-branded and white label opportunities. Contact: info@clipmobile.ca for more details.
This document summarizes research on pornography addiction in adolescents. It finds that 93% of boys and 62% of girls are exposed to internet pornography before age 18, including 18% of boys and 10% of girls seeing rape or violence online. While society focuses on preventing drug and alcohol addiction, pornography is readily available online. The paper explores how exposure affects adolescent development and behaviors, the types of pornography and societal influences, and controversies around its impact and appropriate regulation.
Understanding Users' Privacy Motivations and Behaviors in Online SpacesJessica Vitak
I’ve spent my career so far studying the social outcomes people derive from their use of new communication systems like Facebook. These sites contain numerous affordances that differentiate them from other forms of communication & create low-cost environments for things like relationship maintenance and exchange of resources. I have found this research to be extremely rewarding, as it is important to understand how these social systems extend our capabilities for human interaction, beyond the more traditional forms of communication we have relied on previously.
But, there's a flip side to this story. Humans, by nature, are very social beings and want to interact, want to disclose information and share it with others. Social network sites and their like facilitate this through a variety of features. However, as individuals have moved their communication from offline spaces, where the interactions tend to be much more ephemeral and audiences are generally known, to online spaces, where the lines between public and private become much more blurred, I believe that thoughts of privacy of personal information are often lost in the novelty of the technologies. Now, as we begin to think about this issue more and more, I believe it’s time to step back and re-evaluate how we conceptualize our privacy in this highly networked world and to integrate that understanding into solutions that will help individuals become more savvy users of the technology.
This document discusses how social media is hurting society in several ways. It argues that children are exposed to more media through devices like smartphones, consuming over 10 hours per day on average. This constant exposure to content like violent video games can desensitize children to violence and negative actions. Additionally, once social media became widespread, suicide rates increased as unrealistic standards became more apparent and difficult to live up to. While some companies have tried to promote self-love, the high expectations on social media will likely never disappear and continue to negatively impact society.
Social Media: the good, the bad and the uglyJosh Cowls
1. Social media can facilitate information sharing and communication, aiding disaster relief and public health efforts. However, when information is more mediated, people can be anti-social, offline power dynamics are replicated online, and behavior is difficult to measure accurately.
2. While social media aim to be horizontal, in reality prominent offline figures and media elites still hold sway. Measuring public opinion on social media also faces challenges regarding representativeness and reliability.
3. Those who have access to large social media datasets can use algorithms to potentially influence users or even predict criminal behavior, showing the power of "big data."
This report is a study of the identity negotiations of young active Facebook users through their online significant others. The following research investigates the identity negotiations in the life of a Facebook user.
This document is a continuous assessment cover sheet for a student named Thomas Roe completing a module called "Enterprise Communications" for their second year of a program. It includes details of the student's name, student number, program, year, module, lecturer, and word count for the assessment. The student declares that the attached report is their original work.
Hayes Privacy And Social Media Paper, October 29, 2010canadianlawyer
This document discusses privacy and social media, specifically the blurring line between public and private information online. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that privacy and the internet are inherently at odds. It then discusses how social media has expanded information sharing but also privacy risks. A key case discussed is the Facebook privacy complaint, which highlighted challenges in applying traditional privacy laws to social media. Reasonableness is seen as a flexible standard that may differ across generations and over time as attitudes change. Younger users seem less concerned with privacy risks of social media.
Millennials will benefit and suffer from their hyperconnected lives according to experts surveyed. While some believe millennials will be adept decision makers by accessing information online, others expect that constant connectivity will lead to shallow thinking and lack of focus. The document calls for education reform to teach skills like critical thinking, synthesis, and focus to help youth succeed in an online world.
This document discusses measuring digital citizenship and broadband adoption, comparing home broadband use to mobile-only access. A 2011 Chicago survey found that more Black residents use mobile phones for internet than white residents, and those relying on smartphones were more likely to use the internet for job searches than home broadband users. However, home broadband remains important for digital citizenship activities. Multilevel models show inequality in internet access and economic/political online activities across Chicago neighborhoods, indicating technology disparities patterned by place impact opportunity and equity at local levels.
2012 pip teens kindness_cruelty_sns_report_nov_2011_final_110711Dustianne North
The document summarizes findings from a Pew Research Center study on how American teens navigate social media. Some key findings:
- 88% of teen social media users have witnessed online cruelty. 15% have been targets themselves.
- While most teens (69%) feel peers are mostly kind online, their views are less positive than adults (85%).
- Teens report both positive (78%) and negative (41%) personal outcomes from social media interactions.
The document summarizes findings from the Pew Research Center's survey on teens' use of mobile devices and texting. Some key findings include:
- The median number of texts sent per day by teens has risen from 50 in 2009 to 60 in 2011, with older teens, boys, and black teens showing the largest increases.
- Texting is the dominant mode of daily communication for teens, exceeding phone calls, in-person socializing, and social media use. However, the frequency of voice calls between teens has declined.
- About one in four teens now own a smartphone, with ownership highest among older teens ages 14-17. Smartphone owners are more likely to engage with other mobile technologies like tablets.
This document discusses the debate around the impacts of social media. While some argue social media harms society by reducing privacy and face-to-face communication, the author believes social media benefits communication. The document examines how teenagers and young adults are heavily attached to social media and their phones. It also explores privacy concerns like oversharing personal details, cyberstalking, and catfishing. However, the author ultimately argues that social media brings people together and helps communication more than it harms. Research on its impacts has produced mixed results and failed to establish clear causation.
The Dress vs. Ebola: The Effect of Different News Sources on Social Action.Deborah Tuggy
Abstract
Abstract
This study looks at how different types of news sources affects social action. It predicts that infotainment consumption is related inversely with social action, while news consumption is positively correlated with societal action. Findings show that most respondents use both social media and online news as news sources, and that while there is a relationship between different types of news media sources and different types and varying frequencies of social action, other factors such as religiosity, political party, sex, SES and class year have an impact as well. Thus the casual model is a much more complex and complicated one than expected, and it would be fascinating to further explore this phenomenon.
The document discusses two topics: whether social deprivation causes crime and the impact of social media on culture. For the first topic, it presents arguments that social deprivation can lead to crime due to lack of opportunities and education, but also acknowledges evidence against a direct link. For social media, it is argued that while it enables political organization and sharing of information, it also facilitates cyberbullying and criminal activities. Both sides of the debates are presented, along with sociological perspectives and examples.
Gunalan Ranganahan is presenting a final year project on the negative impacts of social networking. The project will use projection mapping to demonstrate how social networking can negatively impact individuals and society through teasing. Research found that while users are aware of potential downsides, many underestimate the risks or become addicted. The presentation will last 2-5 minutes and use text, images, video, animation and sound effects to metaphorically portray social networking's downsides like privacy issues, stress on families, and addiction. The goal is to educate viewers on social media's realities beyond communication.
Role of Information Technology in Social Society Cyber Bullying as a Contempo...IJSRED
This document discusses cyberbullying amongst teenagers. It begins with defining cyberbullying and noting how technology has enabled new forms of bullying. It then reviews studies showing high rates of cyberbullying experienced by teenagers, particularly on social media. The document outlines the negative impacts of cyberbullying, including emotional distress, depression, and even suicidal thoughts. It then describes a case study of 67 teenagers, finding high rates experienced various forms of cyberbullying and negative effects on self-esteem and mental well-being. The study demonstrates the need to address this issue to prevent further harm.
Technology has significantly impacted human sexuality and psychology in several ways. It has changed how people interact and form relationships by facilitating online communication and virtual interactions. It has also influenced perceptions of sexuality through increased exposure to pornography online. Research shows that technology use is associated with both benefits like reduced loneliness, and risks such as impacts on body image from pornography. Overall, technology has changed fundamental aspects of human sexuality like social behaviors and roles.
The introduction discusses the emergence of participatory culture online, especially among teens, and highlights both promising and concerning examples. It outlines 5 core ethical issues raised by new digital media: identity, privacy, ownership/authorship, credibility, and participation. While these issues are not new, their stakes may be different online. The document seeks to provide an objective analysis of ethical fault lines in new digital media and how supports for ethical participation can help realize its promises.
The document discusses how the internet may impact social capital. It presents three perspectives: that the internet increases social capital by enabling new forms of interaction and community; decreases social capital by competing for time and reducing offline social interaction; or supplements social capital by providing an additional means of communication without major effects on offline social life. The document then analyzes data from a 1998 survey of National Geographic website visitors to evaluate these perspectives.
Clip Mobile: Location-Based Content PlatformClip Mobile
Clip Mobile has built a multi-platform location-based content management system and analytics dashboard. Currently configured to handle location-based mobile coupons, the platform is available for co-branded and white label opportunities. Contact: info@clipmobile.ca for more details.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de microscopios, incluyendo microscopios ópticos, electrónicos y cuánticos. Explica las partes mecánicas y ópticas de los microscopios ópticos simples y compuestos, así como microscopios especializados como los de luz ultravioleta y fluorescencia. También describe los microscopios electrónicos de barrido y transmisión, que usan electrones en lugar de luz para producir imágenes a mayor aumento. Finalmente, introduce el microscopio de efecto túnel
O documento fornece a lista de alunos matriculados na disciplina "Introdução à Medicina I", separados por salas de aula. A data e local da prova também são fornecidos.
Este documento resume los principales componentes de una computadora. Explica que el hardware incluye la CPU, periféricos de entrada y salida. El software incluye sistemas operativos, programas de aplicación y herramientas de programación. Los periféricos comunes son el monitor, teclado, ratón, impresora. La arquitectura de una computadora describe su diseño conceptual y estructura operativa.
El documento habla sobre el software, clasificándolo en software de sistema y de aplicación. Explica que el software de sistema incluye al sistema operativo, el cual administra los recursos del hardware y permite ejecutar otros programas. También cubre las diferentes modalidades de adquisición de software como licencias, shareware y programación propia.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines "hot" debt markets and their impact on corporate capital structure. The paper finds that:
1) Perceived favorable capital market conditions and information asymmetry costs are important factors that lead firms to issue more debt during hot debt market periods.
2) Firms with high information asymmetry costs issue significantly more debt when debt market conditions are hot compared to when markets are cold.
3) Hot debt market issuance has a persistent effect on the capital structure of issuing firms, which do not actively rebalance their leverage levels over the long-term as capital structure theories would predict.
Instagram is a photo sharing app with over 13 million users. Brands can use Instagram to engage with customers by curating branded content, interacting with users' posts, driving traffic to websites, and holding contests. Popular brands like Ford, Starbucks, and Deftones have run successful campaigns on Instagram by encouraging user participation and community engagement.
Social networks provide opportunities for both benefits and risks. The benefits include maintaining social connections, emotional support, meeting new people, job searching, and online education. However, social networks can also enable harassment, over-exposure to inappropriate content, and risky online behavior. Additionally, a lack of nonverbal cues may decrease empathy. While social networks make some issues more visible, the root problems are often long-standing societal issues, not technology itself. Overall social networks reflect both the good and bad aspects of human social interaction.
This study tested the relationship between gender and knowledge fabrication. 24 subjects (12 male, 12 female) were paired and asked a series of 12 questions, including 3 factually incorrect questions. The results showed that men engaged in knowledge fabrication 21% of the time they spoke, while women did so 7% of the time. Additional measures found that women used more nonverbal cues and that men generally had higher self-esteem about their knowledge compared to women. The study aimed to further research on the relationship between gender and lying or knowledge fabrication.
This systematic review examines the relationship between social media use and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Eleven studies with a total sample of 12,646 young people were included. The analysis found a small but statistically significant correlation between greater social media use and higher rates of depressive symptoms. However, the studies varied widely in methods, sample sizes, and results, so the clinical significance of this relationship remains unclear. Over half the studies were cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies were of limited duration. Further research is needed using consistent variables and measurements.
While this weeks topic highlighted the uncertainty of Big Data, th.docxharold7fisher61282
While this weeks topic highlighted the uncertainty of Big Data, the author identified the following as areas for future research. Pick one of the following for your Research paper.:
· Additional study must be performed on the interactions between each big data characteristic, as they do not exist separately but naturally interact in the real world.
· The scalability and efficacy of existing analytics techniques being applied to big data must be empirically examined.
· New techniques and algorithms must be developed in ML and NLP to handle the real-time needs for decisions made based on enormous amounts of data.
· More work is necessary on how to efficiently model uncertainty in ML and NLP, as well as how to represent uncertainty resulting from big data analytics.
· Since the CI algorithms are able to find an approximate solution within a reasonable time, they have been used to tackle ML problems and uncertainty challenges in data analytics and process in recent years.
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
• Be approximately 3-5 pages in length, not including the required cover page and reference page.
• Follow APA guidelines. Your paper should include an introduction, a body with fully developed content, and a conclusion.
• Support your response with the readings from the course and at least five peer-reviewed articles or scholarly journals to support your positions, claims, and observations. The UC Library is a great place to find resources.
• Be clear with well-written, concise, using excellent grammar and style techniques. You are being graded in part on the quality of your writing.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Meanings of Bodily and Sexual Expression in Youth Sexting Culture:
Young Women’s Negotiation of Gendered Risks and Harms
Emily Setty1
Published online: 31 August 2018
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
The present paper explores how young people construct gendered social meanings and cultural norms surrounding sexual and
bodily expression in youth sexting culture. Previous research suggests youth sexting is a gendered phenomenon in which young
men are able to seek social capital through sexting, whereas young women are subject to social shaming and harassment.
Drawing upon findings from group and one-to-one interviews with 41 young people aged 14–18, I show how constructs of risk,
shame, and responsibility operated along gendered lines. Young people attributed agency and legitimacy to young men’s sexual
practices, whereas young women were disempowered, denied legitimacy, and tasked with managing gendered risks of harm in
youth sexting culture. I discuss how young women negotiated and navigated risk and shame and, in some instances, made space
for safe, pleasurable sexting experiences despite and within these narratives. The accounts of two young women, who shared
experiences sexting and social shaming, are presented to show some of the ways young women make sense of social meani.
1. Using a Microsoft Word document, please post one federal and on.docxcroysierkathey
This document summarizes an academic article about how young people construct social meanings and cultural norms surrounding sexting through a gendered lens. The summary explores:
1) Previous research found that sexting culture attributes more agency and legitimacy to young men's sexual practices, while young women face greater risks of shame and blame.
2) The current study interviewed 41 young people aged 14-18 to understand their individual experiences navigating these gendered dynamics.
3) The accounts of two young women are presented to show how they make sense of social expectations and negotiate risks of social shaming within sexting culture.
SUPER-FINAL-PPT_SMISHING.pptx Stop the smishing: A pragmatic Analysis on Dece...ElmeBaje
This research proposal aims to analyze deceptive text messages ("smishing") and identify language patterns used. The study will determine which age and gender groups receive the most messages, how scammers persuade victims, and the most common types of fraud messages. Using speech act theory, the researchers will analyze 100 scam messages from Iligan City residents to identify recurring words, illocutionary acts, and the impact on receivers. Content analysis and interviews will be used to understand how scammers deceive people through language to obtain private information. The results could help prevent people from falling victim to fraudulent messages.
This study examined dating experiences of online dating users and non-users among college students. The author conducted in-depth interviews with 5 online dating users and 5 non-users at Reinhardt University. The interviews were recorded and themes from the responses were analyzed. Using interviews allowed the author to directly compare experiences of those who do and do not use online dating, but interviews were time-consuming for both the interviewer and interviewees. Overall, the study aimed to expand understanding of individual experiences with online dating.
Essay On Food Inc. Reflection Paper: Organic Foods Free Essay ExampleJessica Turner
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Chapter 27Gender and Media Content, Uses, and ImpactDar.docxwalterl4
Chapter 27
Gender and Media: Content, Uses, and Impact
Dara N. Greenwood and Julia R. Lippman
Although research offers compelling evidence to suggest that men and women are far more simi-
lar than they are different across a wide variety of domains, our perceptions of gender difference
can lead us to believe that men and women do inhabit distinct gendered universes and can trigger
self-fulfilling prophecies that confirm these expectations. These perceptions can even guide how aca-
demics choose to interpret the research literature. Hyde’s (2005) review of 46 meta-analyses supports
a “gender similarities hypothesis,” namely, the magnitude of gender differences across these studies
as measured by effect size is small or negligible in over three quarters of the cases assessed. Put
differently, a “small” effect size (i.e., d < 0.35; Hyde, 2005) means that 85% of the distributions for
women and men overlap. This is not to say that a 15% difference in distributions is an insignificant
percentage, but it certainly illustrates that emphasizing difference to the exclusion of similarity paints
an inaccurate picture. Further, where moderate or large gender differences did emerge, they were
often the product of social context. For example, women are more likely than men to smile when
they know they are being observed (LaFrance, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003, as cited in Hyde, 2005). The
latter finding suggests that a given social situation may be of paramount importance in the apparent
differences between men and women.
The social environment can influence the manifestation of present attitudes and behaviors, but
it is also a powerful shaping force throughout the lifespan. In their discussion of a social cognitive
approach to gender development, Bussey and Bandura (2004) suggested that the mass media, in
addition to ongoing input from parents and peers, offer a “pervasive cultural modeling of gender
roles” (p. 108). It is not just children who assimilate cultural models, however; research on the
phenomenon of “possible selves” (Markus & Nurius, 1986) suggests that over the course of our
lives, we continue to draw hoped for as well as feared selves from “the categories made salient by the
individual’s particular sociocultural and historical context and from the models, images, and symbols
provided by the media and by the individual’s immediate social experiences” (p. 954, emphasis
added).
So how does the media environment contribute to our gendered perceptions and experiences?
With a few exceptions, the basic cognitive and emotional processes by which media exert an impact
tend to be similar for both men and women. The most robust gender differences exist at the level
of media representation and content and the selective exposure patterns that are, in part, a response
to gender-typed content. In order to understand how media affect women and men, it is crucial first
to understand systematic gender differences in media content, as well as any gender difference.
Chapter 27Gender and Media Content, Uses, and ImpactDar.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 27
Gender and Media: Content, Uses, and Impact
Dara N. Greenwood and Julia R. Lippman
Although research offers compelling evidence to suggest that men and women are far more simi-
lar than they are different across a wide variety of domains, our perceptions of gender difference
can lead us to believe that men and women do inhabit distinct gendered universes and can trigger
self-fulfilling prophecies that confirm these expectations. These perceptions can even guide how aca-
demics choose to interpret the research literature. Hyde’s (2005) review of 46 meta-analyses supports
a “gender similarities hypothesis,” namely, the magnitude of gender differences across these studies
as measured by effect size is small or negligible in over three quarters of the cases assessed. Put
differently, a “small” effect size (i.e., d < 0.35; Hyde, 2005) means that 85% of the distributions for
women and men overlap. This is not to say that a 15% difference in distributions is an insignificant
percentage, but it certainly illustrates that emphasizing difference to the exclusion of similarity paints
an inaccurate picture. Further, where moderate or large gender differences did emerge, they were
often the product of social context. For example, women are more likely than men to smile when
they know they are being observed (LaFrance, Hecht, & Paluck, 2003, as cited in Hyde, 2005). The
latter finding suggests that a given social situation may be of paramount importance in the apparent
differences between men and women.
The social environment can influence the manifestation of present attitudes and behaviors, but
it is also a powerful shaping force throughout the lifespan. In their discussion of a social cognitive
approach to gender development, Bussey and Bandura (2004) suggested that the mass media, in
addition to ongoing input from parents and peers, offer a “pervasive cultural modeling of gender
roles” (p. 108). It is not just children who assimilate cultural models, however; research on the
phenomenon of “possible selves” (Markus & Nurius, 1986) suggests that over the course of our
lives, we continue to draw hoped for as well as feared selves from “the categories made salient by the
individual’s particular sociocultural and historical context and from the models, images, and symbols
provided by the media and by the individual’s immediate social experiences” (p. 954, emphasis
added).
So how does the media environment contribute to our gendered perceptions and experiences?
With a few exceptions, the basic cognitive and emotional processes by which media exert an impact
tend to be similar for both men and women. The most robust gender differences exist at the level
of media representation and content and the selective exposure patterns that are, in part, a response
to gender-typed content. In order to understand how media affect women and men, it is crucial first
to understand systematic gender differences in media content, as well as any gender difference ...
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
1) The document examines whether norms supporting disclosure of one's online and offline identities are associated with disclosure of personal information online.
2) It reviews theories on how anonymity and lack of cues in online environments may increase self-disclosure to reduce uncertainty, versus theories that predict less disclosure without social presence cues.
3) Research is analyzed showing teens often post photos, names, locations online, and college students frequently share real names, despite potential risks of personal information being misused or abused.
Adolescent and Young Adult Social Media Use: Using For a Purpose, but Resulti...samhauck
This document discusses adolescent and young adult social media use and its effects. While some argue that social media is turning youth into addicted narcissists, the author argues that most adolescents and young adults use social media for specific purposes like connecting with others and expressing identity. However, social media use still leads to unexpected negative side effects. The author aims to show that youth are not addicted to or becoming narcissists from social media, and that solutions exist to overcome negative side effects.
OMSI Science Pub - Sex, Relationships, and TechnologyOMSI Science Pub
"Sex, Relationships, and Technology"
This Science Pub took place on Tuesday, March 30, 2010, at the Mission Theater in Portland, Oregon. It was presented by Dr L. Kris Gowen from Portland State University. You can check her blog here: http://healthysexedu.blogspot.com/
Spoiler alert! Dr. Taylor will giving this same talk at the Science Pub-Mission Theater in Portland on Tuesday, February 16, 2010.
This document summarizes research on social influence and persuasion online. It begins by defining key terms like social influence, persuasion, compliance, and discusses how computer-mediated communication differs from other forms. Namely, it can allow for anonymity, decrease importance of physical appearance, remove barriers to interacting with others, and give users more control over interactions. It then reviews dual process models of persuasion and research showing peripheral cues may be less salient online, leading people to focus more on message content. Several studies comparing online to offline persuasion are summarized, finding online influence may rely more on systematic/central processing of arguments than peripheral cues.
This document discusses two conceptual approaches - social compensation and rich-get-richer - that have been proposed to explain adolescent online risk-taking behaviors. It summarizes a study that examined which approach better predicts such behaviors using data from the Pew Internet Foundation. The study found that predictors of risk-taking included a lack of extracurricular activities, especially for boys, and infrequent socializing with friends in person, especially for girls. This supports the social compensation approach, which posits that those with less satisfying offline lives engage in more online risk as compensation. The document provides background on the approaches and outlines the study's methodology using the Pew Internet Foundation survey data to analyze relationships between adolescent characteristics and risk behaviors.
The document discusses how love, romance, and sex have changed in the digital age. It notes that while such topics used to be private, mass media exposed people to new ideas and images that influenced relationships. The rise of the internet and social media in particular has given people unrestricted access to intimate content and connections with others online. Some key findings from a survey include that one-third believe online romantic relationships are possible, many know of relationships that started online, and over 20% of men and 10% of women reported having a romantic online relationship. Both discussions and images online influence views of sex, especially for men, but images have a bigger impact overall. People are ambivalent about whether online relationships take pressure off or distract from
ORIGINAL ARTICLEMeanings of Bodily and Sexual Expression i.docxhoney690131
This document summarizes a research article about how young people construct gendered meanings and norms surrounding sexting culture. The research found that sexting is viewed as a gendered phenomenon where young men are seen as gaining social capital from sexting, while young women face social shaming and harassment. It discusses how constructs of risk, shame, and responsibility operate along gendered lines, disempowering young women. However, some young women find ways to negotiate these gendered risks and have safe sexting experiences. The research aims to understand young people's practices and perceptions of sexting through a gender lens.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para instalar Odoo, un sistema de gestión de relaciones con clientes (CRM), en un servidor Debian. Estas incluyen (1) actualizar el sistema operativo, (2) crear un usuario Odoo, (3) instalar y configurar PostgreSQL, (4) descargar e instalar Odoo, (5) configurar Odoo para ejecutarse al inicio del sistema.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las funciones básicas de PostgreSQL, incluyendo la autenticación de usuarios, la administración de usuarios y grupos, y los tipos de datos soportados. Explica cómo crear y modificar usuarios y grupos mediante comandos SQL como CREATE USER y ALTER USER, así como mediante el programa createuser. También cubre la eliminación de usuarios y grupos, y describe los diferentes tipos de datos como numéricos, cadenas y fechas.
Estudio exploratorio de las necesidades del departamento de Canindeyú a diciembre del 2013, en los ejes: económico, social, político, institucional y de infraestructura.
Este documento presenta el plan de acción a corto y mediano plazo de la coordinación de investigación del Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Contables y Administrativas de la Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”. El plan incluye la formación continua de docentes, un programa de iniciación a la investigación, la vinculación a la comunidad científica, y el estímulo a la participación en programas de investigación. El objetivo final es contar con un equipo capacitado en investigación compuesto
Este documento describe las aplicaciones de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la psicología, incluyendo la educación continua, la investigación y la práctica profesional. Se enfoca en el uso de cursos en línea, bases de datos, herramientas de investigación y evaluación digital para mejorar la educación, la investigación y el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes. También cubre temas como la realidad virtual, aumentada y la telepsicología.
El documento describe la técnica de los mapas mentales como una herramienta para organizar y estructurar ideas. Los mapas mentales permiten relacionar conceptos clave de manera gráfica mediante líneas y ramas, activando ambos hemisferios cerebrales y facilitando la creatividad, retención y comunicación de la información. El proceso de crear un mapa mental implica identificar una idea central y generar asociaciones radiales de otras ideas conectadas de manera no lineal.
El documento compara y contrasta las relaciones entre la psicología y la informática. Explora cómo estas disciplinas comparten intereses como la ciencia cognitiva y la ergonomía, pero también se diferencian en sus enfoques y objetivos. Por ejemplo, la psicología estudia procesos mentales como la percepción y el razonamiento, mientras que la informática se enfoca en el procesamiento de la información y el desarrollo de software y hardware. El documento también discute los efectos positivos y negativos de la tecnología en áreas como la educ
The role of structural characteristics in problem video game playingMarcelo Pesallaccia
This document provides a review of the literature on structural features of video games and their potential role in excessive video game playing. It discusses how features like variable ratio schedules of reinforcement, concurrent tasks, and grinding behaviors may influence player involvement, even when not enjoyable. However, more research is still needed to better understand how specific game features impact normal versus problem players. The review calls for future studies using experimental and longitudinal methods to assess key features and identify what problem players seek from games.
The document discusses different methods for measuring cyberbullying and traditional bullying among students. It compares using a global survey item versus specific behavior items, and applying lenient versus strict cut-off scores to identify bullies. The study aimed to see how prevalence rates differed based on these measurement methods. 1150 students aged 10-15 completed online surveys about bullying and cyberbullying behaviors. More students were identified as occasional or frequent cyberbullies when using specific behavior items compared to a global item. Applying a strict versus lenient cut-off score also impacted prevalence rates. Irrespective of measurement method, students identified as both traditional and cyberbullies exhibited higher levels of aggression.
Relationships between facebook intensity self esteem and personalityMarcelo Pesallaccia
1) The study examined relationships between Facebook use, friendship-contingent self-esteem, personality, and narcissism in 200 U.S. college students.
2) It found that students who strongly tied their self-esteem to the quality of their friendships were more active Facebook users, supporting the hypothesis.
3) No significant relationships were found between Facebook use and personality or narcissism. The results suggest Facebook allows students to maintain social connections that are important for friendship-contingent self-esteem.
- The document discusses a study that tested how social attraction on Facebook influences self-disclosure, predictability, and trust between users. It found that Facebook users are more likely to disclose personal information to those they feel socially attracted to and find more predictable. Increased disclosure and predictability led to greater feelings of trust. The study supports theories of relationship development like Uncertainty Reduction Theory.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Virtual environment and lying
1. Virtual Environment and Lying: Perspective of Czech
Adolescents and Young Adults
Stepan Konecny
Masaryk University, Czech Republic
ABSTRACT
The goal of our study was to find out how the frequency of lying varies in diverse
environments of the internet, who is the most frequent recipient of lies and what are
typical motivations for lying. We were interested in how these variables partake in the
frequency of lying in various areas of the internet (e-mail, chat rooms, discussion forums,
instant messengers, computer games). We have taken into account the effect of various
environments on various subjects of lies: lying about one’s age, gender, employment,
education, income, appearance. Results were compared based on gender as well as age
groups – 914 respondents in total were divided into three age groups, namely
adolescents (12-18), emerging adults (19-26) and adults (27+). We have studied who
are the most frequent recipients of lies and have found no significant differences between
women and men in this respect; lying to individuals of the same gender is however more
frequent for women, whereas lying toward the group of people is more typical for men.
For various age groups, we can thus differentiate various areas about which they feel the
greatest urge to lie – for the youngest group this includes age and physical appearance,
most often in chat rooms. The middle group sees a shift of priorities towards “stable
manifestations of adulthood” – such as their work or income. This is true especially for
men; women do not feel the urge to lie about their age, but on the other hand more
often lie about their appearance. The oldest age group then focuses on income for men,
appeal and appearance for women and one’s age for both genders.
Keywords: lying, adolescents, emerging adulthood, virtual environment
Introduction
The history and development of the internet indicates that what draws people to
the internet is not the enormous amount of easily-accessible information, but
rather other people (Biocca, 2000). Thanks to an increasing level of internet
penetration and computer literacy, the feeling of anonymity on the internet can
lead people to believe that there is no outer control of his/her behavior. The
environment of the internet is characterized by a lack of visual and auditory
hints commonly used in face-to-face communication. So, the internet allows us
to emphasize the parts of our personalities which we consider most important as
well as to suppress those which we are ashamed of. We can present ourselves
as rich, successful, humorous, younger or older (Doring, 2002). In accordance
with Bargh, McKenna, and Fitzsimons (2002), the visual anonymity of the
internet has a direct influence on the amount of self-disclosure and sincerity.
The feeling of anonymity can lead users to behavior impeaching common social
norms which would remain hidden in the real world (Reid, 1991).
The question of lying on the internet was not, in our opinion, described in proper
detail with relation to the specific communication environment of the internet.
We have thus decided to take these environments into account and also to try
and emphasize the effect of age on various subjects of lies. We also consider the
composition of samples problematic in previous studies, since they often were
conducted on students and were not large enough. For this reason we have
decided to carry out our research on a representative sample with a sufficient
number of respondents, allowing the inclusion of not only gender but also other
independent variables, such as the online environment (or forms of
2. communication) and also various age groups. We focused on the 5 most
frequent online environments in our study – email, chat, forums, instant
messengers (IM-ICQ/MSN) and computer games. We excluded the environment
of weblogs because lying there was already precisely described by Blinka and
Smahel (2009). We also chose age as an independent variable for the variability
of the importance of some subjects of lies in various age groups. In our study
we focus on adolescents and young adults, whereas results are confronted with
the age group of 27 and above, where a lesser level of computer knowledge can
be expected as well as a lower frequency of internet communication use.
Our goal was to document the level of deception of others on the internet in the
Czech Republic, where the internet penetration in 2006 was about 50% of users
over 18 years of age (Galacz & Smahel, 2007). We especially focus on how lying
in various environments of the internet differs, who is most often the recipient
of lies and what are the most common motivations for lying.
How many people lie?
By lying, we usually mean misleading someone, both on a conscious as well as
unconscious level (not in psychoanalytic terms). In the following paragraphs we
will focus only on purposeful misleading of others. In 1992 lying on the internet
was still considered rather uncommon (Curtis, 1992). After two years of
observation of social interactions of more than 3500 players on MUD servers,
which are used to meet people and play various roles in a fictive world, Curtis
ends the study with a statement that suspicion of lying was most often
expressed towards women playing woman characters. These were often
aggressively requested to “prove” that they are not actually men in real life.
The share of lying in communication tends to differ in various studies. Cornwell
and Lundgren (2001) made a comparison of “misleading” in virtual
environments and real life. 22.5% (5% in real life) lies about their age, while
27.5% (12.5% in real life) lied about their physical appearance. 15% (20%) lied
about their hobbies and 17.5% (10%) about their job and, education. The
relatively large age spread of 18-55 (with an average of 26) could however be
considered a certain drawback of the study.
Caspi and Gorsky (2006) focused on participants of discussion forums, where
68% of respondents were women with an average age of 30. They found that
whilst online lies were considered a widespread phenomenon (73% of
respondents thought so), only one third admits to lying to others. They also
found that people who spend more time online lie more often, and the same can
be said about younger users (36% of users younger than 20 lie, while only
15.9% older than 31 do) and more experienced users. Respondents most often
mentioned “playing a different identity” as the reason for lying, followed by fear
of misuse of personal information. Whitty (2002) analyzed 320 chat users with
an age average of 21.3. Through a questionnaire of her own making, she
monitored the differences between the age groups of 17-20 and 21-55 as well
as between men and women for lying about age, gender, work, education and
income. She found that, except for lying about age, men lie more often than
women and that younger age groups lie more often about age and education.
Based on these studies we can conclude that younger respondents will lie more
often than older ones (hypothesis H1).
Context of lying
The potential for experimenting with various types of characters is almost
unlimited in online communication (Rheingold, 1993; Reid, 1991; Turkle; 1995;
3. Suler, 2000 etc.), gender-swapping isn’t uncommon either (Lea & Spears, 1995;
Wallace, 1999; Reid, 1995). However, there can be many other reasons for lying
to other users. Up to 80% of lies are made for better self-presentation of
ourselves (Kashy & DePaulo, 1996). We want to look better, smarter, more
capable, make a better impression than we believe our true character is capable
of (Whitty, 2008). We can thus expect that women will lie more often to men,
and vice versa (hypothesis H2). In this context we also expect men to lie more
often about their employment, education and income – to increase their appeal
to the opposite gender (hypothesis H3), while women will more often “alter”
their age and appearance (H4). We did not investigate the sexual orientation of
respondents, these hypotheses however assume the majority of respondents to
be heterosexual. Rowatt, Cunningham, and Druen (1999) describe the
motivation to be compatible with wishes and expectations of other people, to
avoid disappointment. Joinson and Dietz-Uhler (2002) consider the possibility of
psychiatric diseases which manifest on the internet as attention-seeking by
deceiving others or e.g. in the form of simulating an illness (or a problem) and
then enjoying the help of various support groups.
Another possible reason for (not)lying could be the wish to express one’s true
self. The internet could be considered a virtual laboratory for the discovery and
experimentation with various versions of self in relative safety. Higgins (1987)
distinguishes between the ideal, the ought and the actual self-concepts. The
ideal self contains those qualities which an individual is trying to attain, the
ought self those which he should attain and the actual self those which he
currently has. Bargh, McKenna and Fitzsimons (2002) in their research not only
expand on Higgins’ theory, but also on Carl Rogers and his concept of one’s true
self which includes some unexpressed qualities and characteristics, usually not
represented in front of others. The authors believe that internet communication
allows one to better express one’s true self. An individual’s true self is more
active during internet communication than when communicating face to face.
Based on Bargh et al. (2002), we feel a real need for being seen by others in the
same way we see ourselves, which is also supported by findings of Siibak
(2009). However, some people find it hard to express their true self in the social
environment in the real world, which could result in social anxiety. Interaction
through the internet can thus serve as a form of protection or manner for
temporary reduction of this anxiety. Amichai-Hamburger, Wainapel, and Fox
(2002) support the results of Bargh et al. and prove that it is mostly introverts
who have a greater tendency for situating their true self online. At the same
time, people who consider it easier to express their true self on the internet than
in real life are more open to creating close relationships with people they meet
online (McKenna, Green & Gleason, 2002).
Whitty and Gavin (2001) also considered lying about one’s identity for security
reasons, typical especially for women. Women can thus more explicitly express
sexual desires, without fear of negative consequences (forced sex, pregnancy).
Tyler and Feldman (2004) as well as DePaulo and Kashy (1998) noticed the
importance of the actual recipient of lies. It is easier and more common to lie to
individuals to whom we have no emotional link and who we are not familiar
with. On the other hand, it is harder to lie to those we consider close to us, or
who are members of a certain community (be it real or virtual) where we have
been meeting them for some time.
Particularities of virtual environments and possibilites of lying
The research of lies on internet servers cannot be carried out without first
4. looking at the specifics of individual virtual environments in which people are
most often found. Each of them can then influence the user with their character
to act a certain way. If the environment is interpreted as highly unreliable, the
user does not have many reasons to act differently either. This representation
is, in our opinion, one of the possible factors influencing behavior in such
environments. For some internet groups, the norms could be apparent and
unambiguous. An important role is played by the consistency of a group as well
as the frequency of meetings. If the group has existed for some time and the
members of the group do not change too often, norms are “clearer”. On the
other hand, groups meeting ad hoc or short-term groups and collectives
generally have less clear norms (Reicher, 1987). These groups are quite
frequent on the internet; open communities are common on the internet. We
come in contact with such open communities commonly on the internet, much
more often than with closed groups.
The most typical and also oldest representative of internet communication is the
well-known email. It is common to have more than one e-mail address, whereas
the difference lies usually in the amount of information these addresses provide
about their owners. As Utz (2004) points out, people intentionally distinguish
which email address to use for specific situations. Various email addresses can
also be used for experimentation with one’s identity, especially during
adolescence.
Chat rooms are unambiguously the least reliable source of information about the
user. The created accounts do not usually serve a long-term purpose, and so
they are frequently used for experimentation with identities. This is also related
to the expectation of users about the reliability of provided data, which are not
usually very high. However, Rollman, Krug, and Parente (2000) claim that
gender had no influence on the communication in chat rooms – their results
originate from monitoring the reaction speed of males to messages from
females and from the absence of common courtesies between men and women.
The authors explain these results by the near-impossibility of verifying the
actual gender of other users. We can thus expect chats to be the least reliant
source of information of all our environments (H5).
Discussion forums typically focus on a certain specified area of problems or
subjects. They can focus on the resolution of certain types of problems, hobbies
etc. Here, similarly to the situation on “self-presentation servers”, users most
often represent themselves, especially if they wish to remain active on the
server for a longer period of time. Reputation systems are not uncommon either
– if the user helps someone, he will receive positive feedback on his profile,
leading to a gradual increase in respect. This also forces users to behave in
accordance with proper social conventions. Motives often include the wish to be
admired and respected by others (Ekman, 1997; DePaulo, Kirkendol, Kashy,
Wyer, & Epstein, 1996). In contrast to chats, discussion forums can thus be
expected to be relatively reliable (H6).
The environment of computer games is special by its often competitive character
and by the relatively large representation of men in this environment - Griffiths,
Davies, and Chappell. (2004) claim that up to 81% of players are men.
According to Blinka (2008), 96% women play a character of the female sex, but
only 77% men play a character of the male sex. Since online computer games
can be considered typically masculine, we can expect this to effect behavior to
women – playthings. Women or girls are relatively rare in such environments,
and thus can receive special attention and benefits. We presume that boys will
5. lie more often than girls in playing computer games (H7).
Instant messengers (e.g. ICQ, MSN) form a very popular form of synchronous
communication. This manner of communication has a more private character
than the other environments. Communication most often occurs between people
who already know each in real life – friends, family, peers. Instant messaging
can be used as another level of communication e.g. after meeting someone in
the other community environments. Norms are not explicitly listed here,
however thanks to a limited feeling of anonymity and the possibility of recording
communication (Jeffrey, Jennifer, & Thompson, 2004), we can expect a
relatively stable environment with a low frequency of lies. We expect IM to be
one of the more reliable means of communication, contrary to chats (H8).
The various aforementioned motives usually do not strictly occur only in the
individual types of listed environments – such motives can blend together.
Method and research sample
The presented research was realized by the survey, which is part of the wider
framework of the World Internet Project: Czech Republic 2007. Data of the
survey was collected by face-to-face structured interviews. The respondents
were asked to select the appropriate answer for our created questions related to
the respondents' lying online. The original selection sample included 1692
individuals of 12 and older, and is representative for the Czech Republic by the
criteria of gender, education, age, region and domicile of the respondent. Of this
sample, we have selected those who have answered positively to the question
“Do you personally use the internet, meaning web sites, e-mail or any other part
of the internet at home or any other location?” The results were elaborated for
914 users of the Czech internet, which form 54% of the original sample. Of
these respondents, we have selected for in-depth analyses those who positively
answered to the question: “Sometimes people lie on the internet. Have you told
anyone a lie on the internet in the last 6 months?” We have also asked the
respondents: “Who have you most often lied to? To a man, woman, or everyone
in the appropriate environment?” For measuring the level of occurrence of
various subjects of lies, we have asked about lying in each of the various
communication environments separately. The environments were: e-mail, chat,
discussion forums, IM, computer games. The list of chosen subjects included:
age, gender, work, education, income, physical appearance. The results were
compared for men and women as well as for the age groups of adolescence (12-
18), emerging adulthood (19-26) and adulthood (27 and older). The number of
men and women in individual age categories is listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Selected sample
Results
6. Lying
In this chapter, we describe the frequency of lying on the internet in the Czech
population, emphasizing the differences between men and women and between
various age groups. We are aware that several other studies on a similar subject
were already carried out (Whitty Gavin 2001; Whitty 2002; Caspi & Gorsky
2006), however we have included this part due to some ambiguous results in
these studies.
Our results indicate that approximately 18% of internet users list untrue
information about themselves, of that 21% are men and 15.8% are women, χ2
(d.f.= 1) = 4,122; p < 0,05. Relatively large differences can be seen in various
age groups, see table 2, χ2 (d.f.= 2) = 36,152; p < 0,001. About one third of
users below 26 years of age admit lying on the internet, whereas the ratio is
much lower for adults (12.3%) and notable differences can be seen between the
groups of adolescents and adults, χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 29,193; p < 0,001, as well as
the groups of young adults and users aged 27 and over, χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 20,596;
p < 0,001. Hypothesis H1 – that younger users would lie more often than older
ones – has thus been confirmed. Men aged 19-26 years are an exception, since
they lied more often than boys ages 12-18.
If we look at the structure by gender (Table 2), differences persist for men, χ2
(d.f.= 2) = 23,511; p < 0,001, as well as women, χ2 (d.f.= 2) = 15,735; p <
0,001. In accordance with the previous model, a higher frequency of lying can
be seen for men between 12 and 26 (although the frequency still slightly grows
in the period of “emerging adulthood”), and the typical decline after 27 years of
age. For women, the situation is different – there is an almost linear decrease in
frequency of lies with age. The difference thus manifests especially in the middle
group (in other words, while men keep their frequency of lies up until they
become adults, we see a gradual reduction of the frequency of lies for women).
Table 2: Frequencies and percents of liars for individual age groups by gender
Recipient of lies
It is noticeable that men lie most often to women, or eventually that their lie
has a “global character”, or in other words is not addressed to any individual but
rather everyone present in a given environment (Table 3). Women admit lying
7. to individuals of the opposite gender in a similar frequency, however they do not
tend to make “global lies” as often and have approximately only half the
frequency of men in this respect, χ2 (d.f.= 2) = 31,634; p < 0,001. This trend
can be seen in every age group in our study. Hypothesis H2 has also been
confirmed. Lying to the other gender is many times more frequent than lying to
the same gender.
Table 3: Recipient of lies
Subjects of lies and the internet environment
We have focused on comparing various age groups in our study; this might help
better understand possible developmental stages typical for each such stage.
When comparing general frequencies of lying between men and women on
various subjects, we have found no significant differences, except for the case of
men lying more often than women about their income, χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 6,009; p
< 0,05. However, due to the number of respondents we do not consider this
slight difference too significant.
Table 4 summarizes the basic differences between individual age groups for
each subject of lies. The highest rate of lying about one’s age is found in the
group of youngest women. In the age group of 12-27, the rate of lying radically
surpasses the rate of lying of adults. An exception would be the group of women
aged 19-26, where no differences were found, respectively were not significant,
χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 5,809; p = 0,016.
Our second monitored subject of lying was one’s gender (so-called gender-
swapping). This phenomenon was so rare in our study that the following results
are only listed for illustrative purposes. Men (χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 46,129; p < 0,001)
and women (χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 7,040; p < 0,01) aged 12-18 both lied about their
gender more often than adults (27 and over). While emerging adult men (19-
26) lied more often about their gender than adult men, χ2 (d.f.= 1) = 24,031; p
< 0,001, we did not see a similar effect for women.
In comparison with the group of adults, lying about one’s work or school is much
more typical for men and women in the age group of 12 to 26. The highest
representation can be seen in the group of men aged 19-26. Education is often
the subject of lies for men in the same age category, for women we found no
differences in this respect though. The same group of men aged 19-26 is also
the most frequent liar with regards to income.
Lying about one’s appearance is notable for adolescents and young adults; both
these age groups lie many times more often than adults.
Hypothesis H3 – that men would lie more often about their employment,
education and income – has been partially confirmed. It seems the hypothesis
8. holds for education and income, but not for employment. The increased
frequency in lies was only present in the age group of 19-26 however.
Hypothesis H4 – that women would lie more often about their age and
appearance than men – has not been confirmed.
Table 4: Differences between age groups with regards to lying
9. We have also compared the frequency of lying in various forms of
communication on the internet, in various age groups and with respect to the
respondent’s gender and the subject of lies (Table 5). The numbers in the table
list the percents of positive answers listed in each of the subjects. We select
10. only the most frequently listed subjects of lies from our results, for age
categories as well as for the respondent’s gender. We denote the percents
representing the highest rate of lying of all internet environments. We do not list
significance in individual groups due to the low expected frequencies in some
groups, the results are thus only illustrative. The highlighted percents will help
our orientation in individual environments on the internet, where the followed
subjects of lies most often occur. It is clear that, in total, the least lies can be
found in email communication. The highest frequency of lies is to be found in
chats, hypothesis H5 has thus been confirmed. Lying through IM and on internet
forums is much more frequent than expected, and so we must reject hypothesis
H6, however hypothesis H8 has been confirmed even despite the higher
frequency of lies on IM. In these two environments one must also take into
account the age of lying users, which in most cases did not exceed 26 years.
Lying in computer games is relatively rare, and similarly to emails is most often
practiced by men, hypothesis H7 thus holds. The environment of computer
games is also the only place where men lied about their gender much more
often than women.
If we then give a closer look to the individual types of lies and age groups, we
find that in chat rooms women and men aged 12-18 most often provide untrue
information about their age (31-34 %). Chat rooms are also visited by emerging
adult men, who lie about their age in up to 28% of cases, and also about their
education, income and appearance in 14-17 % of cases. Women in this age
often alter their physical appearance (31 %), as well as their age (27 %) and
job (15 %). Similarly, women aged 19-26 lie about their age, education and
appearance through IM. The frequency of lying of men and women aged over 27
usually does not exceed 7 % of cases in various internet environments. For this
age group, the most frequent type of lies would be lying about their age on chat
rooms (15-24 %).
Table 5: Percentages of lying in various environments of the internet in relation
to various subjects of lies, gender and age groups
Discussion
In our study, 18% of all respondents admit that during the last 6 months they
11. lied to others in the environment of the internet. On the other hand, another
study (Caspi & Gorsky 2006) lists lying in up to 29% of all respondents. If you
consider in more detail the age differences in the research sample, the study of
these Israeli authors notes that age increase correlated with a reduction of the
frequency of lying, especially after the 30th year. This tendency is also evident
in our respondents, however with a slight increase in the period of young
adulthood for men. This deviation may have been hidden by the high
representation of women in their sample (68%). Differences between people
aged less than 26 and adults could also be results of the differences in places
visited on the internet. Younger adults and adolescents spend more time with
non-job-related communication, and we also need to take into account free-time
activities. While adolescents and young adults spend more time entertaining
themselves, individuals over 30 more often spend their time with founding
families, developing their careers etc.
Caspi and Gorsky (2006) also claim, quite interestingly, that online lying is
considered a widespread phenomenon, something 73% of their respondents
agree with. Authors have two explanations for the discrepancy between the
documented ratio of lying and the perceived wide spread of lying on the
internet. One reason is, they believe, that the respondents may have
experienced being lied to in some damaging manner, which could have lead to
an over-generalization of this phenomenon. The other explanation could be that
such a negative picture of the internet is the result of its presentation as a
highly unstable environment by the media. Such a negative presentation of
internet environments can influence the behavior or expectations of those
visiting these environments.
If we focus on the differences between the lying of men and women in the
environment of the internet, Caspi & Gorsky (2006) identified no statistically
relevant differences. The results of our study correspond with the concluding
notes of these authors. In our case, we did notice a difference on a significance
level of p < 0,05, this is however insignificant with respect to the number of
respondents. Similar results are also noted by e.g. Whitty and Gavin (2001) and
Whitty (2002), however their findings are on a similarly low significance level.
Additionally, both these studies were primarily focused on the area of chat
rooms, the first even more specifically emphasized the study of relations in chat
rooms. The differences between the frequency of lying between men and women
aged 19-26 are quite interesting. While men seem to keep their tendency to lie
up until they become adults, women have a gradual decrease in theirs.
Substantial differences are noted between recipients of lies. As far as lying to
individuals of the opposite gender goes, we found no significant differences
between men and women. Women lie more often to other women, while men lie
as often to both men and women. One of several motives is making the liar look
more attractive. While lying to a person of the opposite gender occurs most
often to increase one’s own (sexual or partner) appeal, lying to “everyone” has a
much broader range. Here one’s appeal can be increased as a whole, not just on
a sexual level. Individuals (seemingly) educated, financially secured etc. can be
through a projection of sorts expected to also have properties linked with these
positive properties (being pretty, good etc.), leading to an idealization of the
object. The other possible cause for lying could be entertainment.
Our results partially correspond with the conclusions on lying about one’s age
(Caspi & Gorsky, 2006; Gross, 2004; Valkenbur, Schoulen, & Peter, 2005;
Whitty, 2002), where younger users lie more often than older ones. Direct
comparison is however not completely possible. Whitty included all ages
12. between 21 and 50 in the “older” age category, whereas our results (as well as
Caspi’s and Gorsky’s) indicate that there are significant differences especially
between the age groups of 20-30 and above 30. Caspi and Gorsky used age
categories similar to ours, our results differentiate from theirs in comparable
categories in ranges between 7.7% and 3.6%.
Playing different identities is, based on Caspi and Gorsky (2006), often a motive
for gender swapping. If we look at results for individual environments, it is
noticeable that this phenomenon is very rare (peaking in computer games with
a 6% rate for men) and almost entirely the domain of men. These results
correlate very well with the findings of Whitty (2002). We believe that a higher
occurrence of this phenomenon in this almost purely masculine environment is
caused by a higher motivation from potential benefits for women in this
environment (help with in-game tasks, in-game money loans or donations etc.).
A small exception is the age group of women aged 12-18 in chat rooms, where
the expected reason would be playing another identity.
Lying about employment, education and income occurs, based on our results,
most often in the group of men (fully in agreement with the study of Whitty
(2002) aged 19-26 in the environment of chat rooms, which is typical for
creating relationships. Caspi and Gorsky (2006) relate lying about employment
etc. with playing other identities, which is perceived as a game. To a much
smaller extent, they believe lying occurs to increase one’s attractiveness or
status. This is why we believe that lying about the aforementioned areas has a
direct link with increasing the man’s social attractiveness in this age with a
notable influence of stereotype sexual patterns. A pursuit of one’s attractiveness
is also related to lying about one’s physical appearance, which is most prevalent
in the age groups between 12 and 26 years of age.
For various age groups we can thus differentiate various areas about which they
feel the need to lie – for the youngest group it is age and physical appearance
(most often in chat rooms, especially those designated for meeting people). The
middle group has shifted its priorities towards the “stable manifestations of
adulthood” – education, income. This is true especially for men; women do not
feel the urge to lie about their age, however they do tend to lie about their
appearance sometimes. For the oldest age group, hot topics in lying include age,
income for men and attractiveness for women.
The frequency of lying in various environments is influenced by several effects.
One of these is the frequency of individuals in various age groups actually
visiting these environments, and also how much time they spend here. This
should, e.g. in the case of discussion forums, also affect the degree of one’s
identification with a group and adherence to certain norms. In discussion forums
however we have paradoxically found a relatively high frequency of lying,
especially for the youngest users. Additionally, lying about one’s age could have
a completely different motivation when compared to lying about one’s age in
chats – age can significantly affect the weight of arguments in discussions. The
second is the subject or theme of a given internet environment. Chat rooms and
IM are typical representatives of “informal communication”, often serving for
entertainment or meeting new people. In such environments, lying is often
much easier than e.g. on discussion forums. Lying in computer games is very
interesting for its unique (yet still quite rare) phenomenon of gender-swapping
of boys. A relatively high unreliability of e-mails found in our study contrasts the
findings of Jeffrey et al. (2002), as well our expectations – we thought that
especially for adolescents and younger adults the e-mail represented a more
13. formal means of communication than e.g. IM.
A certain limitation of the study is also the neglecting of social networks,
however during this research only an insignificant percentage of users in the
Czech Republic utilize social networks. Social networking has increased in
popularity only this year.
Concluding notes
Our results indicate that the internet as a whole has no or minimal effect on the
subjects which adolescents or young adults deal with. Lies appear in all
environments with various frequencies, and lying itself is thus influenced mostly
by the topics usually discussed in these environments. For adolescents and
emerging adults, the internet represents a place for consulting subjects
important for their current stage of life. Internet environments allow to e.g.
increase one’s appeal by lying about age or physical appearance, something
very important for individuals in this age group. It also offers the possibility to
experiment with relationships, also a key factor in this age. A clear overlap of
real life into the internet is visible here – its environment forms an ideal
mediating ground for tackling these subjects.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the support of the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth
and Sports (MSM0021622406 and 1P05ME751) and the Faculty of Social
Studies, Masaryk University.
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Correspondence to:
Stepan Konecny
Faculty of Social Studies
Instute for Research on Children, Youth and Family
Jostova 10
60200 Brno
The Czech Republic
Phone: +240 549 49 4169
E-mail: skonecny(at)fss.muni.cz