This document discusses anonymity on social media and its effects. It notes that while anonymity allows people to discuss difficult topics privately, it can also enable bullying and harassment with few repercussions. The document examines both the benefits of anonymity, such as allowing privacy and exploration of identity, and the drawbacks, like cyberbullying and the disinhibition effect leading to more aggressive behaviors online. It concludes that while anonymity has value, social media sites should regulate anonymous interactions to curb bullying.
Slides from our tutorial titled 'Polarization on social media' presented at ICWSM 2017. Covers various aspects of polarization from a technical and sociology perspective.
If you have questions/comments, please contact Kiran Garimella (kiran.garimella@aalto.fi)
A presentation for my social media class at the University of Nebraska-Omaha on the topic of polarization on social media, and the effects of echo chambers on online political discussions
Is social media redefining love? That’s the theme of our latest study. We know that social media has changed the way we live—and now, we’ve discovered, it’s changing the way we love. Euro RSCG Worldwide surveyed 1,000 respondents in the United States to explore how the digital world, specifically social media, has affected their lives in the areas of love and intimacy. In this white paper, we tackle new realities in love, like the questions of whether old-fashioned matchmaking will be a job of the past (about half of those we surveyed said they knew someone whose relationship had started online) and how old is too old to search for closeness online? Has social media affected fidelity? (Our poll says yes.) Which generation is most actively using online connections to find their love connections? And what do Facebook and the neighborhood bar have in common? Our groundbreaking survey reveals the answers to these questions and more.
Social media? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of social mediaIan McCarthy
Research and practice have mostly focused on the “bright side” of social media, aiming to understand and help in leveraging the manifold opportunities afforded by this technology. However, it is increasingly observable that social media present enormous risks for individuals, communities, firms, and even the whole of society. Examples for this “dark side” of social media include cyberbullying, addictive use, trolling, online witch hunts, fake news, and privacy abuse. In this article, we aim to illustrate the multidimensionality of the dark side of social media and describe the related various undesirable outcomes. To do this, we adapt the established social media honeycomb framework to explain the dark side implications of each of the seven functional building blocks: conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, groups, and identity. On the basis of these reflections, we present a number of avenues for future research, so as to facilitate a better understanding and use of social media.
Slides from our tutorial titled 'Polarization on social media' presented at ICWSM 2017. Covers various aspects of polarization from a technical and sociology perspective.
If you have questions/comments, please contact Kiran Garimella (kiran.garimella@aalto.fi)
A presentation for my social media class at the University of Nebraska-Omaha on the topic of polarization on social media, and the effects of echo chambers on online political discussions
Is social media redefining love? That’s the theme of our latest study. We know that social media has changed the way we live—and now, we’ve discovered, it’s changing the way we love. Euro RSCG Worldwide surveyed 1,000 respondents in the United States to explore how the digital world, specifically social media, has affected their lives in the areas of love and intimacy. In this white paper, we tackle new realities in love, like the questions of whether old-fashioned matchmaking will be a job of the past (about half of those we surveyed said they knew someone whose relationship had started online) and how old is too old to search for closeness online? Has social media affected fidelity? (Our poll says yes.) Which generation is most actively using online connections to find their love connections? And what do Facebook and the neighborhood bar have in common? Our groundbreaking survey reveals the answers to these questions and more.
Social media? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of social mediaIan McCarthy
Research and practice have mostly focused on the “bright side” of social media, aiming to understand and help in leveraging the manifold opportunities afforded by this technology. However, it is increasingly observable that social media present enormous risks for individuals, communities, firms, and even the whole of society. Examples for this “dark side” of social media include cyberbullying, addictive use, trolling, online witch hunts, fake news, and privacy abuse. In this article, we aim to illustrate the multidimensionality of the dark side of social media and describe the related various undesirable outcomes. To do this, we adapt the established social media honeycomb framework to explain the dark side implications of each of the seven functional building blocks: conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, groups, and identity. On the basis of these reflections, we present a number of avenues for future research, so as to facilitate a better understanding and use of social media.
COSTING & VALUATION
Corp Scan has battery of multi-disciplinary chartered engineers and approved valuers undertake tasks such as valuation and technical certification of Movable & Immovable Property; Plant-Machinery & Equipments .
Running head: Social Media 5
Social Media
Thesis Statement
The emergence of social media has led to new perspective on the public domain about privacy issues: it has changed the debate about right to privacy.
Annotated Bibliography
Bauerlein, P. (2011). The Digital Divide: Arguments for and Against Facebook, Google, Texting, and the Age of Social Networking. New York: Penguin Group.
Having been a professor of communication, the author explores various arguments that are raised against and for the social media. The book will be instrumental in this research since it tackles the issues surrounding privacy apparent in the emerging age of social media. In particular, the first part of the book is dedicated in analyzing various aspects of privacy that the new media has touched on specifically, Facebook, Twitter and other platforms. The author also includes essays from various renowned authors such as Douglas Rushkoff as well as Todd Gitlin just to mention but two. The author also divides the book into various sections that will be very instrumental in unveiling the security and privacy issues raised by the book. For instance, the book has section name, ‘social and personal life’ that informs the research. In essence, the book is an important primary source of information that will help in approving or disapproving the thesis statement.
Bill, H., Reyns, W. & Fisher, B. (2011). Security in the 21st century: examining the link between online social network activity, privacy, and interpersonal victimization. Criminal Justice Review, 36(1),251-153.
This scholarly article is important and critical as a primary source of information since it synthesizes information from three acclaimed authors and professors. The authors attempt to establish a correlation between contemporary social networks with privacy. The journal also seeks to examine the link between the social networks with interpersonal victimization. Throughout the journal, it is apparent from the inferences made by the authors that there is exists a correlation between social media and the manner in which people perceive their security. As such, the book will not only provide insightful information about new social networking sites but also how they may affect the public perspectives on security. As the authors posit, the social media has also led to privacy issues that do not affect the physical domain of the users but have unprecedented impact on the emotional and psychological aspects of the users. To that end, the journal answers the question, ‘Does social media raise privacy issues especially in the wake of 21st century?’
Gleibs, H. (2014). Turning Virtual Public Spaces into Laboratories: Thoughts on Conducting Online Field Studies Using Social Network Sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 1(1), 1-19.
Gleibs is a renowned author in the field of interpersonal communication. In this journal that provides information not only to public but also shapes the publi.
Pitfalls of Social MediaSome disadvantages of social network.docxrandymartin91030
Pitfalls of Social Media
Some disadvantages of social networking are addiction, friendships, and how it can become a distraction. According to an article in the Huffington Post by Britney Fitzgerald, “forty-five percent of responders said they feel “worried or uncomfortable” when email and Facebook are inaccessible.” Now-a-days society has gotten so dependent to their social networking; they cannot even leave their house without taking their phones or laptops to school. People cannot stand to be without their phones without having anxiety, we need to establish a control over the technology. “It’s not being on social networks that makes people anxious. It’s being away from them.” We have grown into this new culture where we cannot even go to sleep without checking our phones, and what is the first thing we do when we wake up? Check our phone. In fact, in a recent study Mobile Mindset study by Lookout “54 percent admit to checking their phones while lying in bed.” The unfortunate price we pay for social networking is lack of sleep. A similar study from the University of Bergen found that “people with poor sleeping habits were most likely to be Facebook-obsessed.” It has become apparent that one has created this dependency on modern technology that we have added these aps such as Facebook and YouTube to our cell phones, since we cannot even wait to get home and check from our computers. We don’t even send invitations anymore; all we do is send a Facebook invite.
Another article in the Huffington Post, The Addiction and Cost of Social Media by Sam Fiaorella he states that “if you are not paying for the product, you are the product.” In this case social networking, the Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, they are all free however, you are wasting time, emotion and privacy. “According to Nielsen and NM Incite's The Social Media Report 2012, “consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any other type of Internet site.” “As of July 2012, the total time spent accessing and engaging in social media sites has increased 37 percent in the U.S., representing 121 billion minutes.”
Emotionally we put our lives out there on social networking. We are willing to share everything we do on a daily basis and post our feelings. We create an “online version of ourselves” in which we are able to let people see and know any “version” we allow ourselves to be. “A study by the University of Waterloo as reported in Psychological Science demonstrated that Facebook engagement can increase the likelihood of depression in some people.”
Privacy is often a forgotten factor in social networking; people seem to forget that whatever they post online can follow them throughout life. Some jobs even check your social sites to make sure you are right for the job. Social networks keep track what you are interested in, you may think its because they want to learn more about you however, “the more personal the information they can acquire the more they can .
For this research paper we had to give our opinion about how Social Media is either helpful or hurtful for society. We were assigned to either research the helpful or hurtful side. The side I was given to research was the hurtful side.
Understanding Users' Privacy Motivations and Behaviors in Online SpacesJessica Vitak
I’ve spent my career so far studying the social outcomes people derive from their use of new communication systems like Facebook. These sites contain numerous affordances that differentiate them from other forms of communication & create low-cost environments for things like relationship maintenance and exchange of resources. I have found this research to be extremely rewarding, as it is important to understand how these social systems extend our capabilities for human interaction, beyond the more traditional forms of communication we have relied on previously.
But, there's a flip side to this story. Humans, by nature, are very social beings and want to interact, want to disclose information and share it with others. Social network sites and their like facilitate this through a variety of features. However, as individuals have moved their communication from offline spaces, where the interactions tend to be much more ephemeral and audiences are generally known, to online spaces, where the lines between public and private become much more blurred, I believe that thoughts of privacy of personal information are often lost in the novelty of the technologies. Now, as we begin to think about this issue more and more, I believe it’s time to step back and re-evaluate how we conceptualize our privacy in this highly networked world and to integrate that understanding into solutions that will help individuals become more savvy users of the technology.
45 minute session at Premier Digital Conference at The Brewery in London, Saturday November 12th: "Can you see me? Who or what do people see through what you create online? How open and vulnerable should we be when creating in the digital space?" http://www.premierdigital.org.uk/Premier-Digital-Conference
2. It is safe to say that since the introduction of social networking, interaction and the ability
to stay connected with each other has reshaped the way we talk to people. Social media as well
as other social networking have allowed us to talk about anything to anyone. However, the form
of how you talk to people has sparked some controversy. For as many social media sites that
state your identity, there are as many that allow you to remain anonymous. It is through
anonymity that our behavior changes, sometimes for the good, mostly for the worse. Anonymity
through social media has allowed many people to bully and harass others with few repercussions.
This paper will note the positives and negatives of social media anonymity and point out why it
should be regulated on social media platforms.
Being anonymous in social networking and the web in general will change people’s
behaviors. Anonymity has been typically described as a state where others can’t identify you or
each other.1 A big advantage when using social media and other forms of online communication
is that you do not have to meet your friends face to face like in a phone conversation. Unlike a
phone conversation, social media can also take away the voice aspect. When nobody knows who
you are online, you can be anyone you wish.2 Much of this thinking revolves around the idea of
visual anonymity. Visual anonymity is when you are unidentifiable in appearance from other
members in social media or in a chat room.3 Due to the lack of face to face contact, certain social
cues are missed, potentially leading to different kinds of behavior.4 The presence of visual
anonymity is a crucial factor in how people’s behaviors change online. A big factor is that not
1 Kimberly Christopherson,“ThePositive andNegative Implications ofAnonymity in Internet Social Interactions: On the Internet, Nobody
Knows You’re a Dog,” Computers In Human Behavior 23(2007): 3040, accessedNov. 11, 2015,doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.09.001.
2
Rebecca Chui, "A Multi-facetedApproachtoAnonymityOnline: ExaminingtheRelations betweenAnonymity andAntisocial
Behavior."Journal of Virtual Worlds Research 7 (2014): 3, accessed, Nov. 11, 2015,
https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/index.php/jvwr/article/view/7073/6342
3
Ibid.
4
Ibid.
3. being visually identifiable on social media can lead to unruly behavior.5 Without anyone to
identify them or tell them otherwise, people can go on anonymous social media sites and say
anything they want. Usually, reactions to certain comments will lead to a higher level of
aggression, as it is a natural reaction toward certain social situations.6
Despite all the talk about how anonymity can change behaviors, there are plenty of
positives that come from being anonymous on social media or online. One of the biggest benefits
of anonymity is the ability to talk about difficult subjects.7 In a survey hosted by Ask.fm, 40
percent of teenagers use social networks and various forms of anonymity to talk about subjects
that they would not normally tell others.8 In fact, the same survey noted that teenagers in general
rarely have regrets about their postings.9 The fact that social media can be used to talk about
difficult subjects has been noted in many cases. An example of this can be from Whispers own
developer, Michael Heyword. He talks about a story where talking to a girl in a self-harm post
saved his life because of her advice.10 There are other ways that being anonymous can help
people online or on social media.
The aspect of privacy is a huge reason that many people advocate for being anonymous
in social media. According to Kimberly Christopherson, an current associate professor in
psychology at Morningside College, said in her essay, The Positive and Negative Implications of
5
Ibid.
6
Chui, "A Multi-facetedApproach, 4.
7
Kerry Flynn, “Teens EmbraceAnonymous Social Networks ToDiscuss AwkwardTopics, BuildConfidence: Study.” International Business
Times, Aug. 27, 2015, accessedNov.11,2015, http://www.ibtimes.com/teens-embrace-anonymous-social-networks-discuss-awkward-topics-
build-confidence-study-2070998.
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid.
10
P.H. “Anonymous Social Networking: Secrets andLies,” The Economist Blog, March 22, 14, AccessedNov.11,2015,
http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2014/03/anonymous-social-networking.
4. Anonymity in Internet Social Interactions: On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog,
“privacy refers to the ability to control the amount of contact one has with others.11” For many
people, privacy is an important aspect of their lives.12 Not everyone can be in constant
interaction with each other and everyone needs time to be alone. In terms of anonymity in social
media interactions, privacy can be related to three concepts; recovery, catharsis, and autonomy.13
Christopherson notes that recovery is the most important concept.14 Recovery is
described as the feeling of recuperation after contemplating about a situation and feeling reborn
afterwards.15 While recovery is important, catharsis is another important factor. Catharsis is
described as the uncontained release of personal thoughts to others.16 Through the use of
anonymity, people can go to online forums or anonymous social media to release pent up
feelings about a specific subject. With catharsis, the individual can find refuge in exploring their
feelings without being identified and with recovery, is able to relax and find a new lease on their
life.
The third concept related privacy on anonymous social media is autonomy. Autonomy is
described as the ability to try something different and new without fear of prejudice.17 Many
people have hobbies that they don’t want others to know. When a person’s interest becomes
public, it could run the risk of being deemed “embarrassing” and could be the source of ridicule
depending on the hobby. For many people, being anonymous on various social media outlets
11
Christopherson, “The Positive andNegative Implications ofAnonymity,” 3040.
12
Ibid.
13
Ibid., 3041.
14
Ibid., 3041.
15
Ibid., 3041.
16
Ibid., 3041.
17
Ibid., 3041.
5. helps them explore their own personal identity.18 In an interview, students in the ages of 13-19
mention that the internet and social media have allowed them to pick and choose to whom they
want to talk to as they become more expressive.19 Recently, many people use social media and
online communities to explore various issues based on their own sexuality.20
There is also the fact anonymity in various group projects may have beneficial results.
People who are identifiable can be the subject of stereotypes.21 Through anonymity in social
media and online communities, the issue of stereotype is taken away and people from all classes
can work on a playing field deemed equalization hypothesis.22 The idea that anonymity takes
away the individual in groups has often been challenged by the SIDE theory. SIDE theory
predicts that group interaction is based on level of salience in a group and the number of people
anonymous in social and online networks.23 Salience is when someone connects less to the group
than to themselves.24 If all members are identifiable save for one or two members who are
anonymous, then the ones in anonymity will hold more social identity to themselves and can
become unruly.25 In contrast, if all members are anonymous, and have a high level of salience
then the focus on the group takes prominence over individuals.26
18
Ibid., 3042.
19
Ibid., 3042.
20
Ibid., 3042.
21
Ibid., 3045.
22
Ibid., 3045-3046.
23
Ibid., 3048.
24
Ibid., 3048.
25
Ibid., 3048.
26
Ibid., 3048.
6. Despite all the benefits anonymity gives to someone on social media or other social
communities, there is no denying that anonymity can lead to many problems in bullying and anti-
social behavior. Despite the traditional form of bullying being more common, when a person
aggression against someone online increases the chances of his/her bullying another face to
face.27 Cyberbullying is a huge problem when it comes to anonymous social media.
Cyberbullying as explained by Fabio Sticca, a postdoctoral and Perren Sonja, a professor from
the University of Konstanz, in their article Is Cyberbullying Worse Than Traditional Bullying?
Examining the Differential Roles of Medium, Publiciy, and Anonymity for the Perceived Severity
of Bullying, is defined “as an aggressive behavior that is repeatedly and intentionally carried out
against a defenseless victim using electronic forms of contact.28” Many social network apps such
as Yik-Yak have had their share of cyberbullying stories. In one story, a teacher was conducting
a course on post-apocalyptic culture while the students spent their time on Yik-Yak talking about
her.29 When the teacher found out that they had been ridiculing her, she tried to file for
harassment.30 It is worth mention that not all cyberbullying is anonymous. Some digital formats
include the IP address or other personal information about the content provider.31 However, the
fact that someone is not truly anonymous does not matter to the cyberbully.32 Without someone’s
entire information revealed to the world alongside no face to face confrontation the bully feels as
27
ChristopherBarlett,“AnonymouslyHurtingOthers Online: TheEffect of Anonymity onCyberbullyingFrequency,” Psychologyof Popular
Media Culture 4 (2015): 71, accessedNov.11,2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034335.
28
Fabio Sticca, andSonja Perren, “Is CyberbullyingWorse ThanTraditional Bullying? Examiningthe Differential Roles of Medium, Publicity,
andAnonymity for the PerceivedSeverityof Bullying.”Journal of Youth& Adolescence 42(2013): 740, accessedNov.11,2015, doi:
10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3
29
Katherine Schulten,“Are Anonymous Social Media Networks Dangerous?,“ TheNew York Times Blog, March11, 2015, accessedNov. 11,
2015, http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/are-anonymous-social-media-networks-dangerous/?_r=0.
30
Ibid.
31
Barlett,“Anonymously HurtingOthers Online,”71.
32
Ibid.
7. though he/she is anonymous. This will make bullies act like they are unknown to the world and
continue to harass the victim.33 In a recent study, the largest amount of cyberbullying actually
comes from instant messaging.34
Due to the anonymous nature of certain social networks and online communities,
cyberbullying has numerous effects on its victims. One of these effects is depression.35
Depression from cyberbullying on social media has shown to have long lasting repercussions. If
the depression is severe enough, it can unfortunately lead to suicide.36 It’s good to point out that
social media sites that show your identify like Facebook has its own cyberbullying problems.
However, the difference between Facebook and anonymous social media is that the anonymous
one is harder to track and discover the culprit.37 Because sites such as Yik-Yak and Ask.fm allow
people to post derogatory statements without being asked who they are, the police have difficulty
finding the anonymous apps and users.38
Another huge problem with anonymous social media and cyberbullying is sexual
harassment. Objectifying women has been found in many forms of digital media such as video
games, movies, and TV shows.39 It has been shown in a study that the majority of defamatory
comments are aimed towards women who as a result, suffer a more sever levels of depression
33
Ibid.
34
Ibid.
35
Stephanie Pappas, “Cyberbullyingon Social Media LinkedtoTeenDepression,” Live Science June 22,2015, accessedonNov.26,2015,
http://www.livescience.com/51294-cyberbullying-social-media-teen-depression.html.
36
Ibid.
37
Paige Samson, “Anonymous social media apps encourages cyberbullying,” WSOCTV, June 6, 2014, accessedonNov. 26, 2015,
http://www.wsoctv.com/news/news/local/hidden-social-media-apps-encourage-cyber-bullying/ngF6y/.
38
Ibid.
39
Jesse Fox, et al. "PerpetuatingOnline Sexism Offline: Anonymity, Interactivity, andtheEffects of Sexist Hashtags on Social Media."
Computers in HumanBehavior 52(2015): 436,accessedon Nov. 11, 2015,doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024
8. and distress than their male counterparts.40 Sexist comments on social media and networks do
not have to be aimed directly at someone to be offensive. There is a concept called ambient
sexism, where the environment, being real or virtual, is filled with sexist comments and behavior
among both men and women.41 A good portion of this has to do with the “online disinhibition
effect,” which is the act of someone acting differently online than if the person interacted with
another face to face.42 While the SIDE theory does offer suggestions against the effect, certain
characteristics still apply such as invisibility, where the lack of face to face contact has the
illusion of being anonymous.43 In a study by Jesse Fox, an assistant professor and Carlos Cruz, a
student from the University of Ohio, and Ji Young Lee, a student from the University of
Pittsburg in their paper Perpetuating Online Sexism Offline: Anonymity, Interactivity, and the
Effects of Sexist Hashtags on Social Media, men and women participants were placed in visible
and anonymous groups and were asked to respond and interact with twitter posts with sexist
hashtags.44 Using online disinhibition as a framework, the researchers expected the men to react
to online material and show more sexist attitudes.45 The results showed the researchers to be very
accurate to their study. The results showed that the people including the men in the anonymous
group showed more sexist attitudes when interacting with them during the study.46 Perhaps the
most disturbing result that came from this was that the sexist attitudes had a tendency to carry
40
Ibid.
41
Ibid.
42
Fox, et al. "PerpetuatingOnline Sexism Offline,” 437.
43
Barlett,“Anonymously HurtingOthers Online,”71.
44
Fox, et al. "PerpetuatingOnline Sexism Offline,” 438.
45
Ibid.
46
Ibid., 440.
9. themselves over offline. After the test was completed, some participants were more sexist after
interacting with defamatory comments.47
As the problem with anonymity and cyberbullying grows, many social networks
responded in their own ways. As a Facebook user, the only way I know that people can be
anonymous are if they have a fake account. However that may be changing. A new Facebook
app, similar to Yik-Yak and Whisper has been designed to allow people to talk to each other
without using their real name.48 Unlike other anonymous social media apps, Facebook knows
what it is doing by implementing certain counter measures against offensive comments. Mark
Zuckerberg himself has noted that Facebook chatrooms will be monitored and that hate speeches
or other signs of cyberbullying will be removed.49 Facebook officials mention that anonymity is
a place where people can be free, but control is needed.50 This is in contrast to Yik-Yak, which is
still under threat from schools banning such anonymous apps due to the threat it gives to their
students.51
The war on anonymity is a controversial one. While I agree that anonymity has many
benefits, such as discussing subjects or exploring interests one normally would not do in public,
the negatives have ended up hurting many people and has given rise to more real world bullying
as well. Anonymity should be respected, but also be regulated. I for one think that sites such as
Whisper and Yik-Yak should follow Facebooks lead and monitor posts more securely.
47
Ibid.
48
Davey Alba “The Futureof Anonymityon theInternet Is Facebook Rooms,” Wired, Oct. 27, 14, accessedon Nov. 11, 2015,
http://www.wired.com/2014/10/facebook-rooms-future-anonymity-internet/.
49
Ibid.
50
Ibid.
51
“Yik Yak app: Whyschools are concerned.” CBC News, Jan. 21, 2014, accessed, Nov. 11, 2015, http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/yik-yak-
app-why-schools-are-concerned-1.2920155.
10. Bibliography
Alba, Davey. “The Future of Anonymity on the Internet Is Facebook Rooms,” Wired, Oct. 27.
14. Accessed Nov. 11, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/facebook-rooms-future-
anonymity-internet/.
Barlett, Christopher P. “Anonymously Hurting Others Online: The Effect of Anonymity on
Cyberbullying Frequency,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 4, no. 2 (2015): 70-79.
Accessed Nov. 11, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034335.
Christopherson, Kimberly M. “The Positive and Negative Implications of Anonymity in Internet
Social Interactions: On the Internet, Nobody Knows You’re a Dog,” Computers In
Human Behavior 23, no. 6 (2007): 3038-3056. Accessed Nov. 11, 2015,
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.09.001.
Chui, Rebecca. "A Multi-faceted Approach to Anonymity Online: Examining the Relations
between Anonymity and Antisocial Behavior." Journal of Virtual Worlds Research 7, no.
2 (2014): 1-13. Accessed Nov. 11, 2015, http://www.ibtimes.com/teens-embrace-
anonymous-social-networks-discuss-awkward-topics-build-confidence-study-2070998.
Flynn, Kerry. “Teens Embrace Anonymous Social Networks To Discuss Awkward Topics, Build
Confidence: Study.” International Business Times, Aug. 27, 2015. Accessed on Nov. 11,
15, http://www.ibtimes.com/teens-embrace-anonymous-social-networks-discuss-
awkward-topics-build-confidence-study-2070998.
Fox, Jesse, Cruz, Carlos, and Ji Young Lee. "Perpetuating Online Sexism Offline: Anonymity,
Interactivity, and the Effects of Sexist Hashtags on Social Media," Computers In Human
Behavior 52, no. (2015): 436-442. Accessed Nov. 11, 2015. doi:
10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024.
Samson, Paige. “Anonymous social media apps encourages cyberbullying,” WSOCTV, June 6,
2014. Accessed on Nov. 26, 2015, http://www.wsoctv.com/news/news/local/hidden-
social-media-apps-encourage-cyber-bullying/ngF6y/.
Schulten, Katherine. “Are Anonymous Social Media Networks Dangerous?, “ The New York
Times (Blog), March 11, 2015. Accessed on Nov. 11, 2015,
http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/are-anonymous-social-media-networks-
dangerous/?_r=0.
11. Pappas, Stephanie. “Cyberbullying on Social Media Linked to Teen Depression,” Live Science,
June 22, 2015. Accessed on Nov. 26, 2015, http://www.livescience.com/51294-
cyberbullying-social-media-teen-depression.html.
P.H. “Anonymous Social Networking: Secrets and Lies,” The Economist (Blog), March 22, 14.
Accessed on Nov. 11, 2015,
http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2014/03/anonymous-social-networking.
Sticca, Fabio, and Sonja Perren. “Is Cyberbullying Worse Than Traditional Bullying? Examining
the Differential Roles of Medium, Publiciy, and Anonymity for the Perceived Severity of
Bullying.” Journal of Youth & Adolescence 42 (2013): 739-750. Accessed Nov. 12, 2015,
doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3.
“Yik Yak app: Why schools are concerned.” CBC News, Jan. 21, 2014. Accessed on Nov. 11,
2015, http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/yik-yak-app-why-schools-are-concerned-
1.2920155.
