1) The study examined relationships between Facebook use, friendship-contingent self-esteem, personality, and narcissism in 200 U.S. college students.
2) It found that students who strongly tied their self-esteem to the quality of their friendships were more active Facebook users, supporting the hypothesis.
3) No significant relationships were found between Facebook use and personality or narcissism. The results suggest Facebook allows students to maintain social connections that are important for friendship-contingent self-esteem.
Dependency on social media and its effects on users (literature review) - Pre...Dr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
< Justification of studying social media >
As a whole, media has become an essential element in modern life. In days to come, its role will expand with the expansion of technology. This is an age of advanced digital communication (Abid Hussain, 2019).
Post-modernism has given rise to non-face-to-face interaction, i.e. online engagement. With incorporation of social media in our lifestyles, we are heading towards another era beyond Post-modernism (especially since an outburst of COVID-19).
Mainstream media, i.e. television, newspaper, its utilization and effects on consumers have been a point of focus for researchers in their scholarly debates and are well documented since half century. New media, particularly social networking sites (SNS), is relatively a new discipline and is being explored through various dimensions since its emergence.
Welcome-to-Facebook-How-Facebook-influences-Parent-child-relationshipHazel Lee Weiyi
The document summarizes a study that examined how the use of Facebook influences the intimacy level in parent-child relationships. 17 parent-child pairs were interviewed separately. The study found that Facebook increased intimacy through mutual trust, reduced intergenerational gaps, equality in the relationship, and less policing by parents. Facebook allows for affectionate communication while reducing awkwardness. It also equalizes relationships by filtering out social status cues, allowing parents and children to interact as equals. Overall, the findings suggest that the Internet and Facebook can provide a positive means of communication between parents and children.
This document explores the relationship between social media use and mental health in young adults. It discusses current research indicating a connection between increased social media use and deteriorated mental health in young adults. Young adults are particularly vulnerable to mental health issues due to the developmental challenges of emerging adulthood and ongoing brain development during this period. The document aims to examine individual and social theories that may help explain the link between social media use and mental health issues in young adults.
THE GRATIFICATION AND MISUSE PATTERNS OF FACEBOOK USE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE S...American Research Thoughts
This study explored the consequences of Facebook use in the lives of undergraduate
students and to what extent this social network site was subjective to their everyday requirements. In
this respect 100 college students from Govt. College Dharamshala were randomly chosen and after
reviewing several studies on Facebook use, a questionnaire containing 20 close-ended questions was
framed and circulated them in their free times. The collected data was tabled and analyzed with the
assistance of IBM SPSS 20. Finally, the study summarizes that the undergraduates access Facebook
for various purposes in their everyday life in which, academic search, online shopping, developing
(social) relations, sharing data, chatting, and killing loneliness are primary. The study also confirms
and supports the results of previous studies that the consumption of Facebook influences students’
academic, health and social life both negative and positive manners. It is alarmed that if the
dependency of students on Facebook is not taken seriously by parents, teachers and policymakers, it
would influence their social relationship, health status, moral attitude and academic performance to a
large manner in coming years.
This document summarizes research on the effects of social media use on romantic relationships. It discusses how social media has changed how relationships form and develop through Facebook. Research shows that revealing too much personal information on social media can lead to relationship dissatisfaction due to jealousy and lack of trust. Spending excessive time on social media can also be intrusive and negatively impact relationships. While social media allows people to stay connected, oversharing details about a relationship online can damage it.
Relationship of facebook activity and narcissism among second (1)mims24
The document summarizes a research study that examines the relationship between narcissistic personality disorder and Facebook use among second year students at the University of Makati. The study aims to determine if higher Facebook activity is correlated with higher narcissism. It reviews literature on Facebook use, narcissism, and the relationship between the two. The conceptual framework is based on social exchange theory. The study will use descriptive research design and collect data through a Facebook activity test, narcissism inventory, and demographic questions. It seeks to understand profiles of respondents and examine the hypothesis that higher Facebook use is linked to greater narcissistic tendencies.
This document summarizes research on attitudes towards Facebook use among adults over 35. It finds that while older adults see benefits to staying connected via Facebook, they use it less frequently than younger groups and have some concerns about privacy and effects on social interaction. The researcher conducted surveys and interviews that found older adults are generally satisfied with Facebook for communication but view it more passively. They recognize negatives like oversharing and impacts on youth but feel Facebook allows easy connection to others. More research is still needed on older adults' social media use and attitudes.
Is the Age of privacy over? Facebook, Privacy and Qualitative ResearchLisa Blenkinsop
This document discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of Facebook data for research purposes. It begins by outlining Mark Zuckerberg's stance on privacy and the cultural shift towards sharing personal information online. It then examines several key questions regarding users' expectations of privacy and consent when their data is accessed for research. The document evaluates different approaches taken by researchers and considers how best to respect participants' privacy while conducting online research.
Dependency on social media and its effects on users (literature review) - Pre...Dr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
< Justification of studying social media >
As a whole, media has become an essential element in modern life. In days to come, its role will expand with the expansion of technology. This is an age of advanced digital communication (Abid Hussain, 2019).
Post-modernism has given rise to non-face-to-face interaction, i.e. online engagement. With incorporation of social media in our lifestyles, we are heading towards another era beyond Post-modernism (especially since an outburst of COVID-19).
Mainstream media, i.e. television, newspaper, its utilization and effects on consumers have been a point of focus for researchers in their scholarly debates and are well documented since half century. New media, particularly social networking sites (SNS), is relatively a new discipline and is being explored through various dimensions since its emergence.
Welcome-to-Facebook-How-Facebook-influences-Parent-child-relationshipHazel Lee Weiyi
The document summarizes a study that examined how the use of Facebook influences the intimacy level in parent-child relationships. 17 parent-child pairs were interviewed separately. The study found that Facebook increased intimacy through mutual trust, reduced intergenerational gaps, equality in the relationship, and less policing by parents. Facebook allows for affectionate communication while reducing awkwardness. It also equalizes relationships by filtering out social status cues, allowing parents and children to interact as equals. Overall, the findings suggest that the Internet and Facebook can provide a positive means of communication between parents and children.
This document explores the relationship between social media use and mental health in young adults. It discusses current research indicating a connection between increased social media use and deteriorated mental health in young adults. Young adults are particularly vulnerable to mental health issues due to the developmental challenges of emerging adulthood and ongoing brain development during this period. The document aims to examine individual and social theories that may help explain the link between social media use and mental health issues in young adults.
THE GRATIFICATION AND MISUSE PATTERNS OF FACEBOOK USE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE S...American Research Thoughts
This study explored the consequences of Facebook use in the lives of undergraduate
students and to what extent this social network site was subjective to their everyday requirements. In
this respect 100 college students from Govt. College Dharamshala were randomly chosen and after
reviewing several studies on Facebook use, a questionnaire containing 20 close-ended questions was
framed and circulated them in their free times. The collected data was tabled and analyzed with the
assistance of IBM SPSS 20. Finally, the study summarizes that the undergraduates access Facebook
for various purposes in their everyday life in which, academic search, online shopping, developing
(social) relations, sharing data, chatting, and killing loneliness are primary. The study also confirms
and supports the results of previous studies that the consumption of Facebook influences students’
academic, health and social life both negative and positive manners. It is alarmed that if the
dependency of students on Facebook is not taken seriously by parents, teachers and policymakers, it
would influence their social relationship, health status, moral attitude and academic performance to a
large manner in coming years.
This document summarizes research on the effects of social media use on romantic relationships. It discusses how social media has changed how relationships form and develop through Facebook. Research shows that revealing too much personal information on social media can lead to relationship dissatisfaction due to jealousy and lack of trust. Spending excessive time on social media can also be intrusive and negatively impact relationships. While social media allows people to stay connected, oversharing details about a relationship online can damage it.
Relationship of facebook activity and narcissism among second (1)mims24
The document summarizes a research study that examines the relationship between narcissistic personality disorder and Facebook use among second year students at the University of Makati. The study aims to determine if higher Facebook activity is correlated with higher narcissism. It reviews literature on Facebook use, narcissism, and the relationship between the two. The conceptual framework is based on social exchange theory. The study will use descriptive research design and collect data through a Facebook activity test, narcissism inventory, and demographic questions. It seeks to understand profiles of respondents and examine the hypothesis that higher Facebook use is linked to greater narcissistic tendencies.
This document summarizes research on attitudes towards Facebook use among adults over 35. It finds that while older adults see benefits to staying connected via Facebook, they use it less frequently than younger groups and have some concerns about privacy and effects on social interaction. The researcher conducted surveys and interviews that found older adults are generally satisfied with Facebook for communication but view it more passively. They recognize negatives like oversharing and impacts on youth but feel Facebook allows easy connection to others. More research is still needed on older adults' social media use and attitudes.
Is the Age of privacy over? Facebook, Privacy and Qualitative ResearchLisa Blenkinsop
This document discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of Facebook data for research purposes. It begins by outlining Mark Zuckerberg's stance on privacy and the cultural shift towards sharing personal information online. It then examines several key questions regarding users' expectations of privacy and consent when their data is accessed for research. The document evaluates different approaches taken by researchers and considers how best to respect participants' privacy while conducting online research.
- Researchers investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and social skills, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, extraversion, and emotional stability in undergraduate students.
- They found that increased Facebook usage was correlated with impaired social skills and higher depressive symptoms, as well as lower self-esteem.
- Increased Facebook usage was also related to higher extraversion and lower emotional stability.
- The results suggest that excessive Facebook use could have negative impacts on well-being, and modifications to the platform may help reduce these effects, especially in younger people. Further research on other social media is warranted.
Exploring adolescent social media use and high schools: Tensions and compati...Vanessa Dennen
Poster presented at Social Media & Society 2018 (Copenhagen).
Authors: Rutledge, Dennen, Bagdy, Rowlett & Burnick
for more info on our project see: http://studentssocialmediaschools.com
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media usage on students' self-satisfaction at higher education levels. It outlines the introduction, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, methodology and references for the study. The objectives are to analyze the positive and negative impacts of social media on self-satisfaction, identify factors creating negative impacts, and provide suggestions to minimize these effects. A survey method using questionnaires and interviews will be used to collect data from students and teachers, which will then be analyzed using SPSS.
Adolescent and Young Adult Social Media Use: Using For a Purpose, but Resulti...samhauck
This document discusses adolescent and young adult social media use and its effects. While some argue that social media is turning youth into addicted narcissists, the author argues that most adolescents and young adults use social media for specific purposes like connecting with others and expressing identity. However, social media use still leads to unexpected negative side effects. The author aims to show that youth are not addicted to or becoming narcissists from social media, and that solutions exist to overcome negative side effects.
SOCIAL MEDIA VIOLATED ENGLISH LANGUAGESeemab Abbas
The document discusses a study on how social media affects the English language. It presents backgrounds on sociolinguistics and defines key terms. The study aims to determine if social media has a positive, negative, or no effect on English. A literature review of past studies and the methodology of collecting online user comments are described. Three perspectives are analyzed: social media deteriorates writing skills, enhances writing skills, or has no effect. Data analysis found 52% believe it fractures English while 36% believe it does not and 12% see both effects. The conclusion is that overuse of informal social media language can negatively impact formal writing skills if standard forms are not used.
O'Connor & Schmidt (2016) teaching students about personal social media use a...Gordon Schmidt
This document discusses teaching students about personal social media use and its effect on student retention and success. It notes that the majority of university students use Facebook daily and over half of universities have social media policies. It then poses questions about students' legal rights regarding discipline from universities for their personal social media posts. Recent research by O'Connor, Schmidt, and Drouin is mentioned. Examples are provided of students disciplined by their universities for social media posts. The document discusses students' understanding of privacy and free speech rights regarding personal social media use and discipline from universities. It also provides examples to illustrate differences between public and private university social media policies and discipline.
- The document discusses social media and its impact on students' education. It defines social media and outlines some of its key characteristics like immediacy and interaction. Popular social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube are mentioned.
- The objectives of the study are to understand how social media influences students, the time they spend online, and its impacts on their education. The significance of studying this relationship is discussed.
- The methodology section outlines that primary data will be collected through surveys while secondary data comes from sources like journals and websites. Surveys will be conducted with 30 students in Mumbai to analyze impacts.
- Some preliminary findings found most students use Facebook and spend 4-6 hours daily on social media. Many
Peggy Orenstein wrote an editorial arguing that social media lowers empathy. She gives an example of how she was distracted by Twitter while bonding with her daughter. Some research supports her claim, finding a decline in empathy among college students from 1979 to 2009. However, other research challenges this, finding that empathy can exist online, such as in health support communities. In conclusion, while empathy may be weaker online than in person, it can still be felt through social media.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of social media on relationships. It discusses previous research that has shown both negative and positive impacts of social media usage. The current study involved surveying 40 participants (half male, half female) who were randomly assigned to read one of two scenarios involving social media use in a relationship. They then answered questions to assess their views on cheating and the relationship. The study hypothesized that responses would differ based on the gender of the participant and scenario. While the results were not statistically significant, they trended in the predicted directions, providing some evidence that social media negatively impacts relationships. The study aimed to further understanding of this issue.
This study examined dating experiences of online dating users and non-users among college students. The author conducted in-depth interviews with 5 online dating users and 5 non-users at Reinhardt University. The interviews were recorded and themes from the responses were analyzed. Using interviews allowed the author to directly compare experiences of those who do and do not use online dating, but interviews were time-consuming for both the interviewer and interviewees. Overall, the study aimed to expand understanding of individual experiences with online dating.
Over its history, IPRRC has become one of the top venues for presentation of new PR research and for interaction among scholars and PR professionals. IPRRC is unique in many ways.
*The only conference devoted entirely to research in public relations
*Featuring informal roundtable sessions where participants actively discuss (and even contribute to) the research
*Attended by grad students, professors and practitioners for real bridge-building between the academy and the profession
*Limited attendance to facilitate interaction — during research sessions as well as the social events
A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Stud...ijtsrd
The Social Networking Sites are becoming vital part for the Students. Social networking sites offers students to communicate effectively and also very useful for sharing the information. It allows students to easily their own pages in online network of contacts, also called as ˜friends. Nowadays comparing to other communication methods the Social Networking Sites are faster for sharing the information. This research project work œA Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City, analysis the Students preference and attitude towards Social Networking Sites especially Face Book, Twitter, LinkedIn and Others. It also focuses on the impact and effects of Social Networking Sites in Students. The findings from the analysis were discussed in detail and suggestions have been given. Mrs. B. Janani | Mrs. B. GeethPriya"A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11563.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/11563/a-study-on-effects-and-cultural-impacts-of-social-networking-sites-among-students-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-city/mrs-b-janani
A Study on Gender Differential Factors in Uses of Social Networking Sitesinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that explored gender differences in the uses of social networking sites (SNSs) among young adults in Bangalore, India. The study surveyed 120 males and females aged 20-35 to identify the most popular SNSs used and how usage differs by gender. It found that both males and females most frequently used Facebook, but males tended to use SNSs more for networking, dating, chatting, and promoting brands/actors, while females used SNSs more for maintaining connections, sharing knowledge, updating locations, and looking for jobs. The study provides insight into how marketing professionals can target digital campaigns based on these gender differences in SNS usage.
The document discusses how the media (internet, television, magazines, billboards, etc.) influences body image and behaviors. It notes that women's bodies and parts are used to sell many products in media. Popular actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner, with some even fainting from lack of food. Women's magazines promote the idea that women will have a perfect life if they lose 20 pounds. The media pressure is affecting both girls and boys as young as 5-6 who are engaging in dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Nearly half of preadolescent girls wish to be thinner due to media and peer influences.
This document provides an overview of evaluating pro and con arguments for whether social networking sites are good for society. It discusses evaluating evidence and arguments, considering key questions to guide the review of the issue, and analyzing frames to assess the strongest case for each position. Sample pro arguments are provided, including that social media spreads information faster, helps students and businesswomen, facilitates relationships and political change, and empowers individuals.
This document discusses a study of privacy and information sharing on Facebook. The researchers surveyed Facebook users at a US university to understand their privacy concerns, usage of Facebook, and awareness of how public their profiles were. They found that while users expressed privacy concerns, they were not very concerned about privacy on Facebook. Some users were also unaware how exposed their profiles and information were. Exposure to information about Facebook's public nature sometimes changed users' behavior regarding what they shared.
¿Qué hacen los adolescentes en Redes Sociales?ADCENTRAL
Teens are increasingly sharing personal information on social media compared to past years. While most teen Facebook users keep their profiles private, sharing is typically done with large friend networks. However, Twitter users tend to have public accounts. Teens employ various techniques beyond privacy settings to manage their reputation and networks online, though most teens express little concern about third parties accessing their data. Focus group discussions indicate teens' enthusiasm for Facebook is waning due to adult presence, drama, and reputation management pressures, but they continue using it due to social importance.
This study examined how narcissism and self-esteem are manifested on Facebook. 100 Facebook users completed questionnaires measuring narcissism and self-esteem. Their Facebook profiles were then coded for self-promotional content. Results found that individuals higher in narcissism and lower in self-esteem engaged in more Facebook activity and displayed more self-promotional content on their profiles. Gender differences also influenced the type of self-promotional content, with males higher in narcissism displaying more descriptive self-promotion and females displaying more superficial self-promotion through photos. The study provided initial evidence that personality traits are related to online self-presentation and behavior on social media.
This document discusses a research study exploring how Facebook has impacted the social interactions of backpackers. The study found that two-thirds of backpackers use Facebook regularly while traveling to maintain connections with other travelers. Facebook allows backpackers to easily add new connections met while traveling and engage with their photos and updates. More than 75% have used Facebook to reconnect with travelers they met in person. However, Facebook also increases the complexity of managing one's online identity and social interactions for backpackers. Overall, the benefits of using Facebook to maintain travel connections outweigh the challenges.
The document discusses several aspects of self-esteem, including:
1) Positive self-talk and focusing on personal strengths and accomplishments can help build self-esteem, while negative self-talk and comparing oneself to others can damage self-esteem.
2) Multiple factors influence self-esteem, including one's self-image, ideal self, and perception of how others see them. Good friends, hobbies, exercise and volunteering can also boost self-esteem.
3) While outer opinions can impact self-esteem, one's "true mirror" or internal self-view is most accurate and important for well-being. Changing negative self-talk patterns can help
A study examined how social networking sites can influence adolescents' self-esteem based on how frequently they used sites and the feedback received from others. The results showed that 52% of students received both positive and negative feedback on sites, while 30% received always positive feedback and 11% received always negative feedback. The conclusions were that receiving positive feedback from others on social media may increase self-esteem, while receiving negative feedback could potentially lower self-esteem.
- Researchers investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and social skills, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, extraversion, and emotional stability in undergraduate students.
- They found that increased Facebook usage was correlated with impaired social skills and higher depressive symptoms, as well as lower self-esteem.
- Increased Facebook usage was also related to higher extraversion and lower emotional stability.
- The results suggest that excessive Facebook use could have negative impacts on well-being, and modifications to the platform may help reduce these effects, especially in younger people. Further research on other social media is warranted.
Exploring adolescent social media use and high schools: Tensions and compati...Vanessa Dennen
Poster presented at Social Media & Society 2018 (Copenhagen).
Authors: Rutledge, Dennen, Bagdy, Rowlett & Burnick
for more info on our project see: http://studentssocialmediaschools.com
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media usage on students' self-satisfaction at higher education levels. It outlines the introduction, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, methodology and references for the study. The objectives are to analyze the positive and negative impacts of social media on self-satisfaction, identify factors creating negative impacts, and provide suggestions to minimize these effects. A survey method using questionnaires and interviews will be used to collect data from students and teachers, which will then be analyzed using SPSS.
Adolescent and Young Adult Social Media Use: Using For a Purpose, but Resulti...samhauck
This document discusses adolescent and young adult social media use and its effects. While some argue that social media is turning youth into addicted narcissists, the author argues that most adolescents and young adults use social media for specific purposes like connecting with others and expressing identity. However, social media use still leads to unexpected negative side effects. The author aims to show that youth are not addicted to or becoming narcissists from social media, and that solutions exist to overcome negative side effects.
SOCIAL MEDIA VIOLATED ENGLISH LANGUAGESeemab Abbas
The document discusses a study on how social media affects the English language. It presents backgrounds on sociolinguistics and defines key terms. The study aims to determine if social media has a positive, negative, or no effect on English. A literature review of past studies and the methodology of collecting online user comments are described. Three perspectives are analyzed: social media deteriorates writing skills, enhances writing skills, or has no effect. Data analysis found 52% believe it fractures English while 36% believe it does not and 12% see both effects. The conclusion is that overuse of informal social media language can negatively impact formal writing skills if standard forms are not used.
O'Connor & Schmidt (2016) teaching students about personal social media use a...Gordon Schmidt
This document discusses teaching students about personal social media use and its effect on student retention and success. It notes that the majority of university students use Facebook daily and over half of universities have social media policies. It then poses questions about students' legal rights regarding discipline from universities for their personal social media posts. Recent research by O'Connor, Schmidt, and Drouin is mentioned. Examples are provided of students disciplined by their universities for social media posts. The document discusses students' understanding of privacy and free speech rights regarding personal social media use and discipline from universities. It also provides examples to illustrate differences between public and private university social media policies and discipline.
- The document discusses social media and its impact on students' education. It defines social media and outlines some of its key characteristics like immediacy and interaction. Popular social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube are mentioned.
- The objectives of the study are to understand how social media influences students, the time they spend online, and its impacts on their education. The significance of studying this relationship is discussed.
- The methodology section outlines that primary data will be collected through surveys while secondary data comes from sources like journals and websites. Surveys will be conducted with 30 students in Mumbai to analyze impacts.
- Some preliminary findings found most students use Facebook and spend 4-6 hours daily on social media. Many
Peggy Orenstein wrote an editorial arguing that social media lowers empathy. She gives an example of how she was distracted by Twitter while bonding with her daughter. Some research supports her claim, finding a decline in empathy among college students from 1979 to 2009. However, other research challenges this, finding that empathy can exist online, such as in health support communities. In conclusion, while empathy may be weaker online than in person, it can still be felt through social media.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of social media on relationships. It discusses previous research that has shown both negative and positive impacts of social media usage. The current study involved surveying 40 participants (half male, half female) who were randomly assigned to read one of two scenarios involving social media use in a relationship. They then answered questions to assess their views on cheating and the relationship. The study hypothesized that responses would differ based on the gender of the participant and scenario. While the results were not statistically significant, they trended in the predicted directions, providing some evidence that social media negatively impacts relationships. The study aimed to further understanding of this issue.
This study examined dating experiences of online dating users and non-users among college students. The author conducted in-depth interviews with 5 online dating users and 5 non-users at Reinhardt University. The interviews were recorded and themes from the responses were analyzed. Using interviews allowed the author to directly compare experiences of those who do and do not use online dating, but interviews were time-consuming for both the interviewer and interviewees. Overall, the study aimed to expand understanding of individual experiences with online dating.
Over its history, IPRRC has become one of the top venues for presentation of new PR research and for interaction among scholars and PR professionals. IPRRC is unique in many ways.
*The only conference devoted entirely to research in public relations
*Featuring informal roundtable sessions where participants actively discuss (and even contribute to) the research
*Attended by grad students, professors and practitioners for real bridge-building between the academy and the profession
*Limited attendance to facilitate interaction — during research sessions as well as the social events
A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Stud...ijtsrd
The Social Networking Sites are becoming vital part for the Students. Social networking sites offers students to communicate effectively and also very useful for sharing the information. It allows students to easily their own pages in online network of contacts, also called as ˜friends. Nowadays comparing to other communication methods the Social Networking Sites are faster for sharing the information. This research project work œA Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City, analysis the Students preference and attitude towards Social Networking Sites especially Face Book, Twitter, LinkedIn and Others. It also focuses on the impact and effects of Social Networking Sites in Students. The findings from the analysis were discussed in detail and suggestions have been given. Mrs. B. Janani | Mrs. B. GeethPriya"A Study on Effects and Cultural Impacts of Social Networking Sites Among Students with Special Reference to Coimbatore City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11563.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/11563/a-study-on-effects-and-cultural-impacts-of-social-networking-sites-among-students-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-city/mrs-b-janani
A Study on Gender Differential Factors in Uses of Social Networking Sitesinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that explored gender differences in the uses of social networking sites (SNSs) among young adults in Bangalore, India. The study surveyed 120 males and females aged 20-35 to identify the most popular SNSs used and how usage differs by gender. It found that both males and females most frequently used Facebook, but males tended to use SNSs more for networking, dating, chatting, and promoting brands/actors, while females used SNSs more for maintaining connections, sharing knowledge, updating locations, and looking for jobs. The study provides insight into how marketing professionals can target digital campaigns based on these gender differences in SNS usage.
The document discusses how the media (internet, television, magazines, billboards, etc.) influences body image and behaviors. It notes that women's bodies and parts are used to sell many products in media. Popular actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner, with some even fainting from lack of food. Women's magazines promote the idea that women will have a perfect life if they lose 20 pounds. The media pressure is affecting both girls and boys as young as 5-6 who are engaging in dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Nearly half of preadolescent girls wish to be thinner due to media and peer influences.
This document provides an overview of evaluating pro and con arguments for whether social networking sites are good for society. It discusses evaluating evidence and arguments, considering key questions to guide the review of the issue, and analyzing frames to assess the strongest case for each position. Sample pro arguments are provided, including that social media spreads information faster, helps students and businesswomen, facilitates relationships and political change, and empowers individuals.
This document discusses a study of privacy and information sharing on Facebook. The researchers surveyed Facebook users at a US university to understand their privacy concerns, usage of Facebook, and awareness of how public their profiles were. They found that while users expressed privacy concerns, they were not very concerned about privacy on Facebook. Some users were also unaware how exposed their profiles and information were. Exposure to information about Facebook's public nature sometimes changed users' behavior regarding what they shared.
¿Qué hacen los adolescentes en Redes Sociales?ADCENTRAL
Teens are increasingly sharing personal information on social media compared to past years. While most teen Facebook users keep their profiles private, sharing is typically done with large friend networks. However, Twitter users tend to have public accounts. Teens employ various techniques beyond privacy settings to manage their reputation and networks online, though most teens express little concern about third parties accessing their data. Focus group discussions indicate teens' enthusiasm for Facebook is waning due to adult presence, drama, and reputation management pressures, but they continue using it due to social importance.
This study examined how narcissism and self-esteem are manifested on Facebook. 100 Facebook users completed questionnaires measuring narcissism and self-esteem. Their Facebook profiles were then coded for self-promotional content. Results found that individuals higher in narcissism and lower in self-esteem engaged in more Facebook activity and displayed more self-promotional content on their profiles. Gender differences also influenced the type of self-promotional content, with males higher in narcissism displaying more descriptive self-promotion and females displaying more superficial self-promotion through photos. The study provided initial evidence that personality traits are related to online self-presentation and behavior on social media.
This document discusses a research study exploring how Facebook has impacted the social interactions of backpackers. The study found that two-thirds of backpackers use Facebook regularly while traveling to maintain connections with other travelers. Facebook allows backpackers to easily add new connections met while traveling and engage with their photos and updates. More than 75% have used Facebook to reconnect with travelers they met in person. However, Facebook also increases the complexity of managing one's online identity and social interactions for backpackers. Overall, the benefits of using Facebook to maintain travel connections outweigh the challenges.
The document discusses several aspects of self-esteem, including:
1) Positive self-talk and focusing on personal strengths and accomplishments can help build self-esteem, while negative self-talk and comparing oneself to others can damage self-esteem.
2) Multiple factors influence self-esteem, including one's self-image, ideal self, and perception of how others see them. Good friends, hobbies, exercise and volunteering can also boost self-esteem.
3) While outer opinions can impact self-esteem, one's "true mirror" or internal self-view is most accurate and important for well-being. Changing negative self-talk patterns can help
A study examined how social networking sites can influence adolescents' self-esteem based on how frequently they used sites and the feedback received from others. The results showed that 52% of students received both positive and negative feedback on sites, while 30% received always positive feedback and 11% received always negative feedback. The conclusions were that receiving positive feedback from others on social media may increase self-esteem, while receiving negative feedback could potentially lower self-esteem.
Social Comparison or Association? Effects of Facebook Friend Profile Viewing ...Holly Slang
This study examined the effects of viewing other people's Facebook profiles on self-esteem. In experiment 1, 242 participants viewed either their own profile or a profile of someone with fewer, equal, or more friends. Viewing another's profile increased reported happiness but decreased self-esteem compared to viewing one's own profile. Those who viewed a more popular profile reported lower self-esteem and higher intentions to show off. In experiment 2, 285 participants were primed with either associative or comparative contexts before viewing profiles. Results showed gender differences in responses, with men feeling higher self-esteem viewing less popular profiles and women feeling lower self-esteem viewing equally popular profiles in associative contexts. The study found social networking
Online Peer Influence and Social Networking Site UsageElisa H
This study examined the relationship between self-esteem, online peer influence, social networking site usage, and body satisfaction in teen girls in the United States. The study found that self-esteem significantly predicted body image dissatisfaction, but that online peer influence and social networking site usage did not. However, when considered together, self-esteem, online peer influence, and social networking site usage did significantly predict body image dissatisfaction. The findings suggest that for teen girls, self-esteem is an important factor influencing body satisfaction.
Motivational Drivers Of Social NetworkingSteve Massi
This document discusses the motivational drivers of social networking by examining usage trends and comparing them to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. It finds that social networks satisfy needs for connection, esteem, and self-actualization by making it easier for people to discover, express themselves, help others, and strengthen social relationships once basic physiological and safety needs are met. The implications are that social networking will continue growing as it supports fundamental human motivation, and brands must find ways to authentically engage at a human level through ideas rather than just tactics.
Brandtzæg, P.B., & Heim, J. (2009). Why people use social networking sites. Proceedings of the HCI International. (pp. 143–152). In A.A. Ozok and P. Zaphiris (Eds.): Online Communities, LNCS. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, San Diego, CA, USA, 19-24 July
This document discusses gender patterns in crime based on official statistics and sociological theories. The key points are:
- Official statistics show males are far more likely to be convicted of crimes than females. However, some argue these statistics underestimate female offending.
- There are three main questions raised: do women really commit fewer crimes; how do we explain female criminality; and why do males commit more crimes?
- Theories to explain gender differences in crime include functionalist sex role theory, patriarchal control theory, and the liberation thesis. Masculinity is also discussed as a factor in male criminality.
Facebook is a free social networking website that allows users to connect with friends, family, and make new connections. It was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg and others. Users can create profiles to share photos, information, messages and videos. While it allows users to share and connect, it's important to keep personal information private and use privacy settings to control what is shared. Parents should also talk to children about being safe online.
ORIGINAL ARTICLESThe Relationship Between Facebook and the.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
The Relationship Between Facebook and the Well-Being
of Undergraduate College Students
Maria Kalpidou, Ph.D., Dan Costin, M.A., and Jessica Morris, B.A.
Abstract
We investigated how Facebook use and attitudes relate to self-esteem and college adjustment, and expected to
find a positive relationship between Facebook and social adjustment, and a negative relationship between
Facebook, self-esteem, and emotional adjustment. We examined these relationships in first-year and upper-class
students and expected to find differences between the groups. Seventy undergraduate students completed
Facebook measures (time, number of friends, emotional and social connection to Facebook), the Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale, and the Student Adaptation to College Scale. First-year students had a stronger emotional con-
nection to and spent more time on Facebook while they reported fewer friends than upper-class students did.
The groups did not differ in the adjustment scores. The number of Facebook friends potentially hinders academic
adjustment, and spending a lot of time on Facebook is related to low self-esteem. The number of Facebook
friends was negatively associated with emotional and academic adjustment among first-year students but
positively related to social adjustment and attachment to institution among upper-class students. The results
suggest that the relationship becomes positive later in college life when students use Facebook effectively to
connect socially with their peers. Lastly, the number of Facebook friends and not the time spent on Facebook
predicted college adjustment, suggesting the value of studying further the notion of Facebook friends.
Introduction
In recent years, online social-networking sites haveachieved notable popularity among college students. The
creation of Facebook, in 2004, has revolutionized social be-
haviors and networking practices among college students.
Facebook allows a user to create a profile, display personal
information, upload pictures, access other users’ profiles, ac-
cumulate online friends, and interact with those friends
through messages, gifts, and other applications. In the litera-
ture, the average amount of time spent on Facebook ranges
from 30 minutes1 to over 2 hours daily.2,3 While it appears that
Facebook is the preferred approach to networking among
college students, there has been little research on its rela-
tionship with psychological well-being.
Past research has extensively examined the effects of gen-
eral Internet use on social well-being. Initial studies con-
cluded that greater Internet use led to a decline in family
communication, and local and distant network size.4 Based
on the results of the HomeNet project,4 participants who
spent a significant amount of time on the Internet reported
higher levels of loneliness and a greater number of daily
stresses than people who did not use the Internet as much.
Moreover, greater Internet use has been associated with a
highe.
- The document discusses a study that tested how social attraction on Facebook influences self-disclosure, predictability, and trust between users. It found that Facebook users are more likely to disclose personal information to those they feel socially attracted to and find more predictable. Increased disclosure and predictability led to greater feelings of trust. The study supports theories of relationship development like Uncertainty Reduction Theory.
CHILDREN USING FACEBOOK: PERSONALITY TRAITS, SELF-CONCEPT AND SCHOOL PERFORMANCEIJITE
Social interaction and communication is basically orchestrated through Social Networking Sites (SNS)
with Facebook being amongst the most popular ones. Previous research has shown users’ personality as a
highly relevant factor when examining the way people behave virtually. In the present study, we
investigated the relationship between Facebook usage and personality in children aged 10 to 13 years with
a personal account on Facebook, defined in terms of a Five-Factor Model. The relationship between
Facebook usage and users’ self-concept regarding their school performance and their happiness and
satisfaction about life was also investigated. For this purpose, children’s teachers were asked to evaluate
children’s school performance, in order to better examine the relationship between Facebook usage and
users’ school performance. Three hundred and forty-eight (348) pupils of elementary and secondary
schools in Patras (Greece) participated in the study. The results indicated that Facebook usage has a
statistically significant association with personality traits like Neuroticism, Openness to Experience,
Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Moreover, children who perceived themselves as good pupils did
not have a Facebook account. Also, Facebook usage has been found to be negatively related to users’
school performance, as assessed by their teachers. No statistically significant associations were found
between Facebook usage and users’ self-perceptions regarding their happiness and general satisfaction
with life.
The study examined factors that predict social media usage among 384 undergraduate students. It assessed how extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, smartphone usage, Greek life affiliation, and other variables related to frequency of Facebook and Instagram use. The researchers hypothesized that higher levels of extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, and smartphone usage would predict greater social media frequency, based on previous research. Preliminary results found that smartphone usage and Greek life predicted Facebook use, while extroversion, need for popularity, socializing, and smartphone usage predicted Instagram use. The study aimed to expand understanding of how personality traits and behaviors relate to social networking behaviors.
The relationship-between-facebooking-and-academic-achievement-finalRamosJessica2
The document discusses a study on the relationship between Facebook usage and academic achievement among grade 11 students. It provides background information on Facebook and discusses both the positive and negative impacts of Facebook usage that have been found in previous studies. The study aims to determine the Facebook usage behaviors and reasons for using Facebook among grade 11 students, as well as the impact of Facebook usage on their study hours and academic performance. A descriptive correlational research method was used to collect data through surveys. The results will help students, teachers, parents and future researchers understand the relationship between Facebook usage and academics.
- The study examined whether awareness of others' ability to selectively self-present on Facebook can attenuate the negative effects of upward social comparisons on the site.
- Participants viewed a fictitious Facebook profile designed to induce either an upward or downward social comparison and reported self-esteem and other measures.
- The study hypothesized that awareness of selective self-presentation online would lead to greater reported positivity than being informed self-presentation is unlikely or no information. This could help understand how social comparisons differ online versus face-to-face.
Research Thesis (The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of ...Anjenette Columnas
This is our research paper in a thesis-like form entitled "The Impact of Facebook Usage to the Academic Performance of the 4th Year Education Students in Andres Bonifacio College". Together with the unity of the group, our research thesis was made possible.
I hope this will help as a guidance for students who will also make their own research thesis in the future!
This study explored the effect of social media on college student study habits. A survey of 10 college students found mixed results, with 50% agreeing they check social media while studying but only 40% finding social media useful for studying. Interviews of 2 additional students found social media is seen as a distraction from studying and they prefer studying in person. The conclusion is that for the students surveyed, social media does not significantly impact their study habits. However, the small sample size limits conclusions and more research is needed.
The effects of social media on college studentsArina Fauzi
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of social media on college students. A survey was administered to 48 college students, collecting data on their social media usage habits and perceptions of how social media affects their studies. The results showed that Facebook was the most popular site, with students spending 6-8 hours per day on average checking social media. While social media allowed students to connect with others, 80% of respondents used social media while doing homework, which could increase distraction and negatively impact academic performance. The study concluded that most college students' social media usage affects their study efficiency and may lower grades.
The Facebook has become an essential part of almost every university students’ daily life, and while a large
number of students seem to get benefits from use of the Facebook by exchanging information for educational
goals, make friends, and other activities, the literature indicates that this social networking site can become
addictive to some university students’ users, which is one of the today’s higher education matters. The aim of this
study, therefore, is to explore the phenomenon of Facebook addiction among university students. Qualitative
study using interview is used to gather data from nine International postgraduates of Universiti Putra Malaysia
and the data established three themes (Compulsion to check Facebook, High frequency use, and Using Facebook
to avoid offline responsibility) relied on the participants interviews. The findings from these three themes
showed that these users considered their Facebook dependency, are known as salience, tolerance, and conflict.
These results also lead to the conclusion that like most activities, moderation and controlled use are key. So, the
best approach to preparing students for life in a knowledge-based society is to help them exercise self-control
and achieve a level of balance when using Facebook. It is believed that the findings of this study would help
other Facebook researchers by contributing to the limited academic literature in this area.
The document discusses the effects of social media on the academic performance of selected grade 9 students. It finds that students use social media mostly to keep in touch with people and to socialize. While social media helps with schoolwork like homework and projects, students who spend more than 3 hours on social media daily had lower academic performance. Facebook was the most visited site and students mostly used it for chatting and seeking information. While social media can positively impact schoolwork, excessive unrelated use is linked to lower grades. Managing social media use and prioritizing academics is recommended.
Let's look at interesting research about facebook social media results
Facebook Psychology: Popular Questions Answered by Research
go deep in what is impact of use social media networks in our real life
This report is a study of the identity negotiations of young active Facebook users through their online significant others. The following research investigates the identity negotiations in the life of a Facebook user.
This document discusses two conceptual approaches - social compensation and rich-get-richer - that have been proposed to explain adolescent online risk-taking behaviors. It summarizes a study that examined which approach better predicts such behaviors using data from the Pew Internet Foundation. The study found that predictors of risk-taking included a lack of extracurricular activities, especially for boys, and infrequent socializing with friends in person, especially for girls. This supports the social compensation approach, which posits that those with less satisfying offline lives engage in more online risk as compensation. The document provides background on the approaches and outlines the study's methodology using the Pew Internet Foundation survey data to analyze relationships between adolescent characteristics and risk behaviors.
Social Comparison, Social Media, and Self-EsteemErin A. Vo.docxjensgosney
Social Comparison, Social Media, and Self-Esteem
Erin A. Vogel, Jason P. Rose, Lindsay R. Roberts, and Katheryn Eckles
University of Toledo
Social networking sites (SNSs), such as Facebook, provide abundant social comparison
opportunities. Given the widespread use of SNSs, the purpose of the present set of
studies was to examine the impact of chronic and temporary exposure to social
media-based social comparison information on self-esteem. Using a correlational
approach, Study 1 examined whether frequent Facebook use is associated with lower
trait self-esteem. Indeed, the results showed that participants who used Facebook most
often had poorer trait self-esteem, and this was mediated by greater exposure to upward
social comparisons on social media. Using an experimental approach, Study 2 exam-
ined the impact of temporary exposure to social media profiles on state self-esteem and
relative self-evaluations. The results revealed that participants’ state self-esteem and
relative self-evaluations were lower when the target person’s profile contained upward
comparison information (e.g., a high activity social network, healthy habits) than when
the target person’s profile contained downward comparison information (e.g., a low
activity social network, unhealthy habits). Results are discussed in terms of extant
research and their implications for the role of social media in well-being.
Keywords: social comparison, self-esteem, social media, Internet, social networks
Social media is pervasive, especially popular
social networking sites (SNSs) like Facebook,
which has over a billion users around the world
(Facebook, 2012). SNSs allow users to con-
struct electronic profiles for themselves, provide
details about their lives and experiences, post
pictures, maintain relationships, plan social
events, meet new people, make observations of
others’ lives, fulfill belongingness needs, and
express their beliefs, preferences, and emotions
(Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Ivcevic & Ambady,
2012; Nadkarni & Hofmann, 2012; Tosun,
2012). Given the relevance of SNSs to a variety
of social functions, we suggest that people also
use SNSs (either consciously or unconsciously;
Haferkamp & Kramer, 2011) as a basis for
social comparative functions, such as self-
evaluation (Festinger, 1954) or self-enhance-
ment (Gruder, 1971; Wills, 1981). Because
SNSs offer abundant opportunities for social
comparison using detailed information about
others, the current research examined whether
exposure to social media is associated with
changes in self-evaluation (e.g., self-esteem),
and whether this might be due to social com-
parison processes.
Social Comparison and Social Media
Humans are thought to possess a fundamental
drive to compare themselves with others, which
serves a variety of functions, such as fulfilling
affiliation needs (Schachter, 1959), evaluating
the self (Festinger, 1954), making decisions
(Camerer & Lovallo, 1999), being inspired
(Lockwood & Kunda, 1997), and regula.
This document summarizes research on the relationships between Facebook use, social capital, and self-esteem in young adults. The study found that greater Facebook use was associated with increased bridging social capital over time. Additionally, those with lower self-esteem benefited more from Facebook use in building social capital and relationships compared to those with higher self-esteem. While Facebook may provide psychological benefits, more research is still needed on its impacts across different groups and cultures.
Facebook crowdsourcing and the transition to collegeJake Livengood
This document summarizes a research study about pre-college students' use of Facebook groups before starting their first year of college. The researchers analyzed over 4,500 posts from 6 university-sponsored Facebook groups. They found that the majority of posts (over 66%) focused on future social relationships and finding common interests with peers. A smaller portion of posts discussed academic topics or future careers. The primary theme across all groups was students looking to connect with others who had similar hobbies, locations, or other commonalities. The informal Facebook interactions allowed students to develop friendships and a sense of community before arriving on campus.
Can You See How Happy We Are? Facebook Images and Relationship SatisfactionÁmbar Núñez
1) The study examined whether relationship satisfaction and closeness were associated with posting profile pictures with a romantic partner on Facebook.
2) In Study 1, individuals who reported feeling more satisfied and close in their relationships were more likely to post dyadic profile pictures on Facebook over the past 6 months.
3) Study 2 was a longitudinal study that found greater relationship satisfaction and closeness at an initial time point predicted a greater tendency to post dyadic profile pictures over the course of a year.
4) Study 3 examined dating couples daily and found that on days individuals felt more satisfied in their relationship, they were more likely to share relationship information on Facebook.
Influence of social networking sites on lifestyles, acculturation and self es...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how social networking sites influence the lifestyles, acculturation, and self-esteem of university students in Ondo State, Nigeria. It finds that social networking has deeply impacted student life by affecting their lifestyles and how they socialize and adapt to the university culture. Both positive and negative effects were found. The document recommends that students use social networking as an educational tool to help them achieve university goals and develop new skills, while also maintaining their integrity and commitment to the university.
Similar to Relationships between facebook intensity self esteem and personality (20)
El documento proporciona instrucciones para instalar Odoo, un sistema de gestión de relaciones con clientes (CRM), en un servidor Debian. Estas incluyen (1) actualizar el sistema operativo, (2) crear un usuario Odoo, (3) instalar y configurar PostgreSQL, (4) descargar e instalar Odoo, (5) configurar Odoo para ejecutarse al inicio del sistema.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las funciones básicas de PostgreSQL, incluyendo la autenticación de usuarios, la administración de usuarios y grupos, y los tipos de datos soportados. Explica cómo crear y modificar usuarios y grupos mediante comandos SQL como CREATE USER y ALTER USER, así como mediante el programa createuser. También cubre la eliminación de usuarios y grupos, y describe los diferentes tipos de datos como numéricos, cadenas y fechas.
Estudio exploratorio de las necesidades del departamento de Canindeyú a diciembre del 2013, en los ejes: económico, social, político, institucional y de infraestructura.
Este documento presenta el plan de acción a corto y mediano plazo de la coordinación de investigación del Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Contables y Administrativas de la Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”. El plan incluye la formación continua de docentes, un programa de iniciación a la investigación, la vinculación a la comunidad científica, y el estímulo a la participación en programas de investigación. El objetivo final es contar con un equipo capacitado en investigación compuesto
Este documento describe las aplicaciones de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la psicología, incluyendo la educación continua, la investigación y la práctica profesional. Se enfoca en el uso de cursos en línea, bases de datos, herramientas de investigación y evaluación digital para mejorar la educación, la investigación y el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes. También cubre temas como la realidad virtual, aumentada y la telepsicología.
El documento describe la técnica de los mapas mentales como una herramienta para organizar y estructurar ideas. Los mapas mentales permiten relacionar conceptos clave de manera gráfica mediante líneas y ramas, activando ambos hemisferios cerebrales y facilitando la creatividad, retención y comunicación de la información. El proceso de crear un mapa mental implica identificar una idea central y generar asociaciones radiales de otras ideas conectadas de manera no lineal.
El documento compara y contrasta las relaciones entre la psicología y la informática. Explora cómo estas disciplinas comparten intereses como la ciencia cognitiva y la ergonomía, pero también se diferencian en sus enfoques y objetivos. Por ejemplo, la psicología estudia procesos mentales como la percepción y el razonamiento, mientras que la informática se enfoca en el procesamiento de la información y el desarrollo de software y hardware. El documento también discute los efectos positivos y negativos de la tecnología en áreas como la educ
The role of structural characteristics in problem video game playingMarcelo Pesallaccia
This document provides a review of the literature on structural features of video games and their potential role in excessive video game playing. It discusses how features like variable ratio schedules of reinforcement, concurrent tasks, and grinding behaviors may influence player involvement, even when not enjoyable. However, more research is still needed to better understand how specific game features impact normal versus problem players. The review calls for future studies using experimental and longitudinal methods to assess key features and identify what problem players seek from games.
This document summarizes research on cyberbullying among adolescent victims. It finds that cyberbullying can lead to both positive and negative behavioral changes in victims. Positively, it can help them recognize aggressive people online. However, it can also result in lower self-esteem, loneliness, distrust of others, and in extreme cases self-harm. The study examines coping strategies used by victims, which include technical defenses, confronting the aggressor, avoidance, seeking social support, and defensive strategies. The effectiveness of different coping strategies remains unclear.
The document discusses different methods for measuring cyberbullying and traditional bullying among students. It compares using a global survey item versus specific behavior items, and applying lenient versus strict cut-off scores to identify bullies. The study aimed to see how prevalence rates differed based on these measurement methods. 1150 students aged 10-15 completed online surveys about bullying and cyberbullying behaviors. More students were identified as occasional or frequent cyberbullies when using specific behavior items compared to a global item. Applying a strict versus lenient cut-off score also impacted prevalence rates. Irrespective of measurement method, students identified as both traditional and cyberbullies exhibited higher levels of aggression.
This document summarizes a study on lying in virtual environments among Czech adolescents and young adults. The study examined how frequently lying occurs in different online environments, who is most often the recipient of lies, and common motivations for lying. Results were compared based on gender and three age groups: adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Key findings include that younger respondents lied more frequently than older ones, and motivations for lying varied between age groups and genders. For example, adolescents of both genders were more likely to lie about age and appearance in chat rooms.
1) The document compares predictors of self-disclosure and privacy settings use between adolescents and adults on social network sites. It finds that adolescents disclose more personal information and have more lenient privacy settings than adults.
2) Several factors were found to affect disclosure and privacy settings, with some differences between adolescents and adults. Gender, age, frequency of use, motives for use, concerns about privacy and contacts, trust in others, and susceptibility to peer influence were investigated as predictors.
3) The study aims to provide better information for developing interventions to encourage appropriate privacy management tailored for different age groups on social network sites.
The document discusses factors that predict teenagers' online and offline romantic encounters known as "on-off dating". A study of over 1,800 Romanian teenagers found that use of instant messaging, time spent online, and positive social self-concept were among the strongest predictors for both boys and girls engaging in on-off dating. However, factors like parental monitoring and exposure to sexually explicit content showed more ambiguous relationships to on-off dating behavior.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Relationships between facebook intensity self esteem and personality
1. Relationships between Facebook Intensity, Friendship
Contingent Self-Esteem, and Personality in U.S. College
Students
Terry F. Pettijohn II1
, Kimberly E. LaPiene2
, Terry F.
Pettijohn3
, Amanda L. Horting4
1,2,4
Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, USA
3
The Ohio State University-Marion, Marion, Ohio, USA
Abstract
U.S. college students (N = 200) completed measures of Facebook use, friendship
contingent self-esteem, personality, and narcissism. Those who strongly connected their
self-esteem with their quality of friendship relationships were predicted to be more active
Facebook users. As predicted, a significant positive relationship between Facebook
intensity and friendship contingent self-esteem was found. No significant relationships
between Facebook use and personality or narcissism were discovered. Implications for
how and why college students use social networking media are discussed, including
connections to previous research which discuss the relationship between high friendship
contingent self-esteem and risk for depressive symptoms.
Keywords: facebook, social networking, self-esteem, personality, college student
doi: 10.5817/CP2012-1-2
Introduction
Online social networking sites, such as Facebook, Google+, and Bebo, have
grown in popularity in recent years and they provide an exciting new area of
study in the field of psychology. Facebook provides individuals with easy access
to view personal information about their friends, coworkers, and even complete
strangers (Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009). Facebook has over 500
million active users and every month over 700 billion minutes are spent on
Facebook (Facebook, 2011). Among U.S. college students, 96% have a
Facebook account (OnlineEducation.net, 2011). Given the popularity of online
social networking sites, Facebook in particular, the current study was designed
to investigate the relationship between Facebook use, the importance of quality
of friendships to self-esteem, and personality in college students.
Social relationships are considered by many to be the most important
component of human life (Erber & Erber, 2011). With the expansion of the
Internet and social networking sites, more people are using technology to
communicate with their friends and family online and maintain these
interpersonal connections in novel ways that were not available in previous
generations. Some researchers initially believed online activities negatively
impacted relationships and feared that virtual communication would replace
face-to-face interactions and deteriorate social bonds. Others, however, have
found support for the idea that social networking sites and the Internet have
expanded methods of staying socially connected with others and increased
relationship closeness and connectedness (Bargh & McKenna, 2004; Jacobsen &
Forste, 2011; Valkenburg & Peter, 2009). Social networking sites, such as
Facebook, allow users to add “friends” and keep track of their status, interests,
photos, “likes”, and updates of others’ personal information in cyberspace.
Internet use is related to both positive and negative psychological and social
2. factors, but the key to understanding these outcomes is through examining
specific types of Internet use instead of simply the amount of time spent online
(Shields & Kane, 2011). While using social media can have positive benefits
associated with community engagement, education, social connectedness, and
identity development, it can also lead to risks linked to social rejection,
cyberbullying, depression, exposure to inappropriate content, and other
negative consequences related to general well-being (O’Keefee et al., 2011;
Valkenburg & Peter, 2009). For example, a negative relationship has been found
between time spent using electronic media, including social networking sites,
and college grades (Jacobsen & Forste, 2011). In college, upper-class students
with more Facebook friends reported high levels of social adjustment and
stronger attachment to the college than students with less Facebook friends,
although freshmen did not benefit from having more Facebook friends and
actually reported decreased social and emotional adjustment (Kalpidou, Costin,
& Morris, 2011). In other research on college students, a positive relationship
was found between grade point average and the practice of starting the day
using the Internet, while a negative relationship was found between grade point
average and listening to music online (Shields & Kane, 2011). Many students
watch online news videos first thing in the morning and these videos, as
opposed to listening to music, can be informative and help with course learning,
performance, and social awareness. Starting the day online was also negatively
related to symptoms of depression, perhaps because it demonstrates a desire
for social connectivity (Shields & Kane, 2011).
With respect to self-esteem, the research is also mixed, especially considering
the different types of self-esteem. In certain cases, excessive Facebook use may
be related to lower general self-esteem (Kalpidou, Costin, & Morris, 2011;
Mehdizadeh, 2010). For example, Mehdizadeh (2010) found a significant
negative correlation between self-esteem and the number of times students
checked Facebook per day and between self-esteem and the time spent on
Facebook per session. Those with lower self-esteem also presented less self-
promoting content on Facebook pages. However, Facebook can enhance self-
esteem specifically related to the social functions of the self (social self-esteem)
when individuals receive positive comments and feedback from their friends
online (Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006). Exposure to one’s own Facebook
profile can serve as a form of self-awareness and can also enhance overall
feelings of self-esteem (Gonzales & Hancock, 2011). In their experiment,
participants given the chance to update their Facebook profile also reported
greater self-esteem than those not given the opportunity to change their
personal profile information. Gonzales and Hancock (2011) explain that editing
in a social networking site allows for optimization of self-presentation material,
which enhances esteem.
In addition, researchers have found that introverted individuals and individuals
with low self-esteem may benefit from the social opportunities provided by the
Facebook interface, without the anxiety of interacting face-to-face (Ellison,
Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Zywica and Danowski (2008) tested competing
social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses about Facebook use
regarding popularity and self-esteem of university students. As part of their data
collection, researchers asked the open-ended question “What does it mean for
you to be popular on Facebook?” and analyzed the text along with responses to
other measures of self-esteem, sociability, popularity, and Facebook use. More
social students with higher self-esteem are popular on Facebook and offline,
supporting the social enhancement hypothesis. However, less social students
with lower self-esteem are less popular offline and try to be more popular
online, consistent with the social compensation hypothesis (Zywica & Danowski,
3. 2008).
Facebook provides an opportunity for individuals who value their friendships to
stay informed about social events and this technology may be particularly
important and highly utilized by individuals whose value of themselves is
contingent on how well their relationships with friends are succeeding. A newly
developed friendship contingent self-esteem measure (Cambron, Acitelli, &
Steinberg, 2010) provides a means for assessing the importance of relationships
to beliefs about the self. As part of their study, Cambron, Acitelli, and Steinberg
(2010) developed and tested a friendship contingent self-esteem measure to
predict symptoms of depression. Their results suggest individuals with high
levels of friendship contingent self-esteem are at an increased interpersonal risk
for depressive symptoms. Related to the current investigation, the quality of
friendships and how this quality affects self-esteem may be correlated with the
frequency and intensity in which individuals engage in social networking.
Individuals who value their friendships and see these friendships as important
dimensions of themselves may engage in increased social networking behaviors
to provide additional means for keeping connected with friends and sharing
personal activities
Other research has explored the personality types of individuals who engage in
social networking and has found mixed results. The Five-Factor Model (Big Five)
(Costa & McCrae, 1992) identifies five dimensions of human personality:
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and
conscientiousness. Past research has found relationships between Facebook use
and extraverted personality (Correa, Hinsley, & du Zuniga, 2010), narcissism
(Buffardi & Campbell, 2008; Ong et al., 2011; Mehdizadeh, 2010), and other
personality traits (Back et al., 2010; Ross et al., 2009). While some studies
have examined self-reports of Facebook use and personality and have not found
strong relationships between personality and Facebook use (i.e., Ross et al.,
2009), others have examined more objective Facebook behaviors and found
strong relationships between personality and detailed Facebook use (Amichai-
Hamburger & Vinitzky, 2010). Given the mixed results for personality factors
related to Facebook use, we included a brief measure of personality and
narcissism in our current investigation to compare specifically to our chosen
measure of Facebook intensity (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007).
For the current study, we were specifically interested in the relationship between
active Facebook engagement, self-esteem based on the quality of friendships,
and personality. Prior research has not examined the relationship between
Facebook usage and friendship contingent self-esteem, which makes this study
an important, unique contribution to the literature. We predicted a positive
relationship between Facebook intensity and friendship contingent self-esteem
as our primary hypothesis. Importance of friend relationships to the self should
be related to increased use of Facebook to maintain these friendships and
friendship contingent self-esteem. Individuals who consider their relationships
with friends to be an important part of how they feel about themselves should
be more emotionally tied and actively involved with using Facebook. As
secondary hypotheses, we also predicted positive relationships between
Facebook intensity and extraversion and Facebook use and narcissism,
consistent with previous research. Individuals who are more social should show
more activity and engagement in social networking sites like Facebook, and
individuals who are more narcissistic should use Facebook more intensely as a
way to enhance their self-image with themselves and others.
4. Method
Participants
Undergraduates (N = 200) from public universities in Ohio and South Carolina
participated in the current study for course research credit. The majority of the
student participants were from Coastal Carolina University (77.5%) and 22.5%
were from The Ohio State University. Sixty-five percent of the participants were
women and 35% were men. Participant ages ranged from 18 to 40 (M =
19.98, SD = 5.45). The majority of participants were Caucasian (80%), while
14% were African American, 2.5% Hispanic, .5% Asian, 2.5% Native American,
and .5% indicated “other”. The class rank of the participants consisted of 40%
freshman, 35.5% sophomores, 13.5% juniors, 8.5% seniors, and 2.5% of the
participants indicated “other”.
Materials and Procedure
The research was approved by an institutional review board and participants
were recruited from undergraduate research participant pools at each university.
Participants received research credit for participation in a study titled “Social
Networking, Friends, & The Self.” Participants were instructed the purpose of the
study was to “investigate how social networking (i.e., Facebook) practices
impact behaviors and attitudes related to friendship and the self.” Participants
completed a series of previously developed surveys in random order, as well as
demographic questions regarding age, sex, race, and year in school.
The Facebook Intensity Scale (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) was developed
as part of an investigation of undergraduates’ social networking site usage and
social capital, the resources accumulated through being part of a network.
Strong relationships were found between Facebook use and different types of
social capital. An important part of this study was the development of a scale to
measure Facebook intensity, including the active engagement with Facebook
activities, the extent to which individuals were emotionally connected to
Facebook, and how well Facebook was integrated into users’ daily lives.
Facebook intensity included number of Facebook friends and time spent online
on a typical day, but it went beyond frequency and duration measures
previously included in a measure of Facebook usage (Ellison, Steinfield, &
Lampe, 2007). The Facebook Intensity Scale has eight questions designed to
measure active engagement and emotional connection with Facebook
(alpha=.83 in our sample). Example questions are “Facebook is part of my
everyday activity” and “I would be sorry if Facebook shut down.” Two additional
Facebook Usage scales (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) were used to
measure how people used Facebook to meet new people (On to Offline; 1 item:
“I use Facebook to meet new people”) and connect with existing offline contacts
(Off to Online; 5 items, alpha=.68: example item: “I have used Facebook to
check out someone I met socially”). Participants answered each question from
these scales on a five point Likert scale with 1=strongly disagree and 5=strongly
agree.
The Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (FCSES; Cambron, Acitelli, &
Steinberg, 2010) is an eight question scale which measures the importance of
relationships to beliefs about the self (alpha=.87 in our sample). Sample
questions include “I only feel good about myself when things are going well in
my friendships” and “It really affects the way I feel about myself when
friendships fall apart.” Participants assess each statement on a five point Likert
scale ranging from 1=very little like me to 5=very much like me.
5. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory 16 (NPI-16; Ames, Rose, & Anderson,
2006) is a 16-item questionnaire which measures narcissism (alpha=.71 in our
sample). Participants read pairs of statements and then selected the statement
that best described their feelings and beliefs about themselves. An example pair
of choices would be “I really like to be the center of attention” or “It makes me
uncomfortable to be the center of attention.” Selecting the first option in this
pair would contribute to a higher narcissism score.
The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003) is
a 10-item questionnaire, which includes two questions to measure each of the
Big Five personality traits (alphas are not provided due to the low number of
items per dimension). Participants rate how much they agree with each
statement on a seven point Likert scale. The scale ranges from 1=disagree
strongly to 7=agree strongly for each of the Big Five dimensions of personality:
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and
openness to experience. An example item on the extraversion dimension is “I
see myself as extraverted, enthusiastic.” The authors (Gosling, Rentfrow, &
Swann, 2003) created the TIPI to be a very short instrument to measure broad
personality categories, with optimized validity.
Results
Descriptive statistics for Facebook usage indicated participants in the current
sample had an average of 611.65 Facebook friends (SD = 420.10, Range = 38 –
2,660, Mdn = 541) and spend, on average, 73.02 minutes a day (SD = 97.68,
Range = 0 – 360, Mdn = 30) on Facebook. Students from both universities
sampled reported similar Facebook usage.
Table 1. Facebook Intensity, Personality, and Age Correlations.
Facebook intensity, as measured with the Facebook Intensity Scale (Ellison,
Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007), was positively correlated with friendship contingent
self-esteem, r(198) = .21, p = .003. However, a simple linear regression
analysis revealed that the five personality variables together were not a good
predictor of Facebook intensity, R2 = .02; F(5, 194) = .85, p = .52. Individually,
Facebook intensity was not correlated with narcissism,r(198) = .06, p = .32, or
the other measures of personality, all rs < .10, except conscientiousness, which
was marginally significant, r(198) = -.13, p = .06. Facebook intensity was also
negatively correlated with participant age, r(198) = -.16, p = .02, and
narcissism was positively correlated with total number of Facebook friends
6. reported, r(198) = .25, p < .001. A summary of individual correlations are
presented in Table 1 and Table 2. In addition, total number of Facebook friends
reported and extraversion were positively correlated, but the relationship was
only marginally significant, r(198) = .12, p = .08.
Table 2. Facebook Intensity, Narcissism, Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem, and
Facebook.
We also investigated sex differences. Compared to the females in our sample,
males reported fewer Facebook friends (Ms = 585.43 and 625.67, respectively)
and fewer minutes spent on Facebook per day (Ms = 54.41 and 91.64,
respectively), although these differences were not statistically significant, ps >
.2. The males scored higher on the NPI-16 than the females, t(198) = 2.13, p =
.04, but there were no significant sex differences in FCSES scores, p = .46.
Females scored higher than males on Facebook Intensity, t(198) = 2.04, p =
.04, although males reported higher scores than females concerning meeting
new friends online (On to Offline), t(198) = 2.57, p = .01. There were no
significant sex differences concerning using Facebook to connect with existing
offline contacts (Off to Online), p = .24. The only personality sex difference was
in the openness to experience dimension, where males scored slightly higher
than females, t(198) = 2.0, p = .05.
Discussion
As predicted in our primary hypothesis, Facebook intensity was positively
related to friendship contingent self-esteem, although the strength of this
relationship was only moderate. Individuals who consider friends and friend
relationships important to their esteem are more actively engaged and
emotionally connected using Facebook. Personality dimension measures were
not significantly connected to Facebook intensity overall. However, there was a
marginally significant negative correlation between conscientiousness and
Facebook intensity, although the strength of this relationship was weak. These
results are in line with research by Ross et al. (2009) which found limited
relationships between general Facebook use and personality, including no
relationship between extraversion and Facebook time spent online or using
Facebook communicative features. More specific types of Facebook activities,
such as content posted and groups joined, may provide more detailed
information about individual differences in personality related to Facebook use
(Amichai-Hamburger & Vinitzky, 2010). For example, Ross and colleagues
(2009) found a positive relationship between extraversion and the number of
7. Facebook groups users belonged to, a more specific Facebook activity.
While Facebook intensity was not associated with narcissism in our sample,
more narcissistic individuals did report having more Facebook friends, although
the strength of this relationship was moderate. More narcissistic people also
reported using Facebook to meet new friends online. In addition, friendship
contingent self-esteem was negatively correlated with narcissism, although the
strength of this relationship was weak. Narcissistic individuals do not appear to
derive their self-esteem from quality of friend relationships, but the quantity of
friends appears to be important to them. Specific Facebook activities, such as
the self-generated content of profile picture rating and status update frequency
(Ong et al., 2011), may yield interesting avenues of future research related to
narcissism and friendship contingent self-esteem.
Interestingly, older individuals used Facebook less in the current sample. This
may be a function of younger students being more familiar with the technology,
or older students shifting their focus on different social goals (i.e., networking to
find a job) as they near graduation. Kalpidou, Costin, and Morris (2011) discuss
how upper-class students use Facebook in more efficient ways and report
greater social adjustment related to Facebook use compared to freshmen.
Future research could explore more of these age related shifts in how Facebook
is utilized, including samples outside of the college setting.
The current results highlight some of the first evidence of a link between
Facebook intensity and friendship contingent self-esteem. Friendship contingent
self-esteem has been identified as an interpersonal risk factor for depressive
symptoms (Cambron, Acitelli, & Steinberg, 2010) and may be related to
maladaptive interpersonal behaviors, such as rumination and excessive
reassurance seeking, that may lead to depression (Cambron & Acitelli, 2010).
Rumination about negative events may make individuals with high friendship
contingent self-esteem especially vulnerable to depression, although rumination
about positive events for individuals high in friendship contingent self-esteem
further reinforces their self-worth. Exposure to changes in Facebook information
and posts may lead to rumination for those high in friendship contingent self-
esteem, and the type of rumination may make self-esteem for those with high
friendship contingent self-esteem fluctuate. Identifying these individuals with
high friendship contingent self-esteem and monitoring their Facebook use, or
even limiting Facebook use of those with unstable friendship contingent self-
esteem, may be extremely valuable for parents, friends, school officials, and
psychological professionals. While it may be difficult, or impossible in some
cases, to monitor and control Facebook use of at risk populations, this may
prevent more serious psychological problems in certain individuals with high
friendship contingent self-esteem.
Limitations and Future Directions
We recognize the limitations of using an exclusively U.S. college sample,
constraints of our measures, and the general confines of correlational results.
While college-aged students are indeed one of the primary groups using
Facebook, questions still exist about the generalizability of results beyond
college populations. In particular, age and education level variations should be
investigated in future explorations of Facebook use, friendship contingent self-
esteem, and personality. Sizes of social groups grow as individuals age and
develop more friendships through work, family, and other activities. Friendship
contingent self-esteem may become more or less valued as college students
transition through other stages of life. Our measure of Facebook intensity
8. (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) was a general self-report measure. The
literature on social networking use is expanding to include a more detailed
analysis of very specific Facebook behaviors, as opposed to general Facebook
use. Researchers have investigated public- and private-based contingencies of
self-worth related to Facebook use (Stefanone, Lackaff, & Rosen, 2011),
approach versus avoidance of others’ perspectives on Facebook related to
specific Facebook behaviors and Mind-Reading Motivation (Carpenter, Green, &
LaFlam, 2011), and user-information uploads on Facebook (Amichai-Hamburger
& Vinitzky, 2010). Future research should investigate friendship contingent self-
esteem with these specific Facebook behaviors to extend the current findings.
As with all correlational designs, causal relationships between Facebook intensity
and friendship contingent self-esteem cannot be determined. It is not possible to
determine whether Facebook intensity increases friendship contingent self-
esteem or whether friendship contingent self-esteem increases Facebook
intensity. Further experimental methods may explore these questions in the
future, especially considering many of our correlations would be classified as
weak to moderate in terms of their strength. Furthermore, issues related to how
the Internet contributes to various social relationships in multiple cultures and
across different types of relationship interactions (friends, family members, and
work colleagues) may be fruitful areas of exploration (Amichai-Hamburger &
Hayat, 2011).
Conclusion
Overall, the results of this study have broad implications for understanding
individuals who use social networking sites and how their online behaviors are
related to friendship contingent self-esteem. Individuals with higher friendship
contingent self-esteem were more actively engaged and emotionally connected
using Facebook, although this relationship yields cautionary concerns regarding
potential depressive symptoms and psychological health. Secondary, we also
found limited evidence of a link between our selected measures of Facebook
use, personality, and narcissism. Future research investigating the role of
friendship contingent self-esteem in Facebook use and specific Facebook
experiences related to depression and maladaptive behaviors is warranted.
Author Note
Portions of this research were presented at the 23rd Annual Association for
Psychological Science Convention in Washington, D.C.
References
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure
of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450.
doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Hayat, Z. (2011). The impact of the internet on the
social lives of users: A representative sample from 13 countries. Computers in
Human Behavior, 27, 585-589. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.009
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and
personality. Computers in Human Behavior,26, 1289-1295.
9. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.018
Back, M. D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., &
Gosling, S. D. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-
idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372-374.
doi:10.1177/0956797609360756
Bargh, J. A., & McKenna, K. A. (2004). The Internet and social life. Annual
Review of Psychology, 55, 573-590.
doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web
sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303-1314.
doi:10.1177/0146167208320061
Cambron, M., & Acitelli, L. K. (2010). Examining the link between friendship
contingent self-esteem and the self- propagating cycle of depression. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 701-726. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.701
Cambron, M., Acitelli, L. K., & Steinberg, L. (2010). When friends make you
blue: The role of friendship contingent self-esteem in predicting self-esteem and
depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 384-397.
doi:10.1177/0146167209351593
Carpenter, J. M., Green, M. C., & LaFlam, J. (2011). People or profiles:
Individual differences in online social networking use. Personality and Individual
Differences, 50, 538-541. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.006
Correa, T., Hinsley, A., & de Zuñiga, H. (2010). Who interacts on the web?: The
intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human
Behavior, 26, 247-253. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its
relevance to personality disorders.Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 343-359.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook
'friends:' Social capital and college students' use of online social network
sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168.
doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Erber, R., & Erber, M. W. (2011). Intimate relationships: Issues, theories, and
research (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Facebook (2011). Statistics. Retrieved
from http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall:
Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and
Social Networking, 14, 79-83. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0411
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure
of the Big Five personality domains.Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-
528. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
10. Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social
outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 275-280. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0135
Kalpidou, M., Costin, D., & Morris, J. (2011). The relationship between Facebook
and the well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 183-189. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0061
Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on
Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 357-364.
doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0257
Muise, A., Christofides, E., & Desmarais, S. (2009). More information than you
ever wanted: Does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of
jealousy? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 441-444.
doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0263
O'Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media
(2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and
families. Pediatrics, 127, 800-804. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054
Ong, E. L., Ang, R. P., Ho, J. M., Lim, J. Y., Goh, D. H., Lee, C., & Chua, A. K.
(2011). Narcissism, extraversion and adolescents’ self-presentation on
Facebook. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 180-185.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.022
OnlineEducation.net (2011). Is social media ruining students? Retrieved
fromhttp://www.onlineeducation.net/social-media-and-students
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R.
(2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in
Human Behavior, 25, 578-586. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.024
Shields, N., & Kane, J. (2011). Social and psychological correlates of Internet
use among college students.Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research
on Cyberspace, 5(1), article 2. Retrieved
fromhttp://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011060901
&article=2
Stefanone, M. A., Lackaff, D., & Rosen, D. (2011). Contingencies of self-worth
and social-networking-site behavior.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 14, 41-49. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0049
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for
adolescents: A decade of research.Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 18, 1-5. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites
and their relationship to adolescents' well-being and social self-
esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 584-590. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584
Zywica, J., & Danowski, J. (2008). The faces of Facebookers: Investigating
social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses; predicting Facebook
and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem, and mapping the
11. meanings of popularity with semantic networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, 14, 1-34. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01429.x
Correspondence to:
Terry F. Pettijohn II, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Coastal Carolina University
P.O. Box 261954
Conway, South Carolina, 29528-6054
USA
Email: pettijohn(at)coastal.edu
Phone: 843-349-6447