Vector mediated gene transfer methods for transgenesis in Plants.Akshay More
Presentation include Vector mediated gene transfer methods for trans-genesis in Plants. Only Vector-based methods are covered. Vectors includes Bacteria, Viruses, transposable genetic elements. Other possible vectors for transgenesis are also covered.
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Vector mediated gene transfer methods for transgenesis in Plants.Akshay More
Presentation include Vector mediated gene transfer methods for trans-genesis in Plants. Only Vector-based methods are covered. Vectors includes Bacteria, Viruses, transposable genetic elements. Other possible vectors for transgenesis are also covered.
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Introduction to plant biotechnology part 2Somnath Mondal
In part 1 we went through restriction enzymes and plasmid vector construct. Here in part 2, we will go through the bio-data of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and what properties make it natural plant genetic engineer!
Agrobacterium tumifaciens
Horizontal gene transfer
Interkingdom gene transfer
Virulence or Vir a b c d e f g genes
Crown gall disease
Regulation of vir genes
Relaxosome
In this Presentation i have collected some basic information about that how Bacteria causes diseases in plants....
crown gall disease is discussed.
Contact 0311 9469029
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
5. Vir regulon
• Vir region consist 8 operon (~40kb in size)
• Product of it’s genes are responsible for T- DNA transfer from bacteria to
plant host.
T-DNA transfer is 6 step process:
1) Signal recognition by Agrobacterium
2) Attachment to plant cell
3) Vir gene induction
4) T DNA strand production
5) T-DNA transfer out of bacterial cell
6) Transfer of T-complex & Vir protein into plant cell & nuclear localization
6. 1) Signal recognition by Agrobacterium
• Wounded plant secrete wide range of
chemical compound that can function as
“chemotactic agents” to attract bacteria at
wounded site.
• Secreted sap have characteristic pH (5 - 5.8)
and high content of phenolics compound
,lignin etc
• These condition stimulate vir gene expression
7. 2) Attachment to plant cells
• Several chromosomal virulence genes chv A, chvB & pscA are required for
attachment
• involve in synthesis , processing & export of cyclic β -1,2- glucan & other
sugars.
• A. tumefaciens cells synthesis cellulose fibrils that entrap large no. of bacteria
at wounded site
• It also produce additional exopolysaccharide – unipolar polysaccharide which
helps the bacterial cells to attach plant cells in polar fashion
• UPP consist 2 types of sugars: N-acetylglucosamine & N-acetylgalactosamine
• UPP mutant defective in attachment
8.
9.
10. 3) Vir gene induction
Vir A:-
• Transmembrane sensor kinase
• Phenolic compound of plants directly interact with
VirA
• It phosphorylate VirG and activate it
Chv E:-
• Chromosomally encoded glucose/galactose binding
protein
• Interact with Vir A and enhance Vir gene activation by
binding with sugars & its affinity will increase at low
pH
11. Chv G/Chv I:-
• Its 2 component system which activate transcription of Vir G
Vir H2:-
• At high concentration, phenolics compound are bacteriostatic so Vir H2
involve in detoxification of harmful phenolic compound
Vir G:-
• It is transcription factor
• It induce expression of all vir gene
12. 4) T-DNA strand production
VirD1- VirD2 complex:-
• It recognized RB & LB
• virD1 &virD2 gene encode site specific
nicking enzyme that nicks bottom T DNA
strand between 3rd & 4th bases of the
T-DNA borders.
13. VirD1 function:-
• Required for T-DNA processing
• Modulate virD2 activity
VirD2 function:-
• Covalently attached to 5’ end of ss TDNA via phosphodiester bond with
specific Tyr residue & protect 5’ end
VirC1:-
• It assist repair machinery to replace displaced strand
• it recruit T DNA complex at pole to interact with
VirD4
14. 5)Transfer of T-DNA out of bacterial cell
• For delivery of T-DNA across the bacterial
envelope to plant plasma membrane it require
Type IV secretion system
• T4SS contain 12 proteins (Vir B1- VirB11
&VirD4).
• These proteins form 2 functional components
1. Ti pilus
2. Membrane
associated
transporter complex
15. Transport complex:-
• Cylindrical structure
• It consist inner and outer membrane
• VirD4 :- coupling protein & act as a
substrate receptor
• Vir B3 ,B4 ,B6, B8 & B11:- inner
membrane translocase
• Vir B7, B9, B10:- outer membrane core
complex
• VirB2& B5:- extra cellular Ti pilus
16. VirD4 & VirB11:-
• T DNA 1st bind with Vir D4( substrate receptor) and it will delivered to B11, as it
bind it activate the ATP hydrolysis activities of these proteins.
• These signal may cause conformational change of VirB10.
VirB10:-
• Play important role in T4SS opening and assembly.
VirB1:-
• It prepare sites in bacterial envelope for transporter assembly by localized lysis of
peptidoglycan layer.
• VirD5&Vir F also exported from cell
17. 6)Transfer of T-complex &vir protein into plant cell &
nuclear localisation
T- complex:-
• It contain T-DNA ,VirD2& VirE2
Vir D2:-
• Protect the 5’ end of T-DNA and consist nuclear localisation signal which
facilitate its interaction with plant protein (importin)
• It bind with cyclophilins (pp) which also aid integration
VirE2:-
• It coats the T strand & protect from degradation
• It interact with VIP2 (nuclear factors) that mediate interaction with chromatin &
facilitate integration
18. VIP1:-
• VIP 1 interact with VirE2- ssDNA complex and then it bind with α importin &
form ternary complex.
• VIP1 function as a adaptor.
• VIP1 also interact with plant histone(H2A-1).
• Mitogen activated protein kinase3(MPK3) phosphorylate the VIP1 on serine
79 and VIP 1 function as a transcription factor that induce expression of several
stress responsive genes
VirF:-
• For efficient T DNA integration , host and bacterial virulence protein may need
to be removed
• It is mediated by VirF & plant ubiquitin proteasome complex
19. • Vir F degrade the VIP1 protein and repress the VIP 1 mediated host
defense response.
• Premature or excessive degradation of VirE2- VIP 1 complex by Vir F
might hinder the T- DNA nuclear import & integration.
VirD5:-
• Interact with Vir F and protect rapid degradation by defensive action
of host UPS.
• It may also interact with VIP1 – Vir E2 and form stable ternary
complex ( Vir D5-VIP 1- Vir E2) & prevent its degradation
20.
21.
22. REGULATION BY PLANT HORMONS
Auxin:-
• At higher concentration: It affect the bacterial growth & inhibit vir gene
induction by competing with phenolics inducers for interaction with Vir A
protein & prevent further transformation.
• At lower concentration: It promote transformation
Cytokinin:-
• It affects bacterial virulence by regulating vir promoter activity and bacterial
growth .
23. Salicylic acid :-
• Plant defense molecule
• It influence the A. tumefaciens infection by inhibiting the expression of vir
gene , bacterial growth & bacterial attachment to plant.
Ethylene:-
• It repress the vir gene expression but shows no significant inhibitory effects
on bacterial growth & population size
25. Plant biotechnology : Adrian Slater, Nigel Scott
and Mark Fowler
Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation :
biology and applications DOI:10.1199/tab.0186
The Agrobacterium Ti plasmid
DOI:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0010-2013
Transfer of T- DNA from Agrobacterium to pant
cell (Review article)