This document discusses different types of toxemia, which are systemic disease states caused by toxins in the blood. It defines antigenic toxins produced by bacteria and metabolic toxins from abnormal body metabolism. Specific types covered include exotoxins, enterotoxins, and endotoxins. Endotoxemia is a common form of toxemia in farm animals caused by lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria cell walls entering the bloodstream. Diagnosis of toxemia relies on clinical signs, while treatment focuses on removing infection sources, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Foodborne diseases, also called foodborne illness, is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. Infectious organisms including; bacteria, viruses and parasites or their toxins are the most common causes of food poisoning
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
I am Tariq Bin Aziz, From Southeast University, Bangladesh. I made this presentation on E.coli. I think you will be benefited by my presentation. Thanks All.
A presentation about the microorganism yersinia entercolitica, including intro, history, types, cause of pathogenicity, health problems it causes, outbreaks, control measures etc
Foodborne diseases, also called foodborne illness, is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. Infectious organisms including; bacteria, viruses and parasites or their toxins are the most common causes of food poisoning
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
I am Tariq Bin Aziz, From Southeast University, Bangladesh. I made this presentation on E.coli. I think you will be benefited by my presentation. Thanks All.
A presentation about the microorganism yersinia entercolitica, including intro, history, types, cause of pathogenicity, health problems it causes, outbreaks, control measures etc
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
General systemic states
• DEFINITION: Systemic alterations that are
contributed from many diseases
• Examples are toxemia, fever, septicemia and
hyperthermia.
3. Con…
1. Toxemia: refers to the presence of toxins in the
blood
It is a generalized/systemic disease state caused by
the presence of toxins derived from bacteria or
injured body cells/tissues.
• This state doesn’t not include the diseases caused by
plants or insects or ingested organic or inorganic
poisons
4. Classification of toxins
• 1. Antigenic toxins
• 2. Metabolic toxins.
• 1. Antigenic toxins: toxins produced mainly by bacteria and to less
extent by helminthes parasites
• Act as antigens and stimulate the development of antibodies.
Antigenic toxins are divided into:-
Exotoxin
Endotoxin
Enterotoxins
5. Con…
• 1. Exotoxins: toxins (proteins) produced inside certain
species of pathogenic bacteria
• These are gram-positive bacteria (cell wall-40 layers of
peptidoglycan)
• They produce it during their multiplication (growth and
metabolism).
• The exotoxins are secreted or released in to the surrounding
media following lysis.
• They are heat labile toxins.
6. Con…
• The important bacterial exotoxins are those produced by
Clostridium spp., and for which commercial antitoxins are available.
• Toxemia due to the exotoxins of Clostridium species can be:
Ingested as preformed in botulism (ex., botulin toxin of Cl.
Botulinum)
Produced by heavy growth in the bowel e.g., enterotoxaemia, E.coli
or enterotoxaemic clostridia (C1. perfringens (A–E)).
Grow in tissues and produce toxin as in blackleg and black disease
7. Con…
2. Enterotoxins:
Those are exotoxins and exert their effect
principally on the mucosa of the intestine causing
disturbances of fluids and electrolyte balance.
Example: enterotoxin released by enterotoxigenic
E.coli, which causes a hypersecretory diarrhea in
neonatal farm animals
8. Con…
3. Endotoxins:
• It is produced from lipopolysaccharide structural components of cell wall of
Gram Negative Bacteria (40% of cell wall is LPS).
• Heat stable
• Get in to the medium and into the systemic circulation only when the
bacterial walls break down and liberate them, i.e., released during lysis of the
cell (needs cell lysis or death of bacteria)
• The presence of endotoxins in the blood is known as endotoxemia and is
very common form of toxemia in farm animals
9. Con…
• In ruminants, causes are: E.coli, Salmonella spp., Pasteurella spp.,
and Haemophilus.
• Most of them are normal floras of the intestinal tract.
• Endotoxemia is characterized clinically by abnormalities of all
major body systems.
• These abnormalities include:
Marked alterations in cardiopulmonary function
Abnormalities in blood cellular elements (leukons and
thrompocytes), often leading to coagulopathies
10. Con…
Change in vascular integrity
Decreased organ blood flow and metabolism leading to
heart and renal failure
Major changes in gastrointestinal function, especially
motility
Decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues leading to shock.
The need for intensive and complex therapy
A high case fatality rate.
11. Con…
• The most causes of endotoxemia in horse are associated
with disease of the gastrointestinal tract including colitis,
intestinal strangulation and obstruction or ileus.
• Complications associated with foaling and grain overload
are also common causes.
• N.B. the endotoxins are not ordinarily absorbed through the
intestinal mucosa unless it is injured as in enteritis or acute
intestinal obstruction
12. Con…
• If small amount of it is absorbed in to circulation, it is
detoxified by the liver but if hepatic efficiency is reduced or the
amounts of toxins are large, a state of endotoxemia is produced.
• Endotoxins may be absorbed in large amount from sites other
than intestine including the mammary gland, peritoneum,
abscess and other septic foci or from large areas of injured or
traumatized tissues.
• The best known endotoxins are those of E.coli and Salmonella
spp.
13. Con…
• Varying degree of severity of toxemia occur in
disease such as mastitis, peritonitis, pneumonia
and pleuritis, pericarditis, septic
septicemia of neonates,
metritis,
myositis,
meningoencephalitis and some enteritides.
15. Con…
2. Metabolic toxins
• These are toxins produced by body metabolism
• Toxin will be accumulated and developed in to toxemia if only if
there:
incomplete elimination or higher production-due abnormal
metabolism or
when the normal mechanisms of detoxifications are disrupted,
mainly in hepatic dysfunction, the toxins accumulate beyond the
critical point and resulted in a state of toxemia.
16. Con…
• Obstruction of lower alimentary tract
• Example are:
Phenols
Cresols
Amines
Ketone and lactic acidemia
17. Con…
Reason for accumulation
Incomplete elimination
Higher production-due to abnormal metabolic
process in the cell
Obstruction of lower alimentary tract
• Significance: play important role in
pathogenecity but they don’t stimulate immunity
18. Con...
The most common metabolic toxemias in animals are:
Ketonaemia
Lactic-acidaemia
Ketonaemia/ Pregnancy toxemia is caused by disproportionate fat
metabolism characterized by hyperketonemia, ketonuria, ketolactin
and hypoglycemia mostly in large and small ruminants and pigs.
In sheep and goats the disease is known as pregnancy disease,
lambing sickness and twin-lamb/kid disease.
19. Con…
• The principal cause of pregnancy toxemia is low
blood sugar (glucose).
• Lactic-acidaemia: is a metabolic toxemia caused
by acute ruminal impaction of rumen by easily
digestible carbohydrate rich animal feeds.
• Also known as Lactic acidosis/metabolic
acidosis Carbohydrate engorgement
20. Toxomeia-diagnosis
Theoretically the diagnosis of toxemia should
depend on the isolation of the toxin causing
toxemia.
But practically diagnosis is based on
observation of the common clinical signs for
early treatment.
21. Treatment of endotoxemia
The principles of treatment of toxemia should be directed
towards
Removal of the foci of infection
Administration of antimicrobial agents
Aggressive fluid and electrolyte therapy to combat the
relative hypo-volemia, hypoglycemia and electrolyte and
acid-base disturbance
22. Con…
Using of anti-inflammatory pre-parates like that of
glucocorticoides (e.g., prednisolone,
methylprednisolone and Dexamethasone)
Treatment of toxemia should be directed towards
removal of the toxin and provision of specific
antitoxins.