The document analyzes US policy options regarding Venezuela. It finds that bilateral diplomacy with increased intelligence activity is most likely. This allows the US to maintain normal relations while monitoring Chavez. If Chavez escalates support for groups like FARC or disrupts oil supply/US interests, multilateral diplomacy through organizations like OAS is preferred to avoid perceptions of unilateralism. Military intervention is least likely given current conditions.
Venezuela has experienced profound political and economic transformations under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, moving from a pluralistic democracy to a hybrid regime blending democratic and autocratic elements. The country faces an unprecedented crisis including high inflation, debt, and shortages of basic goods. Supporters argue Chavismo has reduced poverty and redistributed wealth, while critics blame its policies for current problems and warn that its foreign policy of allying with countries like Iran and Russia threatens regional and global stability.
This document discusses building a broad international anti-war and anti-imperialist front to oppose US imperialism. It outlines how a range of forces are rising up against US wars and aggression in different ways. Communists should work to unite these diverse forces and build cooperation between anti-imperialist organizations. They must also struggle against erroneous tendencies that could undermine unity, and educate the masses about imperialism being the root cause of many issues. The ultimate goal is to isolate the US as the main enemy and weaken its global dominance.
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Chronology of the 4th Generation War Against Venezuela
The US Government is waging war on Venezuela - not your typical, traditional war, but a modern, asymmetric - 4th Generation War - against President Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. Below is a presentation I created regarding the pattern and escalation of US Government aggression against Venezuela, with clear quotes and cites as evidence to back up this claim.
OBJECTIVE
Relate Chávez with:
*Drug trafficking
*Terrorism
*A Dictatorship
*An Arms Race
*Money Laundering
*A Threat Against Regional Security
Actions
2002-2006
*The coup d’etat against Chávez in 2002
*The “lockout” and economic sabotage from December 2002 to February 2003
*The “guarimbas” of 2004
*The Recall Referendum of 2004
*Electoral Intervention in 2005 and 2006
*An increase in US military presence in the region during 2006-2007
Change in Strategy
-After the victory of President Chávez in the recall referendum of 2004, the US toughened its position towards Venezuela increased its public hostility and aggression against the Venezuelan government.
-January 2005: “Hugo Chávez is a negative force in the region.” -Condoleezza Rice
-March 2005: “Venezuela is one of the most unstable and dangerous ‘hot spots’ in Latin America.” -Porter Goss, ex-Director of the CIA
-March 2005: “Venezuela is starting a dangerous arms race that threatens regional security.” -Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
-March 2005: “I am concerned about Venezuela’s influence in the area of responsibility...SOUTHCOM supports the position of the Joint Chiefs to maintain ‘military to military’ contact with the Venezuelan military…we need an inter-agency focus to deal with Venezuela.” -General Bantz Craddock, ex-Commander of SOUTHCOM
-July 2005: “Cuba and Venezuela are promoting instability in Latin America…There is no doubt that President Chávez is funding radical forces in Bolivia.” -Rogelio Pardo-Maurer, Assistant Sub-Secretary of Defense for the Western Hemisphere
-July 2005: “Venezuela and Cuba are promoting radicalism in the region...Venezuela is trying to undermine the democratic governments in the region to impede CAFTA.” -Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
-August 2005: “Venezuelan territory is a safe haven for Colombian terrorists.” -Tom Casey, spokesperson for the Department of State
-September 2005: “The problem of working with President Chávez is serious and continuous, as it is in other parts of the relationship.” -John Walters, Director of the National Policy Office for Drug Control.
-November 2005: “The assault on democratic institutions in Venezuela continues and the system is in serious danger.” -Thomas Shannon, Sub-secretary of State
Escalation in Aggression 2006
The War Machine
-2 February 2006: “Presidente Chávez continues to use his control to repress the opposition, reduce freedom of the press and restrict democracy….it’s a threat.” -John Negroponte, ex-Director of National Intelligence
-2 February 2006: “We have Chávez in Venezuela with a lot of money from oil. He is a person who was elected legally, just like Adolf Hitler...” - Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
Connection with Terrorism
-16 March 2006: “In Venezuela, a demogoge full of oil money is undermining democracy and trying to destabilize the region.” -George W. Bush
-June 2006: “Venezuela’s cooperation in the international campaign against terrorism continues to be insignificant...It’s not clear to what point the Venezuelan government offered material support to Colombian terrorists.” - Annual Report on Terrorism, Department of State
Increase in Military Presence
-March-July 2006: The US military engages in four major exercises off the coast of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea, with support from NATO, and based at the US air force base in Curaça
This document summarizes a journal article about the new scramble for Africa's resources between China and the United States. It discusses how both countries are using economic strategies to gain influence and access to strategic resources. China focuses on infrastructure development through investments, while the US uses preferential trade agreements like AGOA. This competition has led to a new cold war dynamic as both countries vie for power and resources. The document analyzes the strategies and impacts and recommends how African nations can best benefit from this renewed international interest.
Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State by Cristal Montanez published i...Cristal Montañéz
Cristal’s publication in IF (International Focus) Magazine “Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State” strongly condemns the narco-terrorist state that has befallen her country under Nicolás Maduro, who succeeded Hugo Chávez. Both men, following orders from Castro controlled Cuba, have pushed the country from democracy to dictatorship.
Very difficult, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the impossibility of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society difficult to construct between pro-Chávez and anti-Chávez forces. In addition to the civil war, there is a risk of US military intervention to appropriate the world's largest oil reserves in Venezuela with the support of some Latin American countries in flagrant disregard of the United Nations Charter from which it can result of a conflict involving several countries in Latin America. This situation tends to promote the intensification of the new Cold War between the United States and the allied Russia of Venezuela and the worsening of relations between the United States and China, also an ally of Venezuela.
The document discusses the foreign policy aims and strategies of several major world powers in the coming decade:
1. The US aims to prevent the emergence of any rival power in Eurasia and wants to destabilize regions to block new powers. However, the US has been humbled by its wars and debt and faces containing newly assertive nations.
2. Russia has taken advantage of US preoccupation to reverse Western influence and bring former Soviet states under its control. By 2010, over 70% of the former USSR will likely be under Russian influence.
3. Britain pursues a policy of preserving influence by both working with the US and EU and complicating their aims. It will continue this dual approach in 2010
Sur América está gastando más dinero en el campo militar que en décadas" Casa...suvozcuenta
The document discusses military spending in South America, which has increased in absolute terms but remained stable as a percentage of GDP. While not considered a true "arms race", the author argues the spending hinders economic and political development in the region due to competing with education and other public services for limited resources. The document recommends fully utilizing existing transparency agreements and defense cooperation organizations to build trust between countries and help control military expenditures.
Venezuela has experienced profound political and economic transformations under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, moving from a pluralistic democracy to a hybrid regime blending democratic and autocratic elements. The country faces an unprecedented crisis including high inflation, debt, and shortages of basic goods. Supporters argue Chavismo has reduced poverty and redistributed wealth, while critics blame its policies for current problems and warn that its foreign policy of allying with countries like Iran and Russia threatens regional and global stability.
This document discusses building a broad international anti-war and anti-imperialist front to oppose US imperialism. It outlines how a range of forces are rising up against US wars and aggression in different ways. Communists should work to unite these diverse forces and build cooperation between anti-imperialist organizations. They must also struggle against erroneous tendencies that could undermine unity, and educate the masses about imperialism being the root cause of many issues. The ultimate goal is to isolate the US as the main enemy and weaken its global dominance.
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Chronology of the 4th Generation War Against Venezuela
The US Government is waging war on Venezuela - not your typical, traditional war, but a modern, asymmetric - 4th Generation War - against President Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. Below is a presentation I created regarding the pattern and escalation of US Government aggression against Venezuela, with clear quotes and cites as evidence to back up this claim.
OBJECTIVE
Relate Chávez with:
*Drug trafficking
*Terrorism
*A Dictatorship
*An Arms Race
*Money Laundering
*A Threat Against Regional Security
Actions
2002-2006
*The coup d’etat against Chávez in 2002
*The “lockout” and economic sabotage from December 2002 to February 2003
*The “guarimbas” of 2004
*The Recall Referendum of 2004
*Electoral Intervention in 2005 and 2006
*An increase in US military presence in the region during 2006-2007
Change in Strategy
-After the victory of President Chávez in the recall referendum of 2004, the US toughened its position towards Venezuela increased its public hostility and aggression against the Venezuelan government.
-January 2005: “Hugo Chávez is a negative force in the region.” -Condoleezza Rice
-March 2005: “Venezuela is one of the most unstable and dangerous ‘hot spots’ in Latin America.” -Porter Goss, ex-Director of the CIA
-March 2005: “Venezuela is starting a dangerous arms race that threatens regional security.” -Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
-March 2005: “I am concerned about Venezuela’s influence in the area of responsibility...SOUTHCOM supports the position of the Joint Chiefs to maintain ‘military to military’ contact with the Venezuelan military…we need an inter-agency focus to deal with Venezuela.” -General Bantz Craddock, ex-Commander of SOUTHCOM
-July 2005: “Cuba and Venezuela are promoting instability in Latin America…There is no doubt that President Chávez is funding radical forces in Bolivia.” -Rogelio Pardo-Maurer, Assistant Sub-Secretary of Defense for the Western Hemisphere
-July 2005: “Venezuela and Cuba are promoting radicalism in the region...Venezuela is trying to undermine the democratic governments in the region to impede CAFTA.” -Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
-August 2005: “Venezuelan territory is a safe haven for Colombian terrorists.” -Tom Casey, spokesperson for the Department of State
-September 2005: “The problem of working with President Chávez is serious and continuous, as it is in other parts of the relationship.” -John Walters, Director of the National Policy Office for Drug Control.
-November 2005: “The assault on democratic institutions in Venezuela continues and the system is in serious danger.” -Thomas Shannon, Sub-secretary of State
Escalation in Aggression 2006
The War Machine
-2 February 2006: “Presidente Chávez continues to use his control to repress the opposition, reduce freedom of the press and restrict democracy….it’s a threat.” -John Negroponte, ex-Director of National Intelligence
-2 February 2006: “We have Chávez in Venezuela with a lot of money from oil. He is a person who was elected legally, just like Adolf Hitler...” - Donald Rumsfeld, ex-Secretary of Defense
Connection with Terrorism
-16 March 2006: “In Venezuela, a demogoge full of oil money is undermining democracy and trying to destabilize the region.” -George W. Bush
-June 2006: “Venezuela’s cooperation in the international campaign against terrorism continues to be insignificant...It’s not clear to what point the Venezuelan government offered material support to Colombian terrorists.” - Annual Report on Terrorism, Department of State
Increase in Military Presence
-March-July 2006: The US military engages in four major exercises off the coast of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea, with support from NATO, and based at the US air force base in Curaça
This document summarizes a journal article about the new scramble for Africa's resources between China and the United States. It discusses how both countries are using economic strategies to gain influence and access to strategic resources. China focuses on infrastructure development through investments, while the US uses preferential trade agreements like AGOA. This competition has led to a new cold war dynamic as both countries vie for power and resources. The document analyzes the strategies and impacts and recommends how African nations can best benefit from this renewed international interest.
Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State by Cristal Montanez published i...Cristal Montañéz
Cristal’s publication in IF (International Focus) Magazine “Venezuela Today A Failed Criminal Narco State” strongly condemns the narco-terrorist state that has befallen her country under Nicolás Maduro, who succeeded Hugo Chávez. Both men, following orders from Castro controlled Cuba, have pushed the country from democracy to dictatorship.
Very difficult, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the impossibility of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society difficult to construct between pro-Chávez and anti-Chávez forces. In addition to the civil war, there is a risk of US military intervention to appropriate the world's largest oil reserves in Venezuela with the support of some Latin American countries in flagrant disregard of the United Nations Charter from which it can result of a conflict involving several countries in Latin America. This situation tends to promote the intensification of the new Cold War between the United States and the allied Russia of Venezuela and the worsening of relations between the United States and China, also an ally of Venezuela.
The document discusses the foreign policy aims and strategies of several major world powers in the coming decade:
1. The US aims to prevent the emergence of any rival power in Eurasia and wants to destabilize regions to block new powers. However, the US has been humbled by its wars and debt and faces containing newly assertive nations.
2. Russia has taken advantage of US preoccupation to reverse Western influence and bring former Soviet states under its control. By 2010, over 70% of the former USSR will likely be under Russian influence.
3. Britain pursues a policy of preserving influence by both working with the US and EU and complicating their aims. It will continue this dual approach in 2010
Sur América está gastando más dinero en el campo militar que en décadas" Casa...suvozcuenta
The document discusses military spending in South America, which has increased in absolute terms but remained stable as a percentage of GDP. While not considered a true "arms race", the author argues the spending hinders economic and political development in the region due to competing with education and other public services for limited resources. The document recommends fully utilizing existing transparency agreements and defense cooperation organizations to build trust between countries and help control military expenditures.
Everything leads one to believe that Venezuela is moving fast towards the outbreak of civil war and the establishment of a dictatorship by the faction that win this conflict to maintain order in the country. Very rarely, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the difficulty of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society of difficult construction.
UNLEARNED LESSONS OF HISTORY : AFGHANISTAN, IRAQ, SYRIA, LEBANON, AND SOME O...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
The document discusses the ongoing conflicts and instability in the Middle East and Afghanistan. It argues that the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria are interlinked and risk destabilizing the entire region. Despite huge costs and casualties, the global war on terror has failed to defeat al-Qaeda and terrorist groups, and insurgencies are expanding into new areas like North Africa and the Sahel region. The withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan risks al-Qaeda and the Taliban regaining control and undermining stability.
This document provides an overview of lecture material on modern world governments and international relations. It covers several topics discussed in the lectures, including Washington's dominance in Latin America, foreign debt as a political issue, the transition to democracy, and how democracy can change from within using examples from India and Kenya. The document is composed of multiple sections from the lecture presentations, organized by topic and containing descriptive text, definitions, and analyses of historical and contemporary issues.
POLS 4701 - Dylan Jenks Political Science Senior CapstoneDylan Jenks
This paper investigates the role of social and economic globalization on international relations between the United States and China using three case studies from the 1950s to present. The author's hypothesis is that increasing globalization weakens nation-states' control over their populations, reducing confrontations as domestic politics constrain aggressive foreign policies. However, a recent rise in Chinese nationalism challenges this. The paper analyzes how US-China relations and the influence of their populations have changed over time through literature review and case study analysis.
New Jersey was the third state to join the United States on December 18, 1787. It was named after the island of Jersey in the English Channel. The capital of New Jersey is Trenton, and its nickname is "The Garden State." Some key events in New Jersey's Revolutionary War history include Washington crossing the Delaware River in December 1776, the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth in late 1776 and early 1777. New Jersey has a population of over 8.7 million as of 2010 and is known for agriculture like greenhouse products as well as chemical and food manufacturing.
Gobierno de Maduro Gran Empresa CriminalAngel Monagas
Douglas Farah testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee about the deepening political and economic crisis in Venezuela and its implications. He made three key points:
1) Venezuela, under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, has formed an alliance with countries like Iran, Russia, Ecuador and Bolivia to oppose US influence in Latin America. This alliance has brought rising corruption, violence, and a breakdown of democratic norms.
2) Venezuela has become a gateway for Iran's expanding political and military activities in Latin America, in violation of international sanctions, and helped Iran pursue nuclear technology in Argentina. It has also expanded Russia's growing presence in the region.
3) The Bolivarian alliance poses a
Venezuela transitioned to democracy in 1959 after a dictatorship, establishing a two-party system that lasted until 1999. Known as the Punto Fijo system, it involved power-sharing between the AD and COPEI parties. However, over 40 years it became corrupt and excluded other groups, leading to democratic breakdown. Hugo Chavez rose to power in 1998 promising change, though his regime has been controversial with accusations of authoritarianism and failures to address inequality despite oil wealth. Venezuela now faces an uncertain future due to Chavez's illness.
Propensity for Intrastate Conflict in Four Carbon-Fuel Rich States. Measuring...James Darnbrook
This document provides an introduction and background to a study examining the relationship between four variables (wealth-poverty divide, environmental limitations, educational levels, and increased militarization) and the propensity for intrastate conflict in four carbon fuel producing states (Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). The study aims to develop a model to measure the effect of these four variables on regime stability. It outlines the reasons for undertaking the study, its objectives, and provides a literature review on related research.
This document provides an introduction and overview to Noam Chomsky's book "Deterring Democracy" which examines US foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. The introduction discusses how the US remains the dominant military power globally despite its declining economic strength relative to Europe and Japan. It argues this imbalance could lead the US to increasingly rely on force rather than diplomacy to maintain its dominance. The document also outlines how the book will examine the interplay between freedom and control in democratic societies and how concepts of democracy are applied in US foreign policy.
Jeb bush the early years - jeb bush's cia 'noc' work in venezuelaRepentSinner
Jeb Bush worked for the CIA in Venezuela in the late 1970s, posing as a banker for Texas Commerce Bank. As a CIA non-official cover agent, he helped the CIA launder money from Colombian drug cartels to fund anti-leftist groups in Latin America. After leaving Venezuela, Jeb maintained relationships with CIA-connected figures and used business dealings to support his father's political career, setting the stage for his own future presidential run that would continue CIA influence in the White House.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
A Report on the Safety of Mexico 2014 PP4SSteve Didier
The document is a safety report on tourist and expatriate safety in Mexico that uses statistics to provide an objective view of safety, separate from sensationalized media reports. It finds that you are far more likely to be a victim of homicide residing in the US than vacationing in Mexico. Of the estimated 80 million American tourists to Mexico since 2006, approximately 109 innocent Americans have been victims of homicide. The report shows homicide rates are much higher in US cities like Chicago and New Orleans than in Mexican tourist destinations like Cancun, Playa del Carmen and Tulum. You are over 1000 times more likely to be a victim of homicide in those US cities than in the Mexican Riviera Maya area.
This document provides a summary of a report on Guatemala. It begins with an introduction discussing communist practices such as thoroughly researching target countries and infiltrating them over long periods. It notes that communists control Guatemala's labor unions, agrarian reform laws, media outlets, and foreign office. It also says chapters on labor and agrarian reform receive more discussion as those are the focuses of communist infiltration. The document provides context and overview for the detailed report that follows.
Tracking the Birth Pains Weekly Newsletter (10/24/15)Beth Frisby
Tracking the Birth Pains Weekly Newsletter categorizes current events within the framework of Matthew 24 & seeks to answer the question: Are We the Terminal Generation?
2002 U.S. Press Release - FAILED Venezuela CoupVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
This document has been created in support of the N.A.Z.I. Trials and/or N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission that the Utica INTERNATIONAL Embassy’s Official(s) are working on to support the INVESTIGATIONS and PROSECUTIONS of the United States of America’s/United States Officials (Heads Of State, Congressional Members, Supreme Court Justices…) Legal Counsel Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and their Nazis/Zionists Members, etc. that CONTROL and RUN the United States of America’s DESPOTISM Government Empire under the guise of “United States”…
After the Nuremberg Trials which involved the PROSECUTION of Adolf Hitler and his NAZI Followers, the World VOWED to “NEVER” allow such ATROCITIES… to ever occur again! However, here we are in the 21st Century and Adolf Hitler’s “WORLD ORDER” Agenda is in FULL Implementation under the guise of Nazi/Zionist Members serving as Legal Counsel to the United States THROUGH the Law Firm of Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and others DEVOUT Hitler Followers, etc.
The UIE with supporting other Nations-Of-Color look forward to using similar processes (as the UN War Crimes Commission) to Implement the N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission as well as the N.A.Z.I. Trials…
SYRIA CRISIS (United States of America) CHEMICAL WEAPONS ATTACKSVogelDenise
The document discusses the United States' history with chemical weapons and raises questions about its role in the 2013 chemical attacks in Syria. It questions whether the U.S. is rushing to broker a deal in Syria ahead of a UN report to cover up its own involvement in chemical warfare. It suggests the U.S. may be targeting Syria's President Assad next, as part of an ongoing "terrorist" strategy by the U.S. outlined in various online sources.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
The document discusses implementing a new strategy for the Brazilian Ministry of Defense (MD). [1] The strategy aims to consolidate a unified defense structure and influence external actors to reduce resource gaps. [2] A commission of experts will help update defense policy and recommend modernizing the national defense system. [3] The strategy implementation faces potential resistance from the military but will realign the MD to adapt to a changing security environment.
The document assesses the Brazilian Ministry of Defense and outlines its future direction. It describes the Ministry's mission to integrate and modernize Brazil's armed forces. However, it faces issues like cultural barriers from the military's historic autonomy, complacency within the organization, and lack of resources. The future direction calls for fully implementing the Ministry to overcome these challenges, minimize resistance to change, and make the case for more funding and support in order to address modern threats to Brazil's security.
Everything leads one to believe that Venezuela is moving fast towards the outbreak of civil war and the establishment of a dictatorship by the faction that win this conflict to maintain order in the country. Very rarely, representative democracy can result from the political conflicts that occur in Venezuela due to the difficulty of establishing a social pact that would require consensus in Civil Society of difficult construction.
UNLEARNED LESSONS OF HISTORY : AFGHANISTAN, IRAQ, SYRIA, LEBANON, AND SOME O...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
The document discusses the ongoing conflicts and instability in the Middle East and Afghanistan. It argues that the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria are interlinked and risk destabilizing the entire region. Despite huge costs and casualties, the global war on terror has failed to defeat al-Qaeda and terrorist groups, and insurgencies are expanding into new areas like North Africa and the Sahel region. The withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan risks al-Qaeda and the Taliban regaining control and undermining stability.
This document provides an overview of lecture material on modern world governments and international relations. It covers several topics discussed in the lectures, including Washington's dominance in Latin America, foreign debt as a political issue, the transition to democracy, and how democracy can change from within using examples from India and Kenya. The document is composed of multiple sections from the lecture presentations, organized by topic and containing descriptive text, definitions, and analyses of historical and contemporary issues.
POLS 4701 - Dylan Jenks Political Science Senior CapstoneDylan Jenks
This paper investigates the role of social and economic globalization on international relations between the United States and China using three case studies from the 1950s to present. The author's hypothesis is that increasing globalization weakens nation-states' control over their populations, reducing confrontations as domestic politics constrain aggressive foreign policies. However, a recent rise in Chinese nationalism challenges this. The paper analyzes how US-China relations and the influence of their populations have changed over time through literature review and case study analysis.
New Jersey was the third state to join the United States on December 18, 1787. It was named after the island of Jersey in the English Channel. The capital of New Jersey is Trenton, and its nickname is "The Garden State." Some key events in New Jersey's Revolutionary War history include Washington crossing the Delaware River in December 1776, the battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth in late 1776 and early 1777. New Jersey has a population of over 8.7 million as of 2010 and is known for agriculture like greenhouse products as well as chemical and food manufacturing.
Gobierno de Maduro Gran Empresa CriminalAngel Monagas
Douglas Farah testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee about the deepening political and economic crisis in Venezuela and its implications. He made three key points:
1) Venezuela, under Hugo Chavez and now Nicolas Maduro, has formed an alliance with countries like Iran, Russia, Ecuador and Bolivia to oppose US influence in Latin America. This alliance has brought rising corruption, violence, and a breakdown of democratic norms.
2) Venezuela has become a gateway for Iran's expanding political and military activities in Latin America, in violation of international sanctions, and helped Iran pursue nuclear technology in Argentina. It has also expanded Russia's growing presence in the region.
3) The Bolivarian alliance poses a
Venezuela transitioned to democracy in 1959 after a dictatorship, establishing a two-party system that lasted until 1999. Known as the Punto Fijo system, it involved power-sharing between the AD and COPEI parties. However, over 40 years it became corrupt and excluded other groups, leading to democratic breakdown. Hugo Chavez rose to power in 1998 promising change, though his regime has been controversial with accusations of authoritarianism and failures to address inequality despite oil wealth. Venezuela now faces an uncertain future due to Chavez's illness.
Propensity for Intrastate Conflict in Four Carbon-Fuel Rich States. Measuring...James Darnbrook
This document provides an introduction and background to a study examining the relationship between four variables (wealth-poverty divide, environmental limitations, educational levels, and increased militarization) and the propensity for intrastate conflict in four carbon fuel producing states (Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela). The study aims to develop a model to measure the effect of these four variables on regime stability. It outlines the reasons for undertaking the study, its objectives, and provides a literature review on related research.
This document provides an introduction and overview to Noam Chomsky's book "Deterring Democracy" which examines US foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. The introduction discusses how the US remains the dominant military power globally despite its declining economic strength relative to Europe and Japan. It argues this imbalance could lead the US to increasingly rely on force rather than diplomacy to maintain its dominance. The document also outlines how the book will examine the interplay between freedom and control in democratic societies and how concepts of democracy are applied in US foreign policy.
Jeb bush the early years - jeb bush's cia 'noc' work in venezuelaRepentSinner
Jeb Bush worked for the CIA in Venezuela in the late 1970s, posing as a banker for Texas Commerce Bank. As a CIA non-official cover agent, he helped the CIA launder money from Colombian drug cartels to fund anti-leftist groups in Latin America. After leaving Venezuela, Jeb maintained relationships with CIA-connected figures and used business dealings to support his father's political career, setting the stage for his own future presidential run that would continue CIA influence in the White House.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representationelegantbrain
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
A Report on the Safety of Mexico 2014 PP4SSteve Didier
The document is a safety report on tourist and expatriate safety in Mexico that uses statistics to provide an objective view of safety, separate from sensationalized media reports. It finds that you are far more likely to be a victim of homicide residing in the US than vacationing in Mexico. Of the estimated 80 million American tourists to Mexico since 2006, approximately 109 innocent Americans have been victims of homicide. The report shows homicide rates are much higher in US cities like Chicago and New Orleans than in Mexican tourist destinations like Cancun, Playa del Carmen and Tulum. You are over 1000 times more likely to be a victim of homicide in those US cities than in the Mexican Riviera Maya area.
This document provides a summary of a report on Guatemala. It begins with an introduction discussing communist practices such as thoroughly researching target countries and infiltrating them over long periods. It notes that communists control Guatemala's labor unions, agrarian reform laws, media outlets, and foreign office. It also says chapters on labor and agrarian reform receive more discussion as those are the focuses of communist infiltration. The document provides context and overview for the detailed report that follows.
Tracking the Birth Pains Weekly Newsletter (10/24/15)Beth Frisby
Tracking the Birth Pains Weekly Newsletter categorizes current events within the framework of Matthew 24 & seeks to answer the question: Are We the Terminal Generation?
2002 U.S. Press Release - FAILED Venezuela CoupVogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
This document has been created in support of the N.A.Z.I. Trials and/or N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission that the Utica INTERNATIONAL Embassy’s Official(s) are working on to support the INVESTIGATIONS and PROSECUTIONS of the United States of America’s/United States Officials (Heads Of State, Congressional Members, Supreme Court Justices…) Legal Counsel Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and their Nazis/Zionists Members, etc. that CONTROL and RUN the United States of America’s DESPOTISM Government Empire under the guise of “United States”…
After the Nuremberg Trials which involved the PROSECUTION of Adolf Hitler and his NAZI Followers, the World VOWED to “NEVER” allow such ATROCITIES… to ever occur again! However, here we are in the 21st Century and Adolf Hitler’s “WORLD ORDER” Agenda is in FULL Implementation under the guise of Nazi/Zionist Members serving as Legal Counsel to the United States THROUGH the Law Firm of Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell & Berkowitz and others DEVOUT Hitler Followers, etc.
The UIE with supporting other Nations-Of-Color look forward to using similar processes (as the UN War Crimes Commission) to Implement the N.A.Z.I. War Crimes Commission as well as the N.A.Z.I. Trials…
SYRIA CRISIS (United States of America) CHEMICAL WEAPONS ATTACKSVogelDenise
The document discusses the United States' history with chemical weapons and raises questions about its role in the 2013 chemical attacks in Syria. It questions whether the U.S. is rushing to broker a deal in Syria ahead of a UN report to cover up its own involvement in chemical warfare. It suggests the U.S. may be targeting Syria's President Assad next, as part of an ongoing "terrorist" strategy by the U.S. outlined in various online sources.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
The document discusses implementing a new strategy for the Brazilian Ministry of Defense (MD). [1] The strategy aims to consolidate a unified defense structure and influence external actors to reduce resource gaps. [2] A commission of experts will help update defense policy and recommend modernizing the national defense system. [3] The strategy implementation faces potential resistance from the military but will realign the MD to adapt to a changing security environment.
The document assesses the Brazilian Ministry of Defense and outlines its future direction. It describes the Ministry's mission to integrate and modernize Brazil's armed forces. However, it faces issues like cultural barriers from the military's historic autonomy, complacency within the organization, and lack of resources. The future direction calls for fully implementing the Ministry to overcome these challenges, minimize resistance to change, and make the case for more funding and support in order to address modern threats to Brazil's security.
Brazil is the fifth largest country by area and has a population of around 169.8 million people. While GDP per capita is $7,510, income inequality is high with the richest 20% of people earning 63% of total income and the poorest 20% earning just 2.5%. The Brazilian Navy conducts operations from bases in Rio de Janeiro and participates in exercises like UNITAS and STANAVFORLANT to project naval power and conduct tasks like sea control. Its motto is "Tudo pela Pátria" which means "Everything for the Country".
This document provides information on leadership training for preparing for and managing combat and operational stress. It discusses common stressors soldiers may face, historical context of combat stress, principles of recognizing and intervening in stress responses, and resources for treatment. The goal is to control stress through leadership and utilizing medical, chaplain, and recuperation center support.
O documento descreve a experiência de intercâmbio de um oficial da Marinha do Brasil na Academia Naval dos Estados Unidos entre 2003 e 2005. Ele ensinou português e apoiou atividades para cadetes brasileiros, além de participar de eventos sociais como o Baile Internacional. A experiência proporcionou apoio à decisão, inteligência e recepção de visitantes e continua sendo importante para as relações entre as marinhas dos dois países.
O documento discute as lições da Guerra do Vietnã para a doutrina militar americana pós-1975. Ele contrasta as abordagens convencionais dos EUA com a guerra irregular do Vietnã do Norte e analisa como a opinião pública e falta de objetivos claros levaram à retirada dos EUA em 1975. Também resume as doutrinas de Weinberger e Powell sobre o uso limitado e apoio público necessário para o emprego da força militar.
This document is a paper submitted to the Naval War College by a Brazilian Navy officer analyzing the U.S. foreign policy towards Latin America and arguing for a 21st century "Good Neighbor" policy. It discusses the threats to stability in Latin America from issues like inequality, weak institutions, and crime. It argues that Brazil could help address these issues if made "part of the solution" rather than seen as "part of the problem." Adopting a new Good Neighbor policy using public diplomacy could improve how both Latin America and the U.S. view each other.
The document discusses factors that influenced U.S. decisions regarding intervention in Rwanda from April to July 1994. Key actors included the UN, France, Belgium, and NGOs. The U.S. initially took a cautious approach due to lessons from Somalia. As the RPF neared victory and disease outbreaks grew severe in refugee camps, humanitarian concerns mounted. This shifted U.S. risk calculations, leading President Clinton to commit forces to Operation Support Hope on July 22nd.
O documento discute as regras de comportamento operativo para forças de paz da ONU em zonas de conflito armado, incluindo o direito de se defender e impedir obstruções à missão humanitária de forma gradativa e letal se necessário. Também apresenta situações em um filme e discute que forças brasileiras não devem entrar em zonas hostis sem autorização e que comandantes devem impedir acompanhamento por não integrantes quando não cumprirem regras.
I. As cartas eletrônicas digitais representam uma revolução em relação às cartas de papel ao fornecer informações em tempo real sobre a posição do navio.
II. Existem dois formatos principais: raster, semelhante às cartas de papel, e vetorial, que permite cálculos precisos e controles simultâneos.
III. No Brasil, a DHN produz cartas raster e vetoriais, porém o controle de qualidade e disponibilidade para clientes externos ainda precisa ser aprimorado.
O sistema de navegação inercial mede acelerações para estimar a posição de um veículo, sem depender de sinais externos. Ele usa acelerômetros e giroscópios montados em uma plataforma estabilizada, juntamente com integradores e um computador, para calcular a latitude, longitude, rumo, velocidade e outros parâmetros. Sua precisão se degrada com o tempo devido a erros que se acumulam, requerendo atualizações periódicas por outros meios de navegação.
The document summarizes the history of the Escola Naval military academy in Brazil from its founding in 1761 to its current location on Villegagnon Island since 1938. It details the academy's mission to educate and train officers for the Brazilian Navy, Marine Corps, and Supply Corps. A typical day for midshipmen includes classes, physical training, studies and recreation. The Brazilian Navy aims to develop highly qualified officers through the academy to secure the country's maritime interests.
The document discusses the international security environment and proposes a grand strategy for a new US administration. It identifies key threats such as weapons proliferation, terrorism, transnational crime, and economic and geopolitical challenges. It argues that while no threats currently jeopardize US supremacy, failing to address issues could undermine it long-term. The document proposes adopting a cooperative security strategy to deal flexibly with state and non-state actors in an interconnected world. This strategy would entail sharing burdens with partners through investment rather than military intervention alone. Transitioning to this strategy would require compromise but pay dividends over the long-run.
The document presents an analysis of the feasibility of unmanned container ships. It investigates the need for automation by examining the benefits of slow steaming and assesses whether current technology meets regulatory requirements for autonomous navigation. Several key findings are discussed: slow steaming reduces emissions and operating costs; automation could eliminate crew costs and increase cargo capacity; and navigation technologies like SECURUS, autopilot, AIS and ECDIS appear sufficient though regulations would need adjustments. While the technology seems available, implementation may depend on companies trusting autonomous systems to safely deliver cargo without human oversight.
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the various parts, equipment, and spaces found on cargo ships. It discusses the general structure of cargo ships including holds, decks, and bulkheads. It also provides labeled diagrams of ship components like the hull, superstructure, machinery, and cargo handling equipment. Finally, it lists and labels the typical rooms found on a cargo ship such as the wheelhouse, cabins, mess rooms, and engine rooms.
O documento discute a contribuição da Escola Naval brasileira para o desenvolvimento de líderes de combate para a Marinha. A EN capacita oficiais por meio de cursos teóricos e treinamentos práticos que desenvolvem espírito de corpo e habilidades de liderança. A EN prepara oficiais melhor do que a Academia Naval dos EUA em alguns aspectos como carga horária obrigatória e influência do Corpo de Aspirantes.
The document discusses various methods for obtaining lines of position (LOPs) and fixes to determine a ship's location, including visual bearings, radar ranges, and coincidental or intentional ranges. It provides guidelines for best practices such as choosing navigational aids to provide an optimal spread of LOPs, determining the order of plotting LOPs, and the appropriate frequency of obtaining fixes based on proximity to hazards.
A contribuição da Escola Naval para a formação de líderes em combate para a M...Guilherme Azevedo
1. A liderança em combate requer líderes preparados para lidar com o estresse e fadiga da guerra e inspirar os subordinados a superar desafios.
2. Conflitos modernos envolvem mais insurgências e ameaças assimétricas, exigindo líderes capacitados para pequenas unidades em terrenos desconhecidos.
3. A preparação de líderes deve se adequar à complexidade dos conflitos atuais, desenvolvendo não só características pessoais, mas também habilidades para diferentes situações.
This document discusses principles of dead reckoning and current sailing used for navigation at sea. It defines key terms like dead reckoning, course, speed, set and drift of currents. It provides rules of thumb for calculating distance traveled based on speed and time. Examples are given for using course, speed and current information to calculate courses and speeds to achieve desired tracks and speeds over ground.
This 3 sentence document discusses life aboard a high-speed sailing ship. It notes that the ship is the fastest sailing vessel currently in operation. The document invites the reader to come aboard to see what interesting aspects the ship has to offer.
The document provides background information on the political and economic crisis in Venezuela. It describes Venezuela's heavy reliance on oil exports and the policies under Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro that led to economic decline as oil prices fell. With hyperinflation, shortages of food and goods, rising crime, and political unrest, Venezuela faces a humanitarian crisis. The document outlines US interests in Venezuela's stability and democracy and presents options for the National Security Council to consider in advising the President, including direct intervention, containment of spillover effects, and diplomatic/economic interventions.
Venezuela is located in northern South America. It has a unique political and economic history. Politically, it has transitioned from a federal republic to socialist and communist systems under different leaders. Economically, it was once heavily dependent on oil exports but has faced economic crises due to declines in the price of oil. This has led to issues like high inflation, poverty, and violence in the country.
From socialism of xxi century to social fascism in venezuelaFernando Alcoforado
Hugo Chavez came to power in Venezuela with promises of socialism and national sovereignty, improving social conditions for the poor. However, after his death and Nicolas Maduro taking over, the country has faced economic turmoil, shortages, and violent clashes between government supporters and opponents. Maduro has arrested opponents, repressed protests, and the regime has taken on extreme nationalism and authoritarian characteristics, turning Venezuela toward social fascism rather than the promised socialism. The country appears to be moving quickly toward civil war or dictatorship as representative democracy becomes more difficult to achieve.
The document discusses racial issues and tensions in Latin America, with tensions often drawn along white versus black and native lines. It also discusses several Latin American countries, including Venezuela which has abundant oil but lacks social infrastructure, and Mexico which struggles with debt but could merge further with the US. Finally, it suggests Latin America now has an opportunity to develop independently or repeat past mistakes as global powers like China and the EU take renewed interests in the region.
The document discusses racial issues and tensions in Latin America, with tensions often drawn along white versus black and native lines. It also discusses several Latin American countries, including Venezuela which has abundant oil but lacks social infrastructure, and Mexico which struggles with debt but could merge further with the US. Finally, it suggests Latin America now has an opportunity to develop independently or repeat past mistakes as global powers like China and the EU take renewed interests in the region.
The document discusses racial issues and tensions in Latin America, with tensions often drawn along white versus black and native lines. It also discusses several Latin American countries, including Venezuela which has abundant oil but lacks social infrastructure, and Mexico which struggles with debt but could merge further with the US. Finally, it suggests Latin America now faces a choice to develop independently or risk falling back into past mistakes, as China and the EU take a renewed interest in the region.
Venezuela is country in Latin America. the country has been facing hyperinflation, crimes, starvation, food shortages and severe socioeconomic and political crisis. there is a geopolitical game played by great powers.
Articulo que describe la suerte que hubiera corrido Venezuela si Hugo Chavez no llega al poder.
Narración que trata temas sobre el país en Economía, Democracia, Relaciones Internacionales, Retos y oportunidades, y una reflexión final acerca de un probable futuro.
This document discusses threats to US national security interests in Latin America. It identifies three main threats: 1) transnational criminal organizations that exploit weak governance across Latin America and traffic drugs, people, and weapons; 2) extra-regional actors like China, Russia, and Iran that undermine US influence; and 3) regional political actors embracing authoritarianism and opposing open systems and free markets. These threats thrive due to enduring problems like poverty, corruption, and inconsistent US attention to the region. The top threat is transnational organized crime, whose drug trade has devastating health and economic impacts on the US.
The document summarizes the political, economic, and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela during the presidencies of Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro. It outlines the hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, and Maduro's denial of the crisis. The document claims that Maduro has neglected Venezuelan citizens and that international aid efforts need to increase to address the crisis. It provides reasons for the crisis such as the failing economy, conflict over leadership between Maduro and opposition leader Juan Guaido, and censorship and denial of information by the Venezuelan government.
Venezuela under the risk of civil war and international conflictFernando Alcoforado
En plus de la guerre civile, nous risquons d'avoir un bain de sang sur notre continent en cas d'intervention militaire au Venezuela avec la participation des États-Unis, de la Colombie et du Brésil.
Political and social convulsion in venezuela and its consequencesFernando Alcoforado
1. In the late 1980s, Venezuela introduced neoliberal economic reforms under President Carlos Andrés Pérez, including privatization, currency devaluation, and tax reform. This led to street protests and riots known as the Caracazo in 1989, which killed hundreds.
2. In the early 1990s, protests against Pérez's economic policies continued as inflation rose. Pérez was impeached for corruption in 1993. Subsequent governments struggled to stabilize the economy and implemented conflicting economic models.
3. Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998 promising to fight corruption and rebuild the country. As president, he implemented social programs but failed to diversify the economy and Venezuela became increasingly polarized between
1) The document discusses the historical role and power of nation-states in international politics and foreign policy. It argues that the power of nation-states, especially the United States, is eroding due to forces of globalization and the rise of non-state actors.
2) It analyzes factors that historically contributed to US power such as its military capabilities and geopolitical advantages. However, it asserts that organizations like NGOs and IGOs are now undermining state sovereignty and US hegemony through shared decision-making and increasing economic interdependence between states.
3) The rise of transnational threats like terrorism exemplify how non-state groups can challenge states, and globalization is enhancing the
Rev. William F. Hartigan Medal - Essay SubmissionAnthony V. John
1. Hispanic/Latino parishes emerged in the late 1960s as Catholic migrants mobilized to integrate into American society and address challenges like undocumented migration and lack of political representation.
2. U.S. foreign policy in Latin America, including military interventions and support for authoritarian regimes, contributed to economic instability and violence that drove Latin American migration to the U.S. in large numbers starting in the 1980s.
3. Hispanic/Latino parishes have created faith-based movements advocating for immigration reform, greater political influence, and social justice, drawing on Catholic social teaching and grassroots organizing models.
O documento discute vários métodos para medir o tempo, incluindo: tempo verdadeiro, médio e legal; fusos horários; equação do tempo; e as medidas anuais do ano sideral, trópico e civil.
The document provides an overview of radiotelephone procedures and protocols for naval communications. It discusses the importance of security, types of nets, procedures for radio checks, phonetic alphabet, prowords, call signs, establishing communications, and transmitting tactical signals using delayed and immediate executive formats.
This document provides an overview of visual navigation aids, including types of buoys, lights, beacons, and radio beacons. It describes major lights like range lights and discusses buoyage systems including lateral and cardinal buoys. The purpose and colors of different types of buoys are explained, such as lateral, safe water, and isolated danger buoys. Light attributes like color, phase, and period are also summarized.
The document discusses various types of deck equipment and seamanship terms used aboard naval vessels. It describes different types of mooring lines and their numbering system. It also outlines various types of fiber and wire rope based on their construction and materials, and defines other small stuff lines. Finally, it lists terms related to marlinespike seamanship including types of knots, hitches, and equipment used for mooring and cargo handling.
The document discusses various navigation instruments used to measure direction, distance, speed, and depth at sea. It describes how an azimuth circle and telescopic alidade are used to measure direction by shooting bearings, radar and stadimeters are used to measure distance up to 2000 yards, impeller logs and pit logs are used to measure speed through water by detecting dynamic and static pressure, Doppler speed logs can extremely accurately measure speed using shaft RPM, and a fathometer is used to measure depth below the ship.
The document discusses various types of deck equipment and marlinespike seamanship terminology. It describes equipment used for mooring ships such as cleats, bitts, bollards, chocks, padeyes, lifelines, capstans, camels, and rat guards. It also discusses mooring lines, their numbering system, and the types of spring and breast lines. Finally, it defines terms related to rope, line, and knots used in marlinespike seamanship.
The document discusses gyrocompasses and magnetic compasses. It describes gyrocompass theory including how gyroscopes maintain orientation to true north. It also discusses gyro error determination and correction. Magnetic compass theory is explained including variation, deviation, and magnetic compass error. Methods to determine gyro error and apply corrections are provided along with examples of solving for true course from other compass readings.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for ship handling and piloting, including:
1. Describing characteristics like turning circles, advance, transfer, and tactical diameters.
2. Demonstrating how to calculate turn bearings, danger bearings, and determine position relative to track.
3. Explaining terms like standard tactical diameter and standard rudder.
This document provides definitions and explanations of basic ship structure, compartmentation, and material conditions of readiness. It defines key ship structure terms like hull, frames, decks, bulkheads, and compartments. It explains how compartments are numbered and defined. It also outlines the different material conditions of readiness like X-ray, Yoke, Zebra, and William and what purposes they serve like damage control and chemical/biological protection.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for navigation including:
- The terrestrial coordinate system uses latitude and longitude to determine positions on Earth
- Key reference points include the poles, equator, prime meridian and meridians which divide Earth into longitude lines and latitude circles
- Positions are specified with degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude
- Time zones are based on meridians and adjusted for daylight saving time and international date lines
O documento resume as principais regras internacionais para evitar abalroamentos no mar (RIPEAM), cobrindo tópicos como terminologia, luzes e marcas, regras de governo e navegação, conduta em visibilidade restrita e regras específicas para situações como riscos de colisão, canais estreitos, esquemas de separação de tráfego, ultrapassagens e prioridade de manobras.
O documento descreve o Sistema Global de Socorro e Segurança Marítima (GMDSS), incluindo seu histórico, conceito, áreas de atuação, equipamentos obrigatórios e operação. O GMDSS foi criado pela IMO em 1988 para melhorar as comunicações de emergência no mar por meio de satélites e envio automático de alertas de socorro. Ele divide as águas em quatro áreas e exige equipamentos específicos em cada uma para permitir comunicações eficientes de emergência.
Os sistemas Doppler são sistemas sonar especiais que determinam a posição referenciando as sondagens a uma carta de contorno de fundo e fornecem profundidade, velocidade e direção do deslocamento por meio da comparação das mudanças de frequência ao longo do tempo. Eles são amplamente utilizados em navios, submarinos, ROVs, AUVs e para medir correntes oceânicas e ondas. No entanto, esses sistemas estão sujeitos a erros devido a fatores como reflexão do som e variações
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. Azevedo
Page 1 of 9
In the Venezuela case study, what are the policy options available to the United
States? Of these alternatives, which one is most likely to be selected, and why? What
potential changes in the International Political System (IPS), Domestic Political
System (DPS) or National Security System (NSS) would cause the selection of
another alternative? Identify which alternative(s) these changes would favor.
Before listing courses of action and selecting one, it is important to understand the
decision making scenario presented by the case study.
Background
The territory occupied today by Venezuela was part of the great Spanish colony in
America. Simón Bolívar, leader of the South American movement for independence from
Spain, was a Venezuelan. Independent since 1830, Venezuela was ruled in various
occasions by authoritarian regimes until 1958.
The country, which was one of the founding members of the Organization
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), has huge oil reserves and its economy is almost
completely dependent on it.
The mismanagement of the money from oil by the government and weak
institutions was largely responsible for the inequality between classes in Venezuelan
society. This situation made possible the election of Hugo Chavez in 1998. Waving the
anti-corruption flag, the former Army Officer and leader of a failed attempt of coup in
1992 managed to convince the poor majority that his government would represent a
change for the better.
During Chavez government, a new constitution was promulgated and the
president was allowed to legislate on a range of political and economic issues. Chavez
confronted Washington with his concept of Bolivarian Revolution (named after Simón
Bolívar) which is marked by anti-U.S. rhetoric and stronger ties with Fidel Castro among
2. Azevedo
Page 2 of 9
other unpopular leaders. He also politically survived a military coup in 2002, a general
strike in 2003 and recall referendum in August this year. In theory, he can remain in
power until 2011.
Policy Options
The situational factors of this case, discussed below, recommend looking at the
interactions within the Input/Output (I/O) Model through the lens of the rational actor
mainly. For that, the oil supply to the United States, the fight against terrorism and drug
trafficking and the stability in Latin America are the national interests at stake.
Oil supply. Venezuela is one of the largest U.S. suppliers of crude oil and the
United States buys about two thirds of Venezuelan production. This interdependence is
reinforced by the fact that most of the refineries that can process Venezuelan oil in an
economic fashion are in U.S. territory.
Despite the rhetoric attacks on the United States, so far Chavez has neither
imposed oil embargo nor signaled he is willing to nationalize foreign companies.
OPEC did not change production and prices policy because of Chavez s urgings
to do so.
The recent rise in the oil prices made it possible for Chavez to spend a lot of
money on his so-called social projects in order to defeat the recall vote and win the
elections for governors in October. His candidates won twenty of twenty-two states.
Terror and drugs. The possibility of a Venezuela-Al Qaeda link, the country s
Muslim population and the unreliability of Venezuelan passports pose some threat to U.S.
homeland security.
3. Azevedo
Page 3 of 9
If it is true that Chavez is not funding the narco-terrorist groups, the cooperation
between the two countries in fighting drug trafficking is essential because great part of
drugs in U.S. illegal market passed through Venezuelan territory.
Regional stability. The way the United States changed from World War II Good
Neighbor policy on the region to Cold War interventionism caused a lot of resentment.
Different U.S. administrations either supported or turned a blind eye to coups d état and
to resulting authoritarian regimes as long as this helped to fight communism.
After return to democracy and the end of Cold War, countries like Brazil and
Argentina followed the neoliberal principles of the Washington Consensus and found
themselves immersed in stagnation and recession instead of sustainable economic
growth. Parties and individuals with Marxist background exploited this alleged
globalization failure to be elected and rule these countries. Once in power, their speech is
still filled with ideological content in order to impress the people but their acts are more
pragmatic and closer to market economy. A good example of that is the drive towards
regional economic integration, led by Brazil, which co-chairs the final phase of the Free
Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) negotiations with the United States and is campaigning
to be one of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Another one
is the effort to convince other markets like China and European Union that the region is
economically attractive. In this South American context, Venezuelan oil does not play the
same strategic role as on the bilateral relations with the United States. The weight of
Venezuela is not enough to guarantee the export of the Bolivarian Revolution at
governmental level.
4. Azevedo
Page 4 of 9
U.S. Department of Defense, Members of Congress and media sectors allege that
Chavez provides support to the Colombian narco-terrorist groups most notably the
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia in Spanish FARC) in the border region. Chavez responds by accusing the
United States of political manipulation and by using the border problem as an excuse to
purchase arms from Russia. In cases like this, the media helps to make the worst-case
scenario to seem very likely. Maybe it is but it takes time. It is not just about paying for
fighters like MiG-29 and receiving them next day. Even in this hypothetical example,
fighters are useless without trained and qualified pilots.
Another concern expressed by many in DPS and NSS is the connection between
Chavez and Castro, which is not much more than ideological. The current exchanges
between Cuba and Venezuela do not make them a Latin American version of the Axis of
Evil . Different from Cuba, Venezuela is an active participant of intergovernmental
organizations (IGO) like United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS) and
World Trade Organization (WTO).
The policy options are the following, in order of descending likelihood:
Bilateral diplomacy with increased intelligence activity
Multilateral diplomacy
Chavez isolation
Military intervention
Why is bilateral diplomacy more likely?
5. Azevedo
Page 5 of 9
The level of uncertainty in Venezuela is not as high as in other regions that supply
oil to the United States, namely the Middle East, the former Soviet Union and West
Africa.
The most considerable uncertainty from Venezuela in this case is Hugo Chavez s
behavior. Individuals can be confused with the IPS state actors sometimes. Like Castro,
Chavez is one of them. Letting him remain in power after the recall referendum does not
suggest that the United States stopped seeing him as destabilizing influence . So far,
much of his confrontation with the United States is about rhetoric and ideology. It is
possible that he acts this way in order to get the support of the poor majority of
Venezuelan people by blaming everything that goes wrong on United States. This seems
to be part of the Caudillo Manual and the media takes care of the reverberation of the
bravados. Similar to Brazil, which is another important actor in the region, Venezuela has
not made major decisions against foreign interests in spite of the fact that the country is
theoretically ruled by a Marxist. The most serious disruption in oil supply since Chavez is
in office, for example, was not caused by any embargo but was a consequence of the
opposition-led general strike in 2003.
In order to stick to his social agenda, he needs money for populist projects and
most of this money comes from oil revenues to the United States.
Although Cuba is very sensitive issue of U.S. foreign police, Castro does not play
the same destabilizing role of years ago because of U.S. embargo and the end of the
Soviet Union. In another comparison with Brazil, Castro is a personal friend of President
Lula and of many others in the Brazilian government, the two countries maintain
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exchanges similar in concept to the Venezuelan ones and this has not interfered at all
with the orthodox economic policies that the country has adhered to.
A sound economic recovery is essential to solve most of the Latin American
problems such as social inequality, regional tensions and indigenous movements. The
actors states and free trade IGOs are getting more integrated and started negotiations
with both European Union and China. Venezuela is full member of the Andean
Community (Comunidad Andina in Spanish CAN) and an associate member of
Southern Common Market (Mercado Comum do Cone Sul in Portuguese
MERCOSUL). This can undermine Chavez s self proclaimed independent foreign policy.
If he really wants Venezuela to be beneficiary of free trade, he needs either to
compromise control of economy or make it less subject to his mercurial temperament.
It is probable that the economic situation will force Chavez to keep the
institutional stability needed for selling the product Venezuela.
As seen during presidential campaign, Latin America is usually mentioned by the
different DPS and NSS actors when they address the illegal immigration problem.
Despite some effort from media and lawmakers, the debate about how to deal with
Chavez is not extensive and does not go deep into the problem. Solutions are not
proposed and the analysis is restricted to tagging the actors stances ( neo-con , moderate
and petro-friendly for example) and to polarization.
Past the election and at the very beginning of the second term of Bush
administration, the impact from constituencies like Florida and interest groups like
Cuban-American community and multinational oil companies has much less effect on
NSS.
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Unless the situation changes dramatically, it is unlikely that Venezuela will have a
greater influence on U.S. political environment. The fact that something like this
happened in 2003 does not mean that diplomacy must be discarded. On the contrary, it is
a good alternative for a country that has its military and intelligence overstrained around
the world in what is called Global War on Terror. Even with this restriction, intelligence
activities can collect and analyze data in order to provide early warning about Chavez s
decisions and to investigate the allegations of existing links between his government and
different narco-terrorist groups.
For the reasons presented, to keep normal relations without becoming careless
with intelligence data gathering and analysis is the more likely policy option.
Potential changes and multilateral diplomacy
The most likely changes are a new Chavez s attitude towards U.S. interests in
Venezuela (oil supply, companies and assets) and the finding of evidences of his support
to guerrilla-type nongovernmental organizations (NGO). In both scenarios, the policy
option to be adopted is multilateral diplomacy as it happened in the push for recall
referendum. During the 2002/2003 general strike, OAS sponsored the Brazilian initiative
called Friends of Venezuela Group . It was a provisional IGO, composed by the
United States, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Spain and Portugal, with the mission to break the
political stalemate and was welcomed by both Chavez and the opposition. The group
helped OAS and NGOs like Carter Center in the negotiations and in monitoring the
referendum.
This alternative is more appropriate for damage control as shown in Haiti,
earlier this year, where U.S. Marines were relieved by the UN stabilization mission. It is
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not considered as first option to deal with Venezuela because this would bring an extra
issue to the already intricate network of regional negotiations such as FTAA, considering
everything else stable. It would also surrender part of the U.S. influence in the region to
OAS and Brazil, which is not desirable given the number of left-wing parties that are
governing countries of the region.
Another reason for bringing other countries and organizations to the decision-
making process is to guarantee the legitimacy of any U.S. policy change in case the crisis
escalates. U.S. interventionist policy in the region during the Cold War is still a delicate
issue. Many in Latin America simply disregard U.S. statements about commitment with
democracy by the simple fact that they are not considered consistent with the help given
to dictators in exchange for suppressing communism in recent past. If its policy has any
sign of unilateral interference in the sovereignty of a country in the region, the United
States will not receive support.
This option is flexible in the sense that U.S. policy can move back to the previous
one when the change effects cease or can become more aggressive if the confrontation
persists.
Conclusion
The existing contradictions in the relations between the United States and
Venezuela are resulting of the fact that both administrations are determined not to
concede to each other. The difference is that the Venezuelan foreign policy is practically
decided by Hugo Chavez while the U.S. policy is theoretically governed by a
sophisticated decision-making system.
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Bearing this in mind and considering the way war on terror is being fought, it is
not likely that the United States will escalate problems with Venezuela instead of
disregarding the aggressive and confrontational Chavez s rhetoric. In case he decides to
put his ideology into practice, this is not going to happen in a split of second and the
connections within the region do not give him much leeway to implement it.
The situation points in the direction of keeping normal relations with Venezuela
without compromise of U.S. values and interests. This policy also prevents Chaves from
gaining more popular support at the expense of the United States.
If, by chance, Chavez sets a collision course for Venezuelan foreign policy in
relation to the United States or the regional stability, the response needs to be coordinated
with other countries and organizations. Unilateralism reminds this region of the Cold War
interventionism and the resulting anti-Americanism can jeopardize other U.S. interests.
It is challenging to conduct a diplomatic policy when dealing with a foreign
leader who acts in such a provocative way and during wartime but it proves to be valid if
the risks involved are not considered high after the proper analysis of the situation