This document provides an overview of lecture material on modern world governments and international relations. It covers several topics discussed in the lectures, including Washington's dominance in Latin America, foreign debt as a political issue, the transition to democracy, and how democracy can change from within using examples from India and Kenya. The document is composed of multiple sections from the lecture presentations, organized by topic and containing descriptive text, definitions, and analyses of historical and contemporary issues.
Slide 9 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
Communist Party of the Philippines
Contribution to the 13th International Communist Seminar:
"The Strategy and Tactics of the Struggle against Global US Imperialist War"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2004
A thorough analysis on Samuel P. Huntington's, Clash of Civilizations. The presentation starts with some basic information on the writer, the nature and history of civilizations as well as the basic reasons of their conflict. It continues with presenting and criticizing specific topics imposed by the writer and ends with our own ideas and implications based on the work of Samuel P. Huntington.
Slide 9 WestCal Political Science 5 Western Political Thought 2016WestCal Academy
Political Science 5 - Western Political Thought provides an overall perspective of major political movements of history from the rising of Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires to Fascism and Communism as seen by great political thinkers from Plato, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Marx, and Lenin. Students will analyze the most important ideas and theories that have been developed from the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day. Students will learn that the American Founding Fathers designed a viable representative government by first dedicating themselves to careful study of the political philosophy of Europeans, with particular attention given to British political thinkers from the 16th and 17th century. The founding fathers focused primarily on the natural rights of man, which in turn varied according to the individual philosopher studied. Over the course of their study, the founding fathers openly discussed their opinions with one another so as to properly bring forth differing views in order to prudently construct a government that would protect individual liberty, as well as determine what was required of government to protect civil liberties. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals with knowledge of how classical and modern political continues to influence American government. Students will learn of multiple career options relating to the field of political science.
Communist Party of the Philippines
Contribution to the 13th International Communist Seminar:
"The Strategy and Tactics of the Struggle against Global US Imperialist War"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2004
A thorough analysis on Samuel P. Huntington's, Clash of Civilizations. The presentation starts with some basic information on the writer, the nature and history of civilizations as well as the basic reasons of their conflict. It continues with presenting and criticizing specific topics imposed by the writer and ends with our own ideas and implications based on the work of Samuel P. Huntington.
Three curable symptoms of an ailing global economy and their treatmentSUN&FZ Associates
It goes without saying that poverty and inequality beyond rationally acceptable limit are caused by wrong economic, monetary and fiscal policies; legislative, legal and regulatory flaws; and imbalance between pro-business and pro-people and pro-employer and pro-employee policies.
The transfer of money through channels other than strictly regulated and monitored companies cannot be ruled out but that money’s unchecked investment in bonds, shares, properties and business companies clearly and convincingly points out that the countries and their governments at both ends are intentional accomplices of white collar crimes for a number of understandable but inexcusable reasons.
Is it possible that those who are responsible to monitor the inter-state flow of money don’t know from which countries money is transferred to their countries? Who in regulatory, banking and financial circles doesn’t know whose money is parked in which tax haven for how long? Who doesn’t know who manages the illegally transferred funds on whose behalf? Why do the tax havens hide the information?
Why these questions have not been answered so far?
Who is responsible?
What can be done about it?
The Answers follow…
Running Head LEGACY OF RACISM 1 LEGACY OF RACISM 5.docxhallettfaustina
Running Head: LEGACY OF RACISM 1
LEGACY OF RACISM 5
Legacy of Racism
September 15, 2017
Introduction
Racism is defined as prejudice, discrimination, and antagonism that is directed to a person or a group of individuals based on the belief that one's culture is superior to the other (McConahay, 1986). Racism started when races that felt superior to the other and thus started enslaving the other who were viewed as inferior races. Racism has been there for years and still exists in the contemporary world. As explained in this paper racism has been there, and its legacy still exists.
Paragraph 1
In the 18th century, the US economy was dependent on slavery, for this reason, it became part of the culture to the extent that it was immortalized and romanticized in films. Public lynching was done in the US south where between 1889 and 1940 a total of 3, 883 people were lynched according to World council of Churches where 80% of these people were African American.
Paragraph 2
Racism is still evident in today's world, the United States in one of racially and ethnically diverse nations. There is significant economic disparity among different races and ethnics. Research shows there is the likelihood of people of color being impoverished and subjected to low-quality life as compared to whites (LaVeist et al., 2000). African Americans earn only a 62% of the median of what white earns, which is the lowest in the country. US southerners are more likely to be uneducated, poor, unemployed and incarcerated in general but are even one for the people of color who are more likely to be living near an industry producing cancer-causing toxins or a toxic waste dump (LaVeist et al., 2000).
Paragraph 3
Health is a valuable asset to every human on the planet, but racism has made it difficult for most people to be responsible for their health (LaVeist et al., 2000). Minority groups have been denied their human right and also quality healthcare. Racism still exists in the 21st century as doctors still entertain racial biases and infringe treatment of minority patients.
Paragraph 4
In 1947 penicillin was used to cure diseases like syphilis (Norgaard et al., 201l). . Before 1947 cure for syphilis was not found and this led to medical researchers coordinating with Tuskegee institutes in Alabama. The collaboration was to seek a cure for sexually transmitted diseases (Norgaard et al., 201l). The team used their tests on the poor blacks who were promised free healthcare. The researchers later failed to keep their promises, and they failed to offer the health services as promised to the Tuskegee test subjects. This led to spread of the disease, and some died needlessly.
Paragraph 5
Similar research was done in Guatemala, and it was conducted on people with a mental health condition and prison inmates (Norgaard et al., 201l). The victims of the Guatemala Syphilis Study were not compensated when the Tuskegee test subjects rece ...
Students will create a Flipgrid about ONE of the Modern Day Issues.docxmarilynnhoare
: Students will create a Flipgrid about ONE of the Modern Day Issues facing Latin America today. Students will write a script using the organizer below & record a Flip grid on which issue poverty, war on drugs, or migration, is the biggest problem facing Latin America today. Students should use two (2) facts from the article to back up their opinion.
Modern Latin America As you read, look for u the impact on political and social life resulting from the rule of dictators; u the war on drugs in Latin America and its impact on the United States; u the impact of poverty on the people of Latin America; u migration patterns across the Americas; u terms: dictator, drug cartel, Pathways to Prosperity in the Americas, migration. Dictators and Democracy Governments in Latin America have often had times of instability since they gained independence. Many have been ruled by military leaders or dictators (people who rule with total authority, often in a harsh way). During the Cold War, the United States feared the influence of the Soviet Union in the western hemisphere. This resulted in the United States supporting leaders who were not always democratically chosen in fair elections. Democratic systems have spread, however, in the past few decades. The United States and Europe have provided models of stable government that have been used to design more democratic governments in Latin America. Top Right: Simón Bolívar was a 19thcentury soldier who played a role in revolutions against Spanish rule in several South American countries. The nation of Bolivia is named for him. Above: Augusto Pinochet ruled as dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. Left: This mural commemorates students who protested against the government of Nicaragua. The students were killed by soldiers as they demanded improvements in their education system. Section 3: Modern Latin America 329One example of a Latin American dictator was Augusto Pinochet of Chile. This general ruled Chile for 17 years. Many believed Pinochet was able to keep communists from taking over the country, but others viewed him as a cruel leader who disrespected the rights of anyone who opposed him. Another example is the Somoza family of Nicaragua. This dictatorial family was in power for over 40 years. During their rule, the family grew wealthy while most of the country was in poverty. Even when elections were allowed, the family remained in power until the last leader was assassinated in 1980. Even though elections are held in most Latin American countries today, there is widespread poverty, and liberal and socialist leaders dominate politics. Many of the leaders oppose the United States and win support from voters by blaming US policies for problems in their country. The War on Drugs The war on drugs has been an ongoing battle in the United States and many Latin American countries. Drugs such as marijuana and heroin have been illegally brought to the United States, althoug.
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4.docxraju957290
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4 below)
Over the course of the class, you will be retrieving and evaluating current event articles (in the last 5 years); making connections between the units we are currently studying and today. You will be responsible for finding an online article from a reputable news source. For example: Time.com, USA Today, The
New York Times
, etc.
See the attachment for specific details and grading criteria for the
Current Events Journal Assignment for Units 3-4
In Unit 3, we will be focusing on change and reform brought about as a result of the rapid social and economic changes of industrialization and urbanization. While the U.S. looked great from an outside perspective, with its rich flaunting their wealth and industry booming, it was riddled with exploitation of the people and political corruption, thus earning the name the Gilded Age. This brought in a sense of moral obligation and led to a reform movement that swept across the nation, with organization developing locally and nationally. This period of reform is known as the Progressive Era.
It was a time to expose the underlining errors of the U.S. society and to make changes for the good of the people. The Progressive Era would address a variety of issues, including factory and living conditions, agriculture reform, child labor, women’s rights, political reform, conservation, and other social concerns. While not perfect in its initial steps of change, this period will pave the way for continued social justice in our nation’s history.
Objectives:
Discuss the impact of political corruption on the U.S. government and evaluate the effectiveness of political reform.
Identify the leading reformers of the Progressive Era and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movements.
Describe the problems facing farmers in the late 19th century and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movement by the Populists and other farmers’ organizations and alliances.
Compare the Progressivism domestic and foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Howard Taft.
Unit 4 Imperialism and WWI
In Unit 4, we will focus on the role of the United States in World affairs. In the late 19th century, the United States not only sought to redefine itself as American, but also to establish its place in the global political arena. Foreign policies paralleled those of many European nations, with a focus on imperialism and preserving foreign interests and markets, specifically in the Western hemisphere. It will be the United States positioning in the Spanish-American war that marks the beginning of its imperial power, with future expansions and political involvement in Latin America and the Pacific Ocean.
At the turn of the century, the United States will feel the long-term effect of its imperialistic decisions. Being recognized as a World leader, involvement in international affairs now spanned beyond the Western Hemispher.
Running Head THE HISTORY OF REVOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES1.docxtodd521
Running Head: THE HISTORY OF REVOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1
THE HISTORY OF REVOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 3
History of Revolution of the United States
Students Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
The United States is a country that has come a long way to current America we see today. It has gone through civil wars, social rearrangements, and economic turbulence that saw the reconstruction of the country into a union. This involves contingency legislation that saw the integration of the African Americans, revolutionizing of the manufacturing, transport and communication sectors improving the status of the united states and the gaining of interest and influence to and beyond North America over the nineteenth century (Coston, 2018). Through the success and attaining of economic and political stability, the US begun to focus on conquering external emperors while fighting with the European powers over territorial influence and colonial possession become evident. This article outlines the legal and social reconstruction that took place in the US, how industrialization and imperialism made the US become an international power and gain influence in the late nineteenth century.
Social and legal reforms for revolution
Reconstruction of the USA occurred majorly after the end of the civil war in many parts of the country. Many of the reforms that were instituted, especially by Congress, were aimed at addressing the factors that led to the emergence of the civil war in America. The most important reforms that were instituted during this period, especially in the southern economy was the issue of turning it from being slavery dependent economy to a state where slaves would be free and have rights (Du Bois 2017). These changes gained a major boosted through amendments to the constitution to recognize and strengthen these rights. The civil war dealt a major blow to the agricultural sector, in which plantations were damaged, and the sharecropping of the landowners and slaves leading to impoverization of the slaves and reduced output of the slave masters. The reforms sought to integrate the people of South America with those of the north in order to protect the status of the freedmen and make them be recognized by their masters. However, the southerners saw the northerners as taking advantage of the situation and ended up cutting the ties that had been established by Black Codes and reverted to use of slaves for labor (Dunleavy, 2014).
The second phase of the legal reform happened when radical Republicans pushed for the punishment of the south, although politicians such as Abraham Lincoln suggested leniency in dealing with them, they pushed for 14th antislavery amendments which saw the Republican take control over Congress with this tension coming to an end when the Congress regained prominence as a result of the infighting among Republicans in 1874, which signaled the end of reconstruction where the slaves rights were penned down in w.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Dr. Tabakian’s Political Science 7
Modern World Governments – Spring/Fall 2014
Supplemental Power Point Material #12
2. LECTURE HIGHLIGHTS (1)
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Washington’s Backyard Dominance
North-South Capital Flows
Foreign Debt Is A Political Issue
American Use Of Trade As Weapon
Transition To Democracy
Democracy – Change From Within
5 Generalizations Of Democracy
Roles Of International Organizations
The United Nations
The UN System
Purpose Of The UN
Structure Of The UN
3. LECTURE HIGHLIGHTS (2)
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International Law
The World Court
Law And Sovereignty: Laws of Diplomacy
Just-War Doctrine
Human Rights: Individuals Versus Sovereignty
Human Rights Institutions
War Crimes
Evolution Of World Order
4. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (1)
Colonialism instilled harsh lessons on Central America that
continued in form from the time independent states were
established in Latin America in the 1820’s. In preparation
for independence, or any other form of internal
revolutionary actions, local elites transferred political
power unto themselves outside control of external powers
stretching from areas like Madrid or Lisbon. Thus, the
channels of control instilled by the colonial period remnant
in social and economic lines of control remained intact.
Remaining prevalent towards the 21st Century, Latin
America remains in constant struggle to determine its own
destiny that has in a way been preordained through violent
colonial subjugation.
5. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (2)
Another factor that remains pertinent are the indigenous
people who survived the conquest, recovering their
numbers and still living in nearly all of the regions where
they lived in the eighteenth century. They have also
expanded into new territories, establishing themselves in
urban and industrial societies. There remains segments,
including the indigenous people of Chiapas who are mostly
Mayan who are forced to engage in revolutionary tactics in
order to survive. A rebellion led by the Zapatista Liberation
Front on January 1, 1994 ignited in the state of Chiapas in
southern Mexico. The causes of their struggle are
comparable to a majority of the indigenous population as
well.
6. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (3)
Forced to endure hard labor under conditions of servitude
for centuries, their issues to date are primarily the lack of
land available for ownership. It is this reality that forces
indigenous peoples like those in Chiapas to work in
despicable conditions for huge landowners. Seeking
continued financial support from international financial
institutions required Latin American countries to make
structural adjustments to their national economies. In
times, these loans became conditional on such
adjustments, requiring their governments to cut costs and
inflation by enacting fiscal reform, monetary restraint,
cutting back jobs and services in the public sector and
stopping government subsidies for basic goods or
petroleum.
7. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (4)
Furthermore, wages were to be frozen in order to check
inflation, thus keeping wage costs at bay in the
increasingly important export industries. The end of the
Cold War brought about a swift disappearance of a strong
bipolar system to one dominated by Western Capitalism
and the United States. In short order, economic policy
recommendations was dominated by the orthodox
capitalist thinking advocated by the United States and her
ally the United Kingdom.
8. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (5)
Neoliberalism marched into Central America, emphasizing
key concepts such as the radical reduction of the size of
government and its spending, fiscal and monetary reform,
the liberalization of commerce through the elimination of all
tariffs, allowing foreign investment, privatization and the
elimination of government subsidies for essential
consumer goods. Brought into being in order to prepare
the people for full integration into the global economy and
most importantly, free trading with the West, neoliberalism
further instilled radicalism among those whom revolutions
failed to uplift. This constant trend of rapid assault on Latin
America has not allowed any seedling of stability to take
root among its inhabitants.
9. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (6)
Foreign influence, mostly from the United States is widely
acknowledged by Central America as an assault on their
right to determine what road to take in deciding their own
destiny. Centuries of colonization, Latin America’s 500 year
old tradition of rebellion and revolution has not been
terribly kind to its people. There are many factors that
together have ignited revolution and abrupt political
change. In time perhaps there will be a homegrown
ideology that will seek to qualm revolution, instead
preserving peace and promoting prosperity for all. Now
that the Cold War is over, perhaps the United States will in
time cease with the promotion of brutal juntas, instead
encouraging a true people’s revolution for life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness.
10. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (7)
The struggle now pertained to self-liberation, and liberation
from foreign powers. The inherited political and cultural
traditions asserted an authoritarian proclivity, ingraining
itself into the political culture of Latin America. During the
Cold War, the United States sought to preserve stability in
South America, thus often supporting dictatorial regimes in
order to thwart communist influence. Thus, the Cold War
and the Cuban embrace of socialism encouraged the
United States to suppress progressive political movements
during this period.
11. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (8)
Encouraging military and civilian allies in Latin America to
think in terms of the national security state, the United
States sponsored counterinsurgency training for their
militaries at the School of the Americas in the Panama
Canal Zone and at U.S. military bases such as those found
at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The end of the Cold War
allowed the world to move out of the western phase as the
focal point moved to the interaction between the West and
non-Western civilizations. Most important was the
transition of non-Western civilizations from colonial targets
of acquisition to being able to join the West “as movers
and shapers of history”.
12. WASHINGTON’S
BACKYARD DOMINANCE (9)
Samuel P. Huntington argues that the world was divided
unto the First, Second, and Third Worlds. This no longer
pertains, because we should now group countries
according to their culture and civilization. This contrasts to
how we grouped them in the past: according to their level
of economic or political system and level of economic
development.
13. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (1)
Hans Morgenthau asserts that American foreign aid has
been haphazard at best. Its goals may contradict American
foreign policy goals for there has yet to be constructed a
reliable structure for dispersing aid and gauging the needs
of a recipient. There are no concrete standards for
determining a foreign aid policy. Standards need to be set
into place for policymakers to judge whether particular aid
programs will provide real assistance.
14. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (2)
There are six types of foreign aid that all have in
common the transfer of money, goods and
services from one state to another.
1. Humanitarian
2. Subsistence
3. Military
4. Bribery
5. Prestige
6. Economic Development
15. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (3)
There is a commonly held belief that the most developed
nations have a humane responsibility to assist
underdeveloped nations so that they too are able to invest
in economic development. Aid directed towards economic
development is one of the most legitimate forms of foreign
aid. One can argue that developed nations need to teach
needy states to fish instead of providing continued
sustenance.
16. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (4)
A majority of analysts believe that the debt of the Third
World is too big for them to pay back in full. This means
that the debt is now a political issue for the United States
as well as other rich countries. Rich nation-states have to
come to terms with handling this issue for they will be the
ones who have to solve this predicament. Latin America
and other Third World countries are in big trouble for they
have yet to recover from the economic depression of the
1980s, a crisis of the same magnitude if not worse than the
1930s. This has implications for not only the Third World,
but also affects the United States for its interests are so
vast that they will be inflicted with an economic shockwave
that may destabilize its domestic and foreign policies.
17. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (5)
Hans J. Morgenthau argues that some poor states are still
in a medieval stage of cultural development. The lack of a
comparable moral and intellectual revolution as what
helped the West achieve economic development may also
be a factor. This does not mean that these states will not
be able to achieve transformation in the future. One billion
people, or more than one-fifth of the world’s population
lives on less than one dollar a day. Western Europe and
the United States surpassed this standard two hundred
years ago.
18. FOREIGN DEBT IS A POLITICAL
ISSUE (6)
There are wide ranges of development objectives that
determine the level of economic progress. We identify
seven:
1. Better Education
2. Improved Health And Nutrition
3. Cleaner Environment
4. Less Poverty
5. Equal Opportunity
6. Increased Individual Freedom
7. Prosperous Cultural Environment
19. AMERICAN USE OF TRADE
AS A WEAPON
Trade has always been a tool for American foreign policy.
This policy pursuit became more so following the attacks of
September 11, 2001. Soon after the attacks, US Trade
Representative Robert Zoellick identifies trade expansion
as a tool to America’s fight against terrorism. Capitalism
depends on con-capitalist structures, namely militarism
and imperialism so that it can continue to expand markets
as well as its scope of subjugation.
20. TRANSITION TO A DEMOCRACY
(1)
Many researchers attest that transitions from authoritarian
rule have begun with discord emerging from within military
governments and their relations with bourgeois allies. Most
disagreements have been found to be over economic
problems. The push for liberalization and democratization
would be pushed forward by a reemerging civil society that
may be calling for greater representation due to their
influences with capital development. Constant conflict
developed fissures with gaps developing between those
groups in control. These divisions allowed civil society to
surge into these free areas, enabling coalitions to form
between soft-liners in the state apparatus and those in the
democratic opposition.
21. TRANSITION TO A DEMOCRACY
(2)
Decentralization can also lead to the formation of new
positions of power that local elites staff for the benefit of
clientelistic networks. Two conditions for successful
democratization are:
1. Settled Borders
2. Popular Consensus Supporting Inclusive Definition Of
The Nation
22. TRANSITION TO A DEMOCRACY
(3)
Evidence has shown that nations having more
authoritarian or controlled economies are more prone to
failure than the American economy. Elites show favor
towards formal democracies for they do not see
subordinates as posing much of a threat as their
organizational power base is weak. It also helps that the
most powerful members of the economic elite support the
capitalist economic model. Subordinates living in formal
democracies are especially in favor of the current
economic model.
23. TRANSITION TO A DEMOCRACY
(4)
Theda Skocpol does not equate democratization as
political liberalism or democratic socialism, but rather as an
increase in popular participation in the national life of a
country. This in turn strengthens the core of national stated
ask directed by authoritarian political leaders. A struggle for
power takes place during a revolution where elites
compete for support from groups that had been previously
excluded. This is done by promising material or ideological
incentives. Popular participation is favored as it allows the
forging of organizations that can serve to suppress those
that are somewhat radical. Protracted international warfare
serves as a good rallying call that mobilizes citizen support
in support of a revolutionized regime.
24. TRANSITION TO A DEMOCRACY
(5)
Francis Fukuyama identifies two ways that we can account
for recent waves of democratization. He cites the first as
being economic with a strong correlation between
economic development and a stable democracy. The
second is ideology, which constitutes the most important
explanation for the recent wave of democratization. Most
of the countries that experienced democratic upheavals
had taken place in the past few generations from mostly
agricultural to modern industrial societies with high levels
of urbanization, labor mobility, education and other
pertaining factors.
25. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN (1)
Arguing that external environments encourage states to
become democratic cannot adequately explain why the
Soviet Union fell from superpower status into a consortium
of democratic republics. Threat assessments from within
Soviet society had changed whereas the external
environment did not change significantly. The only change
was from within the Soviet Union in terms of its ideology,
which in turn determines threat assessments. Ideology can
serve as a filter of sorts that helps determine whether a
people are dedicated to peaceful coexistence or war with
other peoples. Distributions of power in the international
system serve only as a second consideration, especially
how the international community reacts to a change in the
internal ideology of a state.
26. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN (2)
Environmental factors had no influence over the
dismantling of the Soviet empire with its disseverment of
territory, military power, economic resources and
geographical position. The reason for this occurrence is
that its integrating ideologies of Russian nationalism and
Marxism-Leninism have ceased credibility among its
citizens. National unity is still a necessary precondition for
democracy to take root in the former Soviet Union.
Dankwart Rustow has shown that democracy cannot
develop in regions where a common allegiance of beliefs
does not exist.
27. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN (3)
Francis Fukuyama argues that nationalisms may foster
conflict and instability, but can enter into a period of
maturity when national identities are better defined,
accepted and form a foundation for national unity.
Fukuyama argues that following Word War II that all
modern European nationalism has become “Turkified”
meaning that these nationalisms no longer declare as its
goal to extend its rule over other nations.
28. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN – INDIA (4)
With a long experience as a parliamentary democracy and one
of the world’s fastest growing economies, India’s middle class is
more than 500 million people strong. With professional skills
and employment to match, India’s new middle class is
transforming the country. New industries are springing up to
meet the demands of the Indian middle class, and companies
like Citibank, McDonald’s, and Motorola are increasingly
operating in India. In the 1970s, the Indian economy was widely
criticized for the high level of state intervention and regulation.
While state control of the market kept inflation and budget
deficits low, the “quota-permit-raj” strangled the private sector,
limiting investment and economic growth. The decision to
liberalize the economy in the early 1990s led to a rapid period of
economic growth.
29. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN – INDIA (5)
While a sizable portion of India’s
population continues to live in poverty—
especially in the countryside—a new
middle class has emerged. Multinational
corporations are investing in India,
establishing production facilities and
service sector jobs while simultaneously
producing goods for the new Indian
middle class. But for critics, the
emergence of the Indian middle class has
been accompanied by a breakdown in the
social order, replacing traditional values
with Western consumerism.
31. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN – KENYA (6)
With a gross domestic product per capita of approximately
$1200, an unemployment rate of more than 40 percent,
and almost half the population living below the poverty
line, Kenya is among the poorest countries in Africa.
Extensive government corruption led the World Bank to
suspend aid in 2006, and the International Monetary Fund
has delayed loan distributions to the government pending
successful reform. To what extent are Kenya’s current
problems the result of the country’s colonial experience?
To what extent are they the result of corruption and rentseeking behavior on the part of post-colonial leaders?
Such questions are at the heart of the North-South gap.
32. DEMOCRACY – CHANGE
FROM WITHIN – KENYA (7)
Kenya achieved independence from the
British Empire in 1963. From 1963-1992,
Kenya was ruled as a de facto one-party
state. Since 1992, the country has
gradually liberalized and democratized.
Attempting
to
spur
economic
development,
the
government
has
borrowed extensively from the World Bank
and International Monetary Fund, and
public debt currently represents more than
half the country’s gross domestic product.
But corruption remains a major problem
for the government, and the economy has
grown relatively slowly since a nation-wide
drought began in 2000.
34. DEMOCRACY – 5
GENERALIZATIONS
Valerie Bruce states that there are five generalization inherent
in the comparative study of democratization that are pertinent
to new democracies as well as all democracies regardless of
when they had taken form. First, high levels of capital
development helps to maintain democracy. Second, political
leaders are needed to create and maintain democracies both
in good times or bad. Third, parliamentary rather than
presidential systems have been found to be more successful
in maintaining democracies. Fourth, issues pertaining to
national and state power structures have to be determined
early on for democracy to survive. Fifth, all democracies,
regardless of their age or fragility are never certain about the
future, but share a common adherence to procedures of
governance that should not change.
35. ROLES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS (1)
• Most international conflicts are not settled by
military force.
– States generally refrain from taking maximum
short-term advantage of each other.
– States work together by following rules they
develop to govern their interactions.
– Institutions grow up around rules and states
tend to work through these institutions.
36. ROLES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS (2)
• International norms:
– Sovereignty and respect for treaties.
– However, adherence to norms may vary;
different expectations for normal.
– In times of change, when these norms and
habits may not suffice to solve international
dilemmas and resolve conflict, institutions
play a key role.
37. ROLES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS (3)
• International organizations (IOs):
– Include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
such as the UN, and nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) such as the International
Committee of the Red Cross.
– Growth of IOs.
– Global nature of some IOs.
– Regional IOs.
– Global IGOs.
– NGOs – more specialized in function than IGOs.
• Often religious groups are among the largest
NGOs.
38. THE UNITED NATIONS
• State sovereignty creates a real need for such
organizations on a practical level – why?
– because no central world government
performs the function of coordinating actions
of states for mutual benefit.
• State sovereignty also severely limits the power
of the UN and other IOs.
• Reserve power to themselves.
39. THE UN SYSTEM
• UN is a relatively new institution, just over
60 years old.
• Newer is the prominent role it has played
in international security affairs since the
end of the Cold War.
40. PURPOSE OF THE UN
• Members are sovereign states who give consent to the
UN to carry out its mission.
• UN Charter:
– Based on the principles that states are equal under
international law.
– States have full sovereignty over their own affairs.
– States should have full independence and territorial
integrity.
– States should carry out their international obligations.
– Also lays out the structure of the UN and how it
operates.
41. STRUCTURE OF THE UN (1)
• UN General Assembly:
– Representatives of all states; coordinates a variety of
development programs and other autonomous
agencies through the Economic and Social Council.
• UN Security Council:
– Five great powers and 10 rotating member states
make decisions about international peace and
security.
– Dispatches peacekeeping forces to troubled spots.
• UN Secretariat:
– Takes care of the administration of the UN; led by the
secretary-general.
42. STRUCTURE OF THE UN (2)
• World Court:
– Judicial arm of the UN.
• National delegations to the UN, headed by
ambassadors from member states, work and
meet together at the UN headquarters in NYC.
• Universality of membership:
– 192 members in 2007.
• Five great powers each have a veto over
substantive decisions of the Security Council.
• Mechanism for collective security.
43. HISTORY OF THE UN
•
•
•
•
Founded in 1945 in San Francisco by 51 states.
Successor to the League of Nations.
Tension with the U.S.
Increases in membership in the 1950s and
1960s:
– Impact on voting patterns.
• Role during the Cold War.
• Role after the Cold War.
• Currently follows the principle of “three pillars”
– Security, economic development, and human
rights.
44. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (1)
• Responsible for maintaining international peace
and security and for restoring peace when it
breaks down.
• Decisions binding on all UN member states.
• Has tremendous power to define the existence
and nature of a security threat, structure the
response to that threat, and enforce its decisions
through mandatory directives to UN members.
– 1,700 resolutions in six decades.
45. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (2)
• Five permanent members:
– U.S., Britain, France, Russia, and China.
• Substantive Security Council resolutions
require 9 votes from among the 15
members, but a “no” vote from any
permanent member defeats the resolution.
– veto power.
46. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (3)
• Council’s 10 nonpermanent members rotate onto the
Council for 2-year terms.
– Elected (5 each year) by the General Assembly from
a list prepared by informal regional caucuses.
– Chairperson rotates among the Council members
monthly.
– Meets irregularly.
• Power limited in two major ways:
– Council’s decisions depend entirely on the interests of
its member states.
– Although Security Council resolutions in theory bind
all UN members, member states in practice often try
to evade or soften their effect.
47. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (4)
• Military Staff Committee:
– Formal mechanism for coordinating
multilateral military action in response to
aggression.
• Proposed changes to the Security Council
– Japan and Germany.
• Implications for balance.
48. PEACEKEEPING FORCES (1)
• Not mentioned in the UN Charter:
– Charter requires member states to place
military forces at the disposal of the UN;
anticipated to be used in response to
aggression (under collective security).
– Neutral forces:
• Problematic
when one side is
identified as the aggressor (Bosnia).
49. PEACEKEEPING FORCES (2)
• Peacekeeping missions
– Authority for these granted by the Security Council for
a limited but renewable period of time
– Funds must be voted on by the General Assembly
• Recent missions
– Democratic Congo
– Darfur in Sudan
– Bosnia
– Liberia
– Ivory Coast
– Haiti
• Observing and peacekeeping
• Peacemaking
50. PEACEKEEPING FORCES (3)
In 1991, the Somali Government collapsed
and the country fell under control of local
warlords. General Mohamed Farrah Aidid
took control of Mogadishu, the former
capital of Somalia, and maintained power by
controlling UN relief aid. The United Nations
tried unsuccessfully to intervene, and Aidid
maintained control of the region until his
death in 1996. The collapse of the Somali
State, the power wielded by Somali
warlords, and the failure of international
interventions in the country raise questions
about the use of force and the role of the
United Nations in the post-Cold War era.
These concepts are central to the study of
international relations today.
52. THE SECRETARIAT
• The secretary-general of the UN is the closest thing
to a “president of the world” that exists.
– Represents member states.
– Nominated by the Security Council.
• Secretariat is the executive branch of the UN:
– Administers UN policy and programs.
– Develops an international civil service of
diplomats.
• Secretary-general:
– Visible figure who often serves as a mediator in
international conflicts.
– Works to bring together the great-power
consensus.
53. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• 192 voting members meet every year, from late
September to early January in plenary session.
• Convenes special sessions every few years on
topics such as economic cooperation.
• Has the power to accredit national delegations
as members of the UN.
• Main power lies in its control of finances for UN
programs
and
operations,
including
peacekeeping.
• Economic and Social Council:
– Has 54 member states elected by the General
Assembly for 3-year terms.
54. UN PROGRAMS
• Uses more than a dozen major programs to
advance economic development and social stability
in poor states of the global South.
• Each program has a staff, headquarters, and
various operations in the field where it works with
host governments in member states.
– UN Environment Program.
– UNICEF.
– Office of the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees.
– UN Development Program.
– UN Conference on Trade and Development.
55. AUTONOMOUS AGENCIES
• UN General Assembly maintains formal ties with
about 20 autonomous international agencies not
under its control.
– Mostly specialized technical organizations
through which states collectively address
problems such as health care and labor
conditions.
– International Atomic Energy Agency.
– World Health Organization.
– Food and Agriculture Organization.
– International Labor Organization and others.
56. INTERNATIONAL LAW
• Derives not from the actions of a
legislative branch or other central
authority,
but
from
tradition
and
agreements signed by states.
• Differs in:
– Difficulty of enforcement, which depends
on reciprocity, collective action, and
international norms.
57. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW
• Declarations of the UN General Assembly are
not laws, and most do not bind members.
• Treaties and other written conventions signed by
states are the most important source.
– Are binding on successor governments
regardless
of
that
government’s
circumstances
• Custom is the second major source of
international law.
• Great principles of law also serve as another
source.
• Legal scholarship is a fourth source.
58. ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW
• International law is much more difficult to enforce.
– Depends heavily on the reciprocity principle.
– States also follow international law because of
the general or long-term costs that could come
from disregarding international law.
– If a state breaks an international law, it may face
a collective response by a group of states, such
as sanctions.
– One great weakness: depends entirely on
national power.
59. THE WORLD COURT (1)
• Rudiments of a general world legal
framework found here.
• Only states can sue or be sued in the
World Court.
• Is a panel of 15 judges elected to 9-year
terms by a majority of both the Security
Council and the General Assembly.
60. THE WORLD COURT (2)
• Meets in The Hague, the Netherlands.
• Great weakness:
– States have not agreed in a comprehensive
way to subject themselves to its jurisdiction or
obey its decisions.
– Only a third have signed the optional clause in
the treaty agreeing to give the Court
jurisdiction in certain cases.
• Main use of the World Court now is to arbitrate
issues of secondary importance between
countries with friendly relations overall.
61. INTERNATIONAL CASES IN
NATIONAL COURT (1)
• A party with a dispute that crosses national borders
gains several advantages by pursuing the matter
through the national courts of one of the relevant
states.
– Judgments are enforceable.
– Individuals and companies can pursue legal
complaints through national courts, whereas in
most areas of international law, states must
themselves bring suits on behalf of their citizens.
– There is often a choice of more than one state
within which a case could legally be heard; one can
pick the legal system most favorable to one’s case.
62. INTERNATIONAL CASES IN
NATIONAL COURT (2)
• U.S. is a favorite jurisdiction within which
to bring cases for two reasons:
– U.S. juries have a reputation for
awarding bigger settlements.
– Because many people and governments
do business in the U.S., it is often
possible to collect damages awarded by
a U.S. Court.
• Extradition.
• Immigration law.
63. LAW AND SOVEREIGNTY:
LAWS OF DIPLOMACY (1)
• Bedrock of international law is respect for
the rights of diplomats.
• Diplomatic recognition:
– Credentials.
• Diplomats have the right to occupy an
embassy in the host country as though it
were their own state’s territory.
• Diplomatic immunity:
– Espionage.
64. LAW AND SOVEREIGNTY:
LAWS OF DIPLOMACY (2)
• Diplomatic pouches.
• Interests section.
– When two countries lack diplomatic relations,
they often do business through a third country
willing to represent a country’s interests
formally through its own embassy.
• Formal complaints.
• Terrorism – in this context the law of diplomacy
is repeatedly violated.
– Tempting targets for terrorists.
65. JUST-WAR DOCTRINE
• International law distinguishes just wars (wars that are
legal) from wars of aggression (which are illegal).
• Today, legality of war is defined by the UN Charter, which
outlaws aggression but allows “international police
actions.”
– Strong international norm.
– States have a right to respond to aggression.
• This is the only allowable use of military force
according to just-war doctrine.
• Just-war approach explicitly rules out war as an
instrument to change another state’s government or
policies, or ethnic and religious conflicts.
66. •
HUMAN RIGHTS:
INDIVIDUALS VERSUS
SOVEREIGNTY (1) the face
The idea of human rights flies in
of sovereignty and territorial integrity.
• Consensus on the most important human
rights also lacking.
– Rights are universal versus relativism.
67. •
HUMAN RIGHTS:
INDIVIDUALS VERSUS
SOVEREIGNTY (2) from
Concept of human rights comes
at
least three sources:
– Religion.
– Political and legal philosophy.
– Theory of natural law and natural rights
(political revolutions brought theory to
practice).
68. HUMAN RIGHTS:
INDIVIDUALS VERSUS
SOVEREIGNTY (3) of
globally agreed-upon definitions
• No
the
essential human rights exist.
• Often divided into two broad categories:
– civil-political “negative rights” – free speech,
freedom of religion, equal protection under the
law, freedom from arbitrary imprisonment.
– economic-social “positive rights” – rights to
good living conditions, food, health care,
social security, and education.
69. HUMAN-RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS
(1)
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
– Does not have the force of international law.
– Does set forth international norms.
– Since its adoption, the UN has opened 7 treaties for
state signature to further define protections of human
rights.
• Two important treaties: International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural
Rights.
• Convention Against Torture (CAT), 1987.
70. HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS
(2)
• Convention on Rights of the Child
(CRC),1990:
– Every country except Somalia and the
U.S. has approved it.
• Role of IOs in protecting human rights.
• Today, NGOs play a key role in efforts to
win basic political rights in authoritarian
countries.
– Amnesty International.
71. WAR CRIMES (1)
• Large-scale abuses of human rights often
occur during war.
• International law is especially difficult to
enforce during war.
– But extensive norms of legal conduct in
war, as well as international treaties, are
widely followed.
– After war, losers can be punished for
violations of the laws of war.
72. WAR CRIMES (2)
• Crimes against humanity:
– Genocide.
– International Criminal Court (ICC).
• Universal jurisdiction.
– International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC).
• Lack of declaration of wars.
73. EVOLUTION OF WORLD ORDER
• The most powerful states, especially hegemons, have
great influence on the rules and values that have
become embedded over time in a body of international
law.
– Free passage of the seas and the role of the powerful
Dutch in 1600s.
– 20th century – powerful United States of America:
• World too large for any single state to police
effectively.
• World goes along but tries to influence the rules
themselves.
• New international norms:
– unsettled