This document provides an overview of vector spaces and related concepts such as linear combinations, spans, bases, and subspaces. Some key points:
- A vector space is a set equipped with vector addition and scalar multiplication satisfying certain properties. Examples include Rm and the space of polynomials.
- A linear combination of vectors is a sum of the form v = x1v1 + x2v2 + ... + xnvn. The span of vectors is the set of all their linear combinations.
- A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only way to get the zero vector as a linear combination is with all scalars equal to zero.
- A basis is a linearly independent set of vectors
Liner algebra-vector space-1 introduction to vector space and subspace Manikanta satyala
This document discusses the key differences between scalar and vector quantities. Scalars only have magnitude, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. It then defines vector spaces as sets of vectors that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Examples of vector spaces include n-dimensional spaces, matrix spaces, polynomial spaces, and function spaces. Subspaces are also introduced as vector spaces that are subsets of a larger vector space and satisfy the same properties.
The document discusses vector spaces and related concepts. It begins by defining a vector space as a non-empty set V with defined operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication that satisfy certain axioms. Examples of vector spaces include Rn and the set of m×n matrices. A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is also a vector space under the defined operations. Properties of subspaces and examples are provided. Linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, and the span of a set of vectors are then defined and explained.
This document provides information about vector spaces and subspaces. It defines a vector space as a set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, subject to certain rules. A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. The null space of a matrix is the set of solutions to the homogeneous equation Ax=0 and is a subspace. The column space of a matrix is the set of all linear combinations of its columns and is also a subspace. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document defines key concepts in vector spaces including vector space, subspace, span of a set of vectors, and basis. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. Specifically:
- A vector space is a set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, satisfying certain properties.
- A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the operations of the original space.
- The span of a set of vectors S is the set of all possible linear combinations of the vectors in S.
- A basis is a set of vectors that spans a vector space and is linearly independent. It provides a standard representation for vectors in the space.
(1) The document discusses inner product spaces and related linear algebra concepts such as orthogonal vectors and bases, Gram-Schmidt process, orthogonal complements, and orthogonal projections.
(2) Key topics covered include defining inner products and their properties, finding orthogonal vectors and constructing orthogonal bases, using Gram-Schmidt process to orthogonalize a set of vectors, defining and finding orthogonal complements of subspaces, and computing orthogonal projections of vectors.
(3) Examples are provided to demonstrate computing orthogonal bases, orthogonal complements, and orthogonal projections in inner product spaces.
ppt on Vector spaces (VCLA) by dhrumil patel and harshid panchalharshid panchal
this is the ppt on vector spaces of linear algebra and vector calculus (VCLA)
contents :
Real Vector Spaces
Sub Spaces
Linear combination
Linear independence
Span Of Set Of Vectors
Basis
Dimension
Row Space, Column Space, Null Space
Rank And Nullity
Coordinate and change of basis
this is made by dhrumil patel which is in chemical branch in ld college of engineering (2014-18)
i think he is the best ppt maker,dhrumil patel,harshid panchal
This document discusses linear independence, basis, and dimension in linear algebra. It defines linear independence as vectors being linearly independent if the only solution that produces the zero vector is the trivial solution with all coefficients equal to zero. A basis is defined as a set of linearly independent vectors that span the vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis of that space. The dimensions of the four fundamental subspaces (row space, column space, nullspace, and left nullspace) of a matrix are defined in terms of the rank of the matrix.
Liner algebra-vector space-1 introduction to vector space and subspace Manikanta satyala
This document discusses the key differences between scalar and vector quantities. Scalars only have magnitude, while vectors have both magnitude and direction. It then defines vector spaces as sets of vectors that are closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Examples of vector spaces include n-dimensional spaces, matrix spaces, polynomial spaces, and function spaces. Subspaces are also introduced as vector spaces that are subsets of a larger vector space and satisfy the same properties.
The document discusses vector spaces and related concepts. It begins by defining a vector space as a non-empty set V with defined operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication that satisfy certain axioms. Examples of vector spaces include Rn and the set of m×n matrices. A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is also a vector space under the defined operations. Properties of subspaces and examples are provided. Linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, and the span of a set of vectors are then defined and explained.
This document provides information about vector spaces and subspaces. It defines a vector space as a set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, subject to certain rules. A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. The null space of a matrix is the set of solutions to the homogeneous equation Ax=0 and is a subspace. The column space of a matrix is the set of all linear combinations of its columns and is also a subspace. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document defines key concepts in vector spaces including vector space, subspace, span of a set of vectors, and basis. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. Specifically:
- A vector space is a set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, satisfying certain properties.
- A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the operations of the original space.
- The span of a set of vectors S is the set of all possible linear combinations of the vectors in S.
- A basis is a set of vectors that spans a vector space and is linearly independent. It provides a standard representation for vectors in the space.
(1) The document discusses inner product spaces and related linear algebra concepts such as orthogonal vectors and bases, Gram-Schmidt process, orthogonal complements, and orthogonal projections.
(2) Key topics covered include defining inner products and their properties, finding orthogonal vectors and constructing orthogonal bases, using Gram-Schmidt process to orthogonalize a set of vectors, defining and finding orthogonal complements of subspaces, and computing orthogonal projections of vectors.
(3) Examples are provided to demonstrate computing orthogonal bases, orthogonal complements, and orthogonal projections in inner product spaces.
ppt on Vector spaces (VCLA) by dhrumil patel and harshid panchalharshid panchal
this is the ppt on vector spaces of linear algebra and vector calculus (VCLA)
contents :
Real Vector Spaces
Sub Spaces
Linear combination
Linear independence
Span Of Set Of Vectors
Basis
Dimension
Row Space, Column Space, Null Space
Rank And Nullity
Coordinate and change of basis
this is made by dhrumil patel which is in chemical branch in ld college of engineering (2014-18)
i think he is the best ppt maker,dhrumil patel,harshid panchal
This document discusses linear independence, basis, and dimension in linear algebra. It defines linear independence as vectors being linearly independent if the only solution that produces the zero vector is the trivial solution with all coefficients equal to zero. A basis is defined as a set of linearly independent vectors that span the vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any basis of that space. The dimensions of the four fundamental subspaces (row space, column space, nullspace, and left nullspace) of a matrix are defined in terms of the rank of the matrix.
This document defines and provides examples of metric spaces. It begins by introducing metrics as distance functions that satisfy certain properties like non-negativity and the triangle inequality. Examples of metric spaces given include the real numbers under the usual distance, the complex numbers, and the plane under various distance metrics like the Euclidean, taxi cab, and maximum metrics. It is noted that some functions like the minimum function are not valid metrics as they fail to satisfy all the required properties.
The document discusses inner product spaces. Some key points:
- An inner product is a function that associates a number (<u,v>) with each pair of vectors (u,v) in a vector space, satisfying certain properties like symmetry and homogeneity.
- An inner product space is a vector space with an additional inner product structure.
- Properties of inner products include positivity (<v,v>≥0), linearity, and defining the norm (||v||) of a vector.
- Examples show the weighted Euclidean inner product satisfies the inner product properties and define the unit sphere in an inner product space.
1) An inner product space is a vector space with an inner product defined that satisfies certain properties like linearity and positive-definiteness.
2) The Gram-Schmidt process is used to transform a basis into an orthogonal basis and then an orthonormal basis by successively subtracting projections.
3) The angle between two vectors in an inner product space can be computed using the inner product and the norms of the vectors.
The document discusses linear systems of equations and their solutions. It begins by defining key terms like echelon form, reduced row echelon form, and the rank of a matrix. It then explains how to use Cramer's rule and Gaussian elimination to determine if a system has a unique solution, infinite solutions, or no solution. Specifically, it shows that if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is non-zero and none of the Di values are zero, then the system has a unique solution according to Cramer's rule. It also provides examples of solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems.
The document provides an overview of vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces, subspaces, basis, dimension, and rank. Key points include:
- A vector space is a set that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. It must satisfy certain axioms.
- A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is also a vector space.
- A basis is a minimal set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in its basis.
- The rank of a matrix is the number of linearly independent rows in its row-reduced echelon form. It provides a measure of the matrix's linear
The document discusses vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces and lists the axioms that must be satisfied. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all pairs of real numbers and the space of 2x2 symmetric matrices. The document also discusses subspaces, linear combinations, span, basis, dimension, row space, column space, null space, rank, nullity, and change of basis. It provides examples and explanations of these fundamental linear algebra topics.
The document discusses the Laplace transform and its applications. Specifically:
- The Laplace transform was developed by mathematicians including Euler, Lagrange, and Laplace to solve differential equations.
- It transforms a function of time to a function of complex frequencies, allowing differential equations to be written as algebraic equations.
- For a function to have a Laplace transform, it must be at least piecewise continuous and bounded above by an exponential function.
- The Laplace transform can reduce the dimension of partial differential equations and is used in applications including semiconductor mobility, wireless networks, vehicle vibrations, and electromagnetic fields.
The document discusses basic concepts related to continuous functions. It begins with an introduction and motivation for studying continuous functions. Some key reasons mentioned are that continuous functions are needed for integration and as underlying functions in differential equations. The document then provides definitions of limits and continuity in terms of limits. It gives examples of determining limits and continuity for various functions. Contributors to the field like Bolzano, Cauchy, and Weierstrass are also acknowledged. The document concludes with additional definitions of continuity, examples, and discussions of uniform continuity.
\n\nThe document discusses the syllabus for the mathematical methods course, including topics like matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, linear transformations, solution of nonlinear systems, curve fitting, numerical integration, Fourier series, and partial differential equations.\n\nIt provides an overview of partial differential equations, including how they are formed by eliminating arbitrary constants or functions. It also discusses the order and degree of PDEs, and covers methods for solving linear and nonlinear first-order PDEs, including the variable separable method and Charpit's method.\n\nHuman: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following additional document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQU
This document discusses several numerical analysis methods for finding roots of equations or solving systems of equations. It describes the bisection method for finding roots of continuous functions, the method of false positions for approximating roots between two values with opposite signs of a function, Gauss elimination for transforming a system of equations into triangular form, Gauss-Jordan method which further eliminates variables in equations below, and iterative methods which find solutions through successive approximations rather than direct computation.
This document provides an introduction to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines ODEs as differential equations containing functions of one independent variable and its derivatives. The document discusses some key concepts related to ODEs including order, degree, and different types of ODEs such as variable separable, homogeneous, exact, linear, and Bernoulli's equations. Examples of each type of ODE are provided along with the general methods for solving each type.
The document defines complex numbers and their properties. It states that a complex number has the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i = √-1. Complex numbers can be represented in rectangular form as x + iy or in polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus or absolute value and θ is the argument. The document also defines conjugate complex numbers and describes how to calculate the sum, difference, and product of two complex numbers.
This document discusses vector spaces and subspaces. It begins by defining a vector space as a set V with two operations, vector addition and scalar multiplication, that satisfy certain properties. Examples of vector spaces include R2 and the space of real polynomials of degree n or less.
It then defines a subspace as a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the inherited operations. For a subset to be a subspace, it must be closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication, and contain the zero vector. Examples given include lines and planes through the origin in R3.
The span of a set S of vectors is defined as the set of all linear combinations of the vectors in S, and it
Topology is the branch of mathematics concerned with properties that remain unchanged by deformations such as stretching or shrinking. It studies concepts like open sets, closed sets, limits, and neighborhoods. The product topology on X × Y has as its basis all sets of the form U × V, where U is open in X and V is open in Y. Projections map elements of a product space X × Y onto the first or second factor. The subspace topology on a subset Y of a space X contains all intersections of Y with open sets of X. The interior of a set A is the largest open set contained in A, while the closure of A is the smallest closed set containing A.
This document introduces the definition of a vector space, which consists of a set V with two operations: vector addition and scalar multiplication. For a set V to be a vector space over a field K, it must satisfy eight axioms relating to vector addition, scalar multiplication, the existence of a zero vector, and the existence of negatives. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all n-tuples over a field K under component-wise addition and scalar multiplication.
The document presents information on partial differentiation including:
- Partial differentiation involves a function with more than one independent variable and partial derivatives.
- Notation for partial derivatives is presented.
- Methods for computing first and higher order partial derivatives are explained with examples.
- The concepts of homogeneous functions and the chain rule for partial differentiation are defined.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 3/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
1. A basis for a vector space is a set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire space. The standard basis for Rn is the set of n unit vectors e1, e2, ..., en.
2. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any of its bases. A vector space with dimension n has bases that contain exactly n vectors.
3. The null space of a matrix A consists of all vectors x such that Ax = 0. The dimension of the null space is called the nullity of A, and the null space always has a basis.
This document discusses vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, bases, and dimension. It begins by defining a vector space and providing examples. It then covers subspaces and shows that every vector space has at least two subspaces: the zero vector space and the entire vector space. The document also discusses linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, bases, and notes some key properties such as the uniqueness of the basis representation in a vector space.
This document defines and provides examples of metric spaces. It begins by introducing metrics as distance functions that satisfy certain properties like non-negativity and the triangle inequality. Examples of metric spaces given include the real numbers under the usual distance, the complex numbers, and the plane under various distance metrics like the Euclidean, taxi cab, and maximum metrics. It is noted that some functions like the minimum function are not valid metrics as they fail to satisfy all the required properties.
The document discusses inner product spaces. Some key points:
- An inner product is a function that associates a number (<u,v>) with each pair of vectors (u,v) in a vector space, satisfying certain properties like symmetry and homogeneity.
- An inner product space is a vector space with an additional inner product structure.
- Properties of inner products include positivity (<v,v>≥0), linearity, and defining the norm (||v||) of a vector.
- Examples show the weighted Euclidean inner product satisfies the inner product properties and define the unit sphere in an inner product space.
1) An inner product space is a vector space with an inner product defined that satisfies certain properties like linearity and positive-definiteness.
2) The Gram-Schmidt process is used to transform a basis into an orthogonal basis and then an orthonormal basis by successively subtracting projections.
3) The angle between two vectors in an inner product space can be computed using the inner product and the norms of the vectors.
The document discusses linear systems of equations and their solutions. It begins by defining key terms like echelon form, reduced row echelon form, and the rank of a matrix. It then explains how to use Cramer's rule and Gaussian elimination to determine if a system has a unique solution, infinite solutions, or no solution. Specifically, it shows that if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is non-zero and none of the Di values are zero, then the system has a unique solution according to Cramer's rule. It also provides examples of solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems.
The document provides an overview of vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces, subspaces, basis, dimension, and rank. Key points include:
- A vector space is a set that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. It must satisfy certain axioms.
- A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is also a vector space.
- A basis is a minimal set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire vector space. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in its basis.
- The rank of a matrix is the number of linearly independent rows in its row-reduced echelon form. It provides a measure of the matrix's linear
The document discusses vector spaces and related linear algebra concepts. It defines vector spaces and lists the axioms that must be satisfied. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all pairs of real numbers and the space of 2x2 symmetric matrices. The document also discusses subspaces, linear combinations, span, basis, dimension, row space, column space, null space, rank, nullity, and change of basis. It provides examples and explanations of these fundamental linear algebra topics.
The document discusses the Laplace transform and its applications. Specifically:
- The Laplace transform was developed by mathematicians including Euler, Lagrange, and Laplace to solve differential equations.
- It transforms a function of time to a function of complex frequencies, allowing differential equations to be written as algebraic equations.
- For a function to have a Laplace transform, it must be at least piecewise continuous and bounded above by an exponential function.
- The Laplace transform can reduce the dimension of partial differential equations and is used in applications including semiconductor mobility, wireless networks, vehicle vibrations, and electromagnetic fields.
The document discusses basic concepts related to continuous functions. It begins with an introduction and motivation for studying continuous functions. Some key reasons mentioned are that continuous functions are needed for integration and as underlying functions in differential equations. The document then provides definitions of limits and continuity in terms of limits. It gives examples of determining limits and continuity for various functions. Contributors to the field like Bolzano, Cauchy, and Weierstrass are also acknowledged. The document concludes with additional definitions of continuity, examples, and discussions of uniform continuity.
\n\nThe document discusses the syllabus for the mathematical methods course, including topics like matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, linear transformations, solution of nonlinear systems, curve fitting, numerical integration, Fourier series, and partial differential equations.\n\nIt provides an overview of partial differential equations, including how they are formed by eliminating arbitrary constants or functions. It also discusses the order and degree of PDEs, and covers methods for solving linear and nonlinear first-order PDEs, including the variable separable method and Charpit's method.\n\nHuman: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following additional document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]:
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQU
This document discusses several numerical analysis methods for finding roots of equations or solving systems of equations. It describes the bisection method for finding roots of continuous functions, the method of false positions for approximating roots between two values with opposite signs of a function, Gauss elimination for transforming a system of equations into triangular form, Gauss-Jordan method which further eliminates variables in equations below, and iterative methods which find solutions through successive approximations rather than direct computation.
This document provides an introduction to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines ODEs as differential equations containing functions of one independent variable and its derivatives. The document discusses some key concepts related to ODEs including order, degree, and different types of ODEs such as variable separable, homogeneous, exact, linear, and Bernoulli's equations. Examples of each type of ODE are provided along with the general methods for solving each type.
The document defines complex numbers and their properties. It states that a complex number has the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i = √-1. Complex numbers can be represented in rectangular form as x + iy or in polar form as r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus or absolute value and θ is the argument. The document also defines conjugate complex numbers and describes how to calculate the sum, difference, and product of two complex numbers.
This document discusses vector spaces and subspaces. It begins by defining a vector space as a set V with two operations, vector addition and scalar multiplication, that satisfy certain properties. Examples of vector spaces include R2 and the space of real polynomials of degree n or less.
It then defines a subspace as a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the inherited operations. For a subset to be a subspace, it must be closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication, and contain the zero vector. Examples given include lines and planes through the origin in R3.
The span of a set S of vectors is defined as the set of all linear combinations of the vectors in S, and it
Topology is the branch of mathematics concerned with properties that remain unchanged by deformations such as stretching or shrinking. It studies concepts like open sets, closed sets, limits, and neighborhoods. The product topology on X × Y has as its basis all sets of the form U × V, where U is open in X and V is open in Y. Projections map elements of a product space X × Y onto the first or second factor. The subspace topology on a subset Y of a space X contains all intersections of Y with open sets of X. The interior of a set A is the largest open set contained in A, while the closure of A is the smallest closed set containing A.
This document introduces the definition of a vector space, which consists of a set V with two operations: vector addition and scalar multiplication. For a set V to be a vector space over a field K, it must satisfy eight axioms relating to vector addition, scalar multiplication, the existence of a zero vector, and the existence of negatives. Examples of vector spaces include the set of all n-tuples over a field K under component-wise addition and scalar multiplication.
The document presents information on partial differentiation including:
- Partial differentiation involves a function with more than one independent variable and partial derivatives.
- Notation for partial derivatives is presented.
- Methods for computing first and higher order partial derivatives are explained with examples.
- The concepts of homogeneous functions and the chain rule for partial differentiation are defined.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 3/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
1. A basis for a vector space is a set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire space. The standard basis for Rn is the set of n unit vectors e1, e2, ..., en.
2. The dimension of a vector space is the number of vectors in any of its bases. A vector space with dimension n has bases that contain exactly n vectors.
3. The null space of a matrix A consists of all vectors x such that Ax = 0. The dimension of the null space is called the nullity of A, and the null space always has a basis.
This document discusses vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, bases, and dimension. It begins by defining a vector space and providing examples. It then covers subspaces and shows that every vector space has at least two subspaces: the zero vector space and the entire vector space. The document also discusses linear combinations, linear independence, spanning sets, bases, and notes some key properties such as the uniqueness of the basis representation in a vector space.
The document provides information about a linear algebra and vector calculus assignment for mechanical engineering students at L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad, India. It includes the names of 10 students, an outline of 8 topics to be covered, and sample definitions, examples, and explanations related to those topics, such as definitions of vector spaces and subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, and span of a set of vectors.
Math for Intelligent Systems - 01 Linear Algebra 01 Vector SpacesAndres Mendez-Vazquez
The document discusses linear algebra concepts of vector spaces and bases. It introduces vector spaces as sets of objects that can be added and multiplied by field elements. Subspaces are defined as vector space subsets that are also vector spaces. Linear combinations are expressed as combinations of basis vectors with field coefficients. A basis is defined as a linearly independent set of vectors that span the vector space. Dimensions refer to the number of basis vectors needed to represent elements of the vector space.
Linear algebra concepts like vectors, matrices, and linear transformations are important for recommendation systems. Vectors represent items or users, matrices represent item-user preference data. Linear algebra allows analyzing this data to identify patterns and recommend new items. Key techniques include eigendecomposition to reduce dimensionality and identify important relationships in the data, and singular value decomposition to factor matrices for recommendations. These linear algebra concepts are essential mathematical tools for building personalized recommendation models.
In general, we can find the coordinates of a vector u with respect to a given basis B by solving ABuB = u, for uB, where ABis the matrix whose columns are the vectors in B. ABis called thechange of basis matrix for B.
The document provides an overview of vector spaces and related concepts:
(1) Historically, ideas around vector spaces date back to the 17th century but received a more abstract treatment in 1888 by Giuseppe Peano. Key developments include Grassmann introducing vector spaces in 1844 and Peano providing a definition of vector spaces and linear maps.
(2) A vector space is a set that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. It allows objects called vectors to be added and multiplied by numbers called scalars. Real numbers are often used as scalars but other fields can also be used.
(3) For a set to be a vector space, the basic operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 2/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
This document discusses linear combinations and independence of vectors. It defines linear combinations as vectors that can be expressed as a sum of other vectors with scalar coefficients. A set of vectors is linearly dependent if one vector can be written as a linear combination of the others, and linearly independent otherwise. The span of a set of vectors is the set of all their linear combinations, and spans the entire space if and only if the vectors are independent. The null space of a matrix contains vectors that solve the homogeneous equation Ax=0. Examples demonstrate determining if sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent.
The document discusses key concepts in linear algebra including linearly independent and dependent sets of vectors, spanning sets, bases of vector spaces, and theorems regarding spanning sets and bases. It provides examples of spanning sets and bases for the vector space R3. It defines a basis as a linearly independent set of vectors that spans the entire vector space, and defines the dimension of a vector space as the number of vectors in any of its bases.
The document introduces the concept of a vector space, which is a set along with two operations - addition and scalar multiplication - that satisfy certain properties. Examples of vector spaces include Rn (the set of n-tuples of real numbers) with the usual vector addition and scalar multiplication. A plane through the origin in R3 is also a vector space by inheriting the vector space structure of R3. The set of polynomials of degree three or less with coefficients in R is another example of a vector space.
This document discusses subspaces, spanning sets, and bases in vector spaces. Some key points:
- A subspace is a subset of a vector space that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication.
- The span of a set S in a vector space V is the smallest subspace of V containing S.
- A set S is a basis for V if every vector in V can be uniquely written as a linear combination of vectors in S.
- Examples are provided to illustrate subspaces, spans, and finding the coordinate representation of vectors with respect to given bases.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 4/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
This document provides information about finding bases and dimensions of subspaces related to matrices. It defines the row space and column space of a matrix, and explains that the row rank and column rank of a matrix are equal. The dimension of the null space gives the number of free variables, while the column rank equals the number of pivot columns. Examples show how to find bases for the row space, column space, and null space of a matrix by row reducing to echelon form.
Mathematical Foundations for Machine Learning and Data MiningMadhavRao65
This document provides an overview of a presentation on mathematical foundations and various topics in mathematics including linear algebra, probability and statistics, calculus, and optimization. It discusses Google's PageRank algorithm and computed tomography as examples of mathematical foundations. It also provides examples of finding the best apartment based on criteria and recognizing patterns for biometric identification using machine learning models. Various concepts in linear algebra are defined such as vectors, vector spaces, subspaces, spanning sets, linear independence, basis and dimension. Examples of spanning sets, linear independence, and whether certain sets are subspaces are given. References for magnetohydrodynamic modeling of blood flow are also provided.
Row space, column space, null space And Rank, Nullity and Rank-Nullity theore...Hemin Patel
If A is an m×n matrix, then the subspace of Rn spanned by the row vectors of A is
called the row space of A, and the subspace of Rm spanned by the column vectors
is called the column space of A. The solution space of the homogeneous system of
equation Ax=0, which is a subspace of Rn, is called the nullsapce of A.
Linear Algebra may be defined as the form of algebra in which there is a study of different kinds of solutions which are related to linear equations. In order to explain the Linear Algebra, it is important to explain that the title consists of two different terms. The very first term which is important to be considered in the same, is Linear. Linear may be defined as something which is straight. Linear equations can be used for the calculation of the equation in a xy plane where the straight lines has been defined. In addition to this, linear equations can be used to define something which is straight in a three dimensional perspective. Another view of linear equations may be defined as flatness which recognizes the set of points which can be used for giving the description related to the equations which are in a very simple forms. These are the equations which involves the addition and multiplication.
This document discusses linear maps and linear systems of equations. It defines a linear map as a function between vector spaces that satisfies properties of additivity and homogeneity. Linear systems of equations can be expressed in matrix form as Ax = b. The document proves properties of linear maps and compositions of linear maps. It also describes how to determine the set of solutions to a linear system of equations, including whether the system has no solution, a unique solution, or infinitely many solutions. Matrix row operations are introduced that preserve the solution set of a linear system.
The document defines linear independence and dependence of vectors and discusses some key properties:
- A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only solution to their linear combination equaling the zero vector is the trivial solution with all coefficients equal to 0.
- A set is linearly dependent if at least one vector can be written as a linear combination of the others.
- A set of one vector is independent if it is not the zero vector. A set of two vectors is dependent if one is a multiple of the other.
- If a set contains more vectors than the dimension of the vector space, the set must be dependent since there are more variables than equations.
Chapter 4: Vector Spaces - Part 1/Slides By PearsonChaimae Baroudi
This document defines vectors and vector spaces. It begins by defining vectors in 2D and 3D space as matrices and describes operations like addition, scalar multiplication, and subtraction. It then defines a vector space as a set of vectors that satisfies 10 axioms related to these operations. Examples of vector spaces include the set of 2D and 3D vectors, sets of matrices, and sets of polynomials. The document also defines subspaces and proves that the span of a set of vectors in a vector space forms a subspace.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
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1. Chapter 3. Vector spaces
Lecture notes for MA1111
P. Karageorgis
pete@maths.tcd.ie
1 / 22
2. Linear combinations
Suppose that v1, v2, . . . , vn and v are vectors in Rm.
Definition 3.1 – Linear combination
We say that v is a linear combination of v1, v2, . . . , vn, if there exist
scalars x1, x2, . . . , xn such that v = x1v1 + x2v2 + . . . + xnvn.
Geometrically, the linear combinations of a nonzero vector form a line.
The linear combinations of two nonzero vectors form a plane, unless
the two vectors are collinear, in which case they form a line.
Theorem 3.2 – Expressing a vector as a linear combination
Let B denote the matrix whose columns are the vectors v1, v2, . . . , vn.
Expressing v = x1v1 +x2v2 +. . .+xnvn as a linear combination of the
given vectors is then equivalent to solving the linear system Bx = v.
2 / 22
3. Linear combinations: Example
We express v as a linear combination of v1, v2, v3 in the case that
v1 =
1
1
2
, v2 =
1
2
4
, v3 =
3
1
2
, v =
3
2
4
.
Let B denote the matrix whose columns are v1, v2, v3 and consider
the linear system Bx = v. Using row reduction, we then get
[B v] =
1 1 3 3
1 2 1 2
2 4 2 4
−→
1 0 5 4
0 1 −2 −1
0 0 0 0
.
In particular, the system has infinitely many solutions given by
x1 = 4 − 5x3, x2 = −1 + 2x3.
Let us merely pick one solution, say, the one with x3 = 0. Then we
get x1 = 4 and x2 = −1, so v = x1v1 + x2v2 + x3v3 = 4v1 − v2.
3 / 22
4. Linear independence
Suppose that v1, v2, . . . , vn are vectors in Rm.
Definition 3.3 – Linear independence
We say that v1, v2, . . . , vn are linearly independent, if none of them is
a linear combination of the others. This is actually equivalent to saying
that x1v1 + x2v2 + . . . + xnvn = 0 implies x1 = x2 = . . . = xn = 0.
Theorem 3.4 – Checking linear independence in Rm
The following statements are equivalent for each m × n matrix B.
1 The columns of B are linearly independent.
2 The system Bx = 0 has only the trivial solution x = 0.
3 The reduced row echelon form of B has a pivot in every column.
4 / 22
5. Linear independence: Example
We check v1, v2, v3, v4 for linear independence in the case that
v1 =
1
1
2
, v2 =
1
2
3
, v3 =
4
5
9
, v4 =
3
1
2
.
Letting B be the matrix whose columns are these vectors, we get
B =
1 1 4 3
1 2 5 1
2 3 9 2
−→
1 0 3 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
.
Since the third column does not contain a pivot, we conclude that the
given vectors are not linearly independent.
On the other hand, the 1st, 2nd and 4th columns contain pivots, so
the vectors v1, v2, v4 are linearly independent. As for v3, this can be
expressed as a linear combination of the other three vectors.
5 / 22
6. Span and complete sets
Suppose that v1, v2, . . . , vn are vectors in Rm.
Definition 3.5 – Span and completeness
The set of all linear combinations of v1, v2, . . . , vn is called the span
of these vectors and it is denoted by Span{v1, v2, . . . , vn}. If the span
is all of Rm, we say that v1, v2, . . . , vn form a complete set for Rm.
Theorem 3.6 – Checking completeness in Rm
The following statements are equivalent for each m × n matrix B.
1 The columns of B form a complete set for Rm.
2 The system Bx = y has a solution for every vector y ∈ Rm.
3 The reduced row echelon form of B has a pivot in every row.
6 / 22
7. Bases of Rm
Definition 3.7 – Basis of Rm
A basis of Rm is a set of linearly independent vectors which form a
complete set for Rm. Every basis of Rm consists of m vectors.
Theorem 3.8 – Basis criterion
The following statements are equivalent for each m × m matrix B.
1 The columns of B form a complete set for Rm.
2 The columns of B are linearly independent.
3 The columns of B form a basis of Rm.
4 The matrix B is invertible.
Theorem 3.9 – Reduction/Extension to a basis
A complete set of vectors can always be reduced to a basis and a set
of linearly independent vectors can always be extended to a basis.
7 / 22
8. Subspaces of Rm
Definition 3.10 – Subspace of Rm
A subspace V of Rm is a nonempty subset of Rm which is closed under
addition and scalar multiplication. In other words, it satisfies
1 v ∈ V and w ∈ V implies v + w ∈ V ,
2 v ∈ V and c ∈ R implies cv ∈ V .
Every subspace of Rm must contain the zero vector. Moreover, lines
and planes through the origin are easily seen to be subspaces of Rm.
Definition 3.11 – Basis and dimension
A basis of a subspace V is a set of linearly independent vectors whose
span is equal to V . If a subspace has a basis consisting of n vectors,
then every basis of the subspace must consist of n vectors. We usually
refer to n as the dimension of the subspace.
8 / 22
9. Column space and null space
When it comes to subspaces of Rm, there are three important examples.
1 Span. If we are given some vectors v1, v2, . . . , vn in Rm, then their
span is easily seen to be a subspace of Rm.
2 Null space. The null space of a matrix A is the set of all vectors x
such that Ax = 0. It is usually denoted by N(A).
3 Column space. The column space of a matrix A is the span of the
columns of A. It is usually denoted by C(A).
Definition 3.12 – Standard basis
Let ei denote the vector whose ith entry is equal to 1, all other entries
being zero. Then e1, e2, . . . , em form a basis of Rm which is known as
the standard basis of Rm. Given any matrix A, we have
Aei = ith column of A.
9 / 22
10. Finding bases for the column/null space
Theorem 3.13 – A useful characterisation
A vector x is in the column space of a matrix A if and only if x = Ay
for some vector y. It is in the null space of A if and only if Ax = 0.
To find a basis for the column space of a matrix A, we first compute
its reduced row echelon form R. Then the columns of R that contain
pivots form a basis for the column space of R and the corresponding
columns of A form a basis for the column space of A.
The null space of a matrix A is equal to the null space of its reduced
row echelon form R. To find a basis for the latter, we write down the
equations for the system Rx = 0, eliminate the leading variables and
express the solutions of this system in terms of the free variables.
The dimension of the column space is equal to the number of pivots
and the dimension of the null space is equal to the number of free
variables. The sum of these dimensions is the number of columns.
10 / 22
11. Column space: Example
We find a basis for the column space of the matrix
A =
1 2 4 5 4
3 1 7 2 3
2 1 5 1 5
.
The reduced row echelon form of this matrix is given by
R =
1 0 2 0 0
0 1 1 0 7
0 0 0 1 −2
.
Since the pivots of R appear in the 1st, 2nd and 4th columns, a basis
for the column space of A is formed by the corresponding columns
v1 =
1
3
2
, v2 =
2
1
1
, v4 =
5
2
1
.
11 / 22
12. Null space: Example, page 1
To find a basis for the null space of a matrix A, one needs to find a
basis for the null space of its reduced row echelon form R. Suppose,
for instance, that the reduced row echelon form is
R =
1 0 −2 3
0 1 −4 1
.
Its null space consists of the vectors x such that Rx = 0. Writing the
corresponding equations explicitly, we must then solve the system
x1 − 2x3 + 3x4 = 0, x2 − 4x3 + x4 = 0.
Once we now eliminate the leading variables, we conclude that
x =
x1
x2
x3
x4
=
2x3 − 3x4
4x3 − x4
x3
x4
.
12 / 22
13. Null space: Example, page 2
This determines the vectors x which lie in the null space of R. They
can all be expressed in terms of the free variables by writing
x =
2x3 − 3x4
4x3 − x4
x3
x4
= x3
2
4
1
0
+ x4
−3
−1
0
1
= x3v + x4w
for some particular vectors v, w. Since the variables x3, x4 are both
free, this means that the null space of R is the span of v, w.
To show that v, w form a basis for the null space, we also need to
check linear independence. Suppose that x3v + x4w = 0 for some
scalars x3, x4. We must then have x = 0 by above. Looking at the
last two entries of x, we conclude that x3 = x4 = 0.
13 / 22
14. Vector spaces
Definition 3.14 – Vector space
A set V is called a vector space, if it is equipped with the operations of
addition and scalar multiplication in such a way that the usual rules of
arithmetic hold. The elements of V are generally regarded as vectors.
We assume that addition is commutative and associative with a zero
element 0 which satisfies 0 + v = v for all v ∈ V . We also assume
that the distributive laws hold and that 1v = v for all v ∈ V .
The rules of arithmetic are usually either obvious or easy to check.
We call V a real vector space, if the scalars are real numbers. The
scalars could actually belong to any field such as Q, R and C.
A field is equipped with addition and multiplication, it contains two
elements that play the roles of 0 and 1, while every nonzero element
has an inverse. For instance, Q, R and C are fields, but Z is not.
14 / 22
15. Examples of vector spaces
1 The zero vector space {0} consisting of the zero vector alone.
2 The vector space Rm consisting of all vectors in Rm.
3 The space Mmn of all m × n matrices.
4 The space of all (continuous) functions.
5 The space of all polynomials.
6 The space Pn of all polynomials of degree at most n.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The set of all matrices is not a vector space.
The set of polynomials of degree n is not a vector space.
Concepts such as linear combination, span and subspace are defined
in terms of vector addition and scalar multiplication, so one may
naturally extend these concepts to any vector space.
15 / 22
16. Vector space concepts
Linear combination: v =
P
xivi for some scalars xi.
Span: The set of all linear combinations of some vectors.
Complete set for V : A set of vectors whose span is equal to V .
Subspace: A nonempty subset which is closed under addition and
scalar multiplication. For instance, the span is always a subspace.
Linearly independent:
P
xivi = 0 implies that xi = 0 for all i.
Basis of V : A set of linearly independent vectors that span V .
Basis of a subspace W : Linearly independent vectors that span W.
Dimension of a subspace: The number of vectors in a basis.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The zero element 0 could stand for a vector, a matrix or a polynomial.
In these cases, we require that all entries/coefficients are zero.
16 / 22
17. Example: Linear combinations in P2
We express f = 2x2 + 4x − 5 as a linear combination of
f1 = x2
− 1, f2 = x − 1, f3 = x.
This amounts to finding scalars c1, c2, c3 such that
f = c1f1 + c2f2 + c3f3.
In other words, we need to find scalars c1, c2, c3 such that
2x2
+ 4x − 5 = c1x2
− c1 + c2x − c2 + c3x.
Comparing coefficients, we end up with the system
c1 = 2, c2 + c3 = 4, −c1 − c2 = −5.
This has a unique solution, namely c1 = 2, c2 = 3 and c3 = 1. One
may thus express f as the linear combination f = 2f1 + 3f2 + f3.
17 / 22
18. Example: Linear independence in P2
We show that f1, f2, f3 are linearly independent in the case that
f1 = x2
− x, f2 = x2
− 1, f3 = x + 1.
Suppose c1f1 + c2f2 + c3f3 = 0 for some scalars c1, c2, c3. Then
c1x2
− c1x + c2x2
− c2 + c3x + c3 = 0
and we may compare coefficients to find that
c1 + c2 = 0, c3 − c1 = 0, c3 − c2 = 0.
This gives a system that can be easily solved. The last two equations
give c1 = c3 = c2, so the first equation reduces to 2c1 = 0. Thus, the
three coefficients are all zero and f1, f2, f3 are linearly independent.
18 / 22
19. Example: Basis for a subspace in P2
Let U be the subset of P2 which consists of all polynomials f(x) such
that f(1) = 0. To find the elements of this subset, we note that
f(x) = ax2
+ bx + c =⇒ f(1) = a + b + c.
Thus, f(x) ∈ U if and only if a + b + c = 0. Using this equation to
eliminate a, we conclude that all elements of U have the form
f(x) = ax2
+ bx + c = (−b − c)x2
+ bx + c
= b(x − x2
) + c(1 − x2
).
Since b, c are arbitrary, we have now expressed U as the span of two
polynomials. To check those are linearly independent, suppose that
b(x − x2
) + c(1 − x2
) = 0
for some constants b, c. One may then compare coefficients to find
that b = c = 0. Thus, the two polynomials form a basis of U.
19 / 22
20. Example: Basis for a subspace in M22
Let U be the subset of M22 which consists of all 2 × 2 matrices whose
diagonal entries are equal. Then every element of U has the form
A =
a b
c a
, a, b, c ∈ R.
The entries a, b, c are all arbitrary and we can always write
A = a
1 0
0 1
+ b
0 1
0 0
+ c
0 0
1 0
.
This equation expresses U as the span of three matrices. To check
these are linearly independent, suppose that
a
1 0
0 1
+ b
0 1
0 0
+ c
0 0
1 0
= 0
for some scalars a, b, c. Then the matrix A above must be zero, so its
entries a, b, c are all zero. Thus, the three matrices form a basis of U.
20 / 22
21. Coordinate vectors in a vector space
Definition 3.15 – Coordinate vectors
Suppose V is a vector space that has v1, v2, . . . , vn as a basis. Then
every element v ∈ V can be expressed as a linear combination
v = x1v1 + x2v2 + . . . + xnvn
for some unique coefficients x1, x2, . . . , xn. The unique vector x ∈ Rn
that consists of these coefficients is called the coordinate vector of v
with respect to the given basis.
By definition, the coordinate vector of vi is the standard vector ei.
Identifying each element v ∈ V with its coordinate vector x ∈ Rn,
one may identify the vector space V with the vector space Rn.
Coordinate vectors depend on the chosen basis. If we decide to use a
different basis, then the coordinate vectors will change as well.
21 / 22
22. Coordinate vectors in Rn
Theorem 3.16 – Coordinate vectors in Rn
Suppose that v1, v2, . . . , vn form a basis of Rn and let B denote the
matrix whose columns are these vectors. To find the coordinate vector
of v with respect to this basis, one needs to solve the system Bx = v.
Thus, the coordinate vector of v is given explicitly by x = B−1v.
In practice, the explicit formula is only useful when the inverse of B is
easy to compute. This is the case when B is 2 × 2, for instance.
The coordinate vector of w is usually found using the row reduction
v1 v2 · · · vn w
−→
In x
.
One may similarly deal with several vectors wi using the row reduction
v1 v2 · · · vn w1 · · · wm
−→
In x1 · · · xm
.
The vector v is generally different from its coordinate vector x. These
two coincide, however, when one is using the standard basis of Rn.
22 / 22