Varenicline is a drug used for smoking cessation that is a partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It was approved by the FDA in 2006 and works to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms from smoking. Studies have shown varenicline is more effective for smoking cessation than placebo, nicotine patches, or bupropion. Common side effects include nausea, abnormal dreams, insomnia, and neuropsychiatric issues. The recommended dosing regimen is 0.5 mg daily for the first week, then 0.5 mg twice daily for a week, followed by the maintenance dose of 1 mg twice daily for at least 12 weeks.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
antipsychotics history, managment of psychosis,side effect of antipsychotics, mechanism of antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics,2nd generation antipsychotics.
Second and third generation antipsychoticsDr Wasim
SECOND & THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC mechanism of actionmechanism of side effectmanagment of side effect BY DR WASIM UNDERGUIDANCE OF DR SANJAY JAIN
First generation=typical antipsychoticaka conventionalprimary pharmacological property of D2 antagonistSecond generation=atypical antipsychoticlow EPS and good for negative symptomsThird generation=aripiprazole metabolic friendly
MECHANISM OF ACTION
1) serotonin dopamine antagonists
4)serotonin partial agonist
MECHANISM OF SIDE EFFECT
Serotonin-2C, muscarinic-3, and histamine-1 receptors as well as receptors X
identified are all hypothetically linked to cardiometabolic risk.
antagonism of serotonin-2C and histamine-1 receptors is associated with weight gain, while antagonism atmuscarinic-3 receptors can impair insulin regulation.
An unknown receptor X may be involved in the rapid production of insulin resistance and may also rapidly cause elevated fasting plasma triglyceride levels in some patients who experience increased cardiometabolic risk on certain atypical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic and risk for weight gain.FDA and experts agree on three tiers of risk
Atypical antipsychotic and cardiometabolic risk.FDA and experts disagree on one versus three teirs of risk
Metabolic friendly antipsychotic.Low- risk agents for weight gain and cardiacmetabolic illness.
Monitoring and Managment
Baseline investigations :
Family h/o diabetes
BMI
Fasting TG levels (also monitored throughout treatment)
If raised : consider switching to another agent +/- lifestyle changes
For obese/ prediabetic/ diabetic pts :
Monitor BP
Fasting glucose
Waist circumference (before and after Rx)
Be vigilant for DKA/HHS
Sedation
ARIPIPRAZOLE KNOWN AS THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC
THANK YOU
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
Second and third generation antipsychoticsDr Wasim
SECOND & THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC mechanism of actionmechanism of side effectmanagment of side effect BY DR WASIM UNDERGUIDANCE OF DR SANJAY JAIN
First generation=typical antipsychoticaka conventionalprimary pharmacological property of D2 antagonistSecond generation=atypical antipsychoticlow EPS and good for negative symptomsThird generation=aripiprazole metabolic friendly
MECHANISM OF ACTION
1) serotonin dopamine antagonists
4)serotonin partial agonist
MECHANISM OF SIDE EFFECT
Serotonin-2C, muscarinic-3, and histamine-1 receptors as well as receptors X
identified are all hypothetically linked to cardiometabolic risk.
antagonism of serotonin-2C and histamine-1 receptors is associated with weight gain, while antagonism atmuscarinic-3 receptors can impair insulin regulation.
An unknown receptor X may be involved in the rapid production of insulin resistance and may also rapidly cause elevated fasting plasma triglyceride levels in some patients who experience increased cardiometabolic risk on certain atypical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic and risk for weight gain.FDA and experts agree on three tiers of risk
Atypical antipsychotic and cardiometabolic risk.FDA and experts disagree on one versus three teirs of risk
Metabolic friendly antipsychotic.Low- risk agents for weight gain and cardiacmetabolic illness.
Monitoring and Managment
Baseline investigations :
Family h/o diabetes
BMI
Fasting TG levels (also monitored throughout treatment)
If raised : consider switching to another agent +/- lifestyle changes
For obese/ prediabetic/ diabetic pts :
Monitor BP
Fasting glucose
Waist circumference (before and after Rx)
Be vigilant for DKA/HHS
Sedation
ARIPIPRAZOLE KNOWN AS THIRD GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC
THANK YOU
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Introduction
It is a high-affinity partial agonist for the α4β2 nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor subtype (nACh)
Used as pharmacotherapeutic agent for smoking cessation.
Non nicotine drugs for smoking.
3. Approved by FDA in 2006
Use of Cytisus plants as a smoking substitutes during World War
II led to extraction of cytisine.
Cytisine analogs led to varenicline at Pfizer.
4. Available options for Smoking Cessation
Non pharmacological
Behavior therapy (individual / group/ telephone quit line)
Clinical counselling
Pharmacological
Nicotine replacement (patches/ gums/lozenges)
Bupropion
Varenicline
5. Studies on Varenicline
A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that varenicline was more
effective for smoking cessation than placebo (RR 2.27, 95% CI 2.02-2.55)
Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking
cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;
:CD009329.
In another meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, more patients were
abstinent at 24 weeks with varenicline compared with both placebo
and nicotine patch (RR 2.24, 95% CI 2.06-2.43; and RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.14-
1.37 respectively)
Cahill K, Lindson-Hawley N, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for
smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; :CD006103.
6. Head-to-head double-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing
multiple agents (varenicline, bupropion, nicotine patch) and placebo,
varenicline was more effective in producing six months of tobacco
abstinence than other drugs or placebo.
Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of
varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric
disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
.
Varenicline is safe for use by tobacco users with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, et al. Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2011;
139:591.
7. Nonpharmacologic methods
Method
Versus minimal or usual care unless otherwise
noted
Risk ratio (95% CI)
Behavioral counseling
Individual counseling 1.57 (1.40-1.77)
Group counseling 1.88 (1.52-2.33)
Telephone quit line counseling 1.38 (1.19-1.61)
Clinician counseling
Brief advice 1.66 (1.42-1.94)
Brief counseling 1.86 (1.60-2.15)
Brief counseling (versus brief advice) 1.37 (1.20-1.56)
9. Mechanism of Action
It is a high-affinity partial agonist for the
α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype
(nACh)
Release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in
the nucleus accumbens, reward center of the
brain when activated
Reduce the feelings of craving and withdrawal
caused by smoking cessation.
10. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Absorption
• Completely absorbed
• Bioavailability: high
• Peak plasma time: 3-4hrs
Distribution
• Protien bound <20%
Metabolism
• Minimal metabolism, Hepatic
Excretion: urine (92%)
Half life :24hrs
11. Dosing
Initial:
Days 1 to 3: 0.5 mg once daily. (after food)
Days 4 to 7: 0.5 mg twice daily.
Maintenance (day 8 and later): 1 mg twice daily; may consider a
temporary or permanent dose reduction if usual dose is not tolerated.
Duration: Continue maintenance dose for at least 11 weeks (for a total of
at least 12 weeks of treatment).
May consider extended maintenance therapy based on individual patient
risk : benefit; evidence suggests relapse prevention benefits with
continuing therapy for up to 1 year.
12. Adverse effects
Nausea: Dose-dependent nausea may occur; both transient and
persistent nausea has been reported. Dosage reduction may be
considered for intolerable nausea
Neuropsychiatric effects: Post marketing cases of serious
neuropsychiatric events (including depression, suicidal thoughts, and
suicide) have been reported in patients with or without preexisting
psychiatric disease
Somnambulism: Cases of somnambulism, involving harmful
behavior to self, others, or property, have been reported. Discontinue
treatment if somnambulism occurs
13. Side effects
Cardiovascular: Angina pectoris (4%), chest pain (3%), peripheral
edema (2%)
Central nervous system: Headache (12% to 19%), insomnia (9% to
19%), abnormal dreams (8% to 13%), irritability (11%), suicidal ideation
(11%), depression (4% to 11%) Anxiety (8%), sleep disorder (3% to 5%)
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (16% to 40%), vomiting (5% to 11%)
Flatulence (6% to 9%), constipation (5% to 8%), diarrhea (6%),
increased appetite (3% to 4%)
14. Use in Pregnancy
FDA Category C
Available data have not suggested increased risk for major birth
defects as compared with women who smoke
Studies are not conclusive of whether quitting smoking with
varenicline reduses the risk of birth defects which are the result of
smoking.
15. Cost
A one-month supply of varenicline will cost approximately $120 for
the maintenance dose.
Not available in Nepal
Used and available in India as Varni 0.5mg tablet
16. References
T. Varenicline. Drugs Jiménez-Ruiz, C., Berlin, I. & Hering
Effect of Maintenance Therapy With Varenicline on Smoking
CessationA Randomized Controlled Trial Serena Tonstad, MD,
PhD; Philip Tønnesen, MD, PhD
Varenicline ; A Review of its Use as an Aid to Smoking Cessation
Therapy Gillian M. Keating & M. Asif A. Siddiqui
Varenicline for Tobacco Dependence J. Taylor Hays, M.D., and Jon
O. Ebbert, M.D.
UpToDate