This document provides an overview of lessons on electricity and magnetism:
Static electricity results from the buildup of electrical charges on objects. Electricity involves the movement of electrons through circuits. Circuits require a complete path between an energy source and load. Electromagnets are created when current passes through a solenoid wrapped around an iron core, producing a magnetic field. The document reviews key concepts like conductors, insulators, resistance, and electromagnetic induction.
This presentation explains a brief in-depth view of electronic devices and there evolution history. Basic components of devices and their practical applications in this world
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
This presentation explains a brief in-depth view of electronic devices and there evolution history. Basic components of devices and their practical applications in this world
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Unit 5: Electricity.
Have you ever reached out to open a door and
received a shock from the knob?
These shocks are a result of static electricity!!!
Electric Discharge: the loss of static
electricity as charges move off an object
4. Protons (+) and electrons (-) are charged
Objects can become charged when atoms gain or
lose electrons.
Unit 5: Electricity.
To understand electrical
charge… Let’s think back.
5. An atom that loses an electron becomes
positively charged.
Unit 5: Electricity.
7. We can charge objects THREE way:
1. Friction:
Rubbing two objects
together can cause
electrons to be “wiped”
from one object and
transferred to the
other.
Unit 5: Electricity.
9. 2. Conduction
Transfer of electrons from one object to another
THROUGH direct contact
Unit 5: Electricity.
Touching a negatively charged plastic ruler to an uncharged metal rod causes electrons
from the ruler to travel to the rod. The rod becomes negatively charged by conduction.
10. 3. Induction:
Occurs when charges
in an uncharged
object are rearranged
WITHOUT direct
contact with the
charged object
Unit 5: Electricity.
A negatively charged balloon induces a positive charge on a small section of a wall because the
electrons in the wall are repelled and move away from the balloon
12. Unit 5: Electricity.
So how does lightning form?!
During a thunderstorm, water
droplets and air move within the
storm cloud. As a result, (-) charges
build up at the bottom of the cloud
and (+) charges at the top
The (-) charge at the bottom of the cloud
induces a positive charge on the ground.
The large charge difference causes a rapid
movement of (-) called lightening
Because different parts of
clouds have different charges,
lightening can also occur
within and between clouds.
16. Circuits
Lesson 2
Unit 5: Electricity.
Electric Discharge: the loss of static
electricity as charges move off an object
17. Electricity is a form of energy that involves
the movement of electrons from one
point to another
Unit 5: Electricity.
18. Unit 5: Electricity.
Have you ever noticed that the cords coming
out of the wall are made with plastic AND
metal?
19. ELECTRONS
FLOW
MORE
EASILY
Conductors are materials that allow
charges to flow easily throughout
E.g. Metals
Semi-Conductors are materials that
conduct electric current better than an
insulator but not as well as a conductor
E.g. Silicon
Insulators are materials that DO NOT
allow charges to flow easily throughout
E.g. Wood, glass, or plastics
Unit 5: Electricity.
21. How many ways can you light the
light bulb?
Unit 5: Electricity.
22. Did you create a circuit?
A circuit is a complete, closed path for an
electric current to flow
All circuits consist of
an energy source, a
load, and wires to
connect the parts
together.
Unit 5: Electricity.
23. Electrons travel from the
negative positive
terminal of the battery.
Unit 5: Electricity.
24. Series Circuit: circuit where all parts are
connected in a single loop –only one possible
path for charges to flow
Unit 5: Electricity.
25. Parallel Circuit: A circuit in which different
loads are on separate branches –charges can
flow in more than one route
Unit 5: Electricity.
26. Unit 5: Electricity.
Alternating Current: charges continually switch
from flowing in one direction to flowing in the
reverse direction. (outlets in your home)
Direct Current: charges always flow in the same
direction . (produced by batteries)
27. WHEN YOU FINISH THE CIRCUIT LAB…
1. HAND IN LAB
2. Get a computer to share with your group
3. Go Google. Click on the first link after searching
GIZMO.
4. Click on Enroll in a Class
5. Enter the Class code: P9RRBMEYFB
6. Click on “I need to create an ExploreLearning
Account”
7. Type in your first name, last initial, create a user
name, and password
8. Play with Gizmos on electricity and magnetism
28. Circuit Board: a
collection of
hundreds of tiny
circuits that supply
electrical current to
various parts of
electronic devices
Unit 5: Electricity.
Typically made of a
semiconductor material,
silicon.
29. Transistor: part of an electronic device that
can be used as an amplifier or a switch.
Made of 3 layers of semiconductor material.
Unit 5: Electricity.
30. Diodes: part of an electronic device made of
semi-conductive material, that only allows
electric current to go in one direction
Unit 5: Electricity.
32. Bell Ringer
Take 10 minutes to review the following vocab words…
Electromagnet
Transistor
Electromagnetic induction
LED
Poles
Conductor
Generator
Silicon
Semiconductor
Electric motor
Direct current
Insulator
Diode
Solar cell
33. Unit 5: Electricity.
Examples of devices that use diodes:
LED lights and Solar Cells
Converting electrical
energy to radiant energy
Converting radiant energy
to electrical energy
34. Integrated Circuit Board:
an entire circuit
containing many
transistors and other
electronic components
formed on a single chip
Unit 5: Electricity.
42. 1. The material itself
Good conductors have
low resistance.
Insulators have high
resistance.
Unit 5: Electricity.
43. 2. The thickness of the wire
ANALOGY
Think of the wire like a
hallway:
If the hall is very wide, it
will allow a high current
through it, while a narrow
hall would be difficult to
get through.
THICKER WIRE = Less Resistance
Unit 5: Electricity.
44. 3. The length of the wire
THE LONGER THE PATH = the more resistance
encountered
Unit 5: Electricity.
45. 4. Temperature
As the conductor (hallway) heats up, the protons start
vibrating faster. They are more likely to get in the way
and make it harder for the electrons to flow.
HIGHER TEMPERATURE = MORE resistance
Unit 5: Electricity.
48. Magnets: any material that attracts iron or
materials containing iron
Unit 5: Electricity.
Magnetic effects of a magnet are
the strongest at the POLES
49. Magnetic Force: forces of repulsion or attraction
between the poles of magnets
Unit 5: Electricity.
50. Unit 5: Electricity. Let’s Try
Which of these pictures shows the magnets in a way
that will result in the greatest attraction between the
magnets?
51. Unit 5: Electricity. Let’s Try
Electromagnetic Induction: Process by which
an electric current is produced by a changing
magnetic field
52. Solenoid:
A coil of wire that
produces a
magnetic field when
carrying an electric
current
Unit 5: Electricity.
53. Unit 5: Electricity.
How to INCREASE the strength of the magnetic
field produced by a solenoid…
1.Increase the number of loops in the coil
2.
3.
Increase the current
Put an iron core inside the coil (which is
called an ELECTROMAGNET)
54. Unit 5: Electricity. Let’s Try
Electromagnet: A magnet that consists of
a solenoid wrapped around an iron core
55. Unit 5: Electricity.
A generator is a device that uses
electromagnetic induction to convert kinetic
energy into electrical energy.