This document summarizes a research study comparing the production and marketing practices of vegetables in the Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand, India. The study examined the existing vegetable supply chains, marketing costs, efficiency and margins across different channels. It found that the most common supply chain involved producers selling to village agents or wholesalers and then retailers before reaching consumers. This channel was used by over 50% of producers in both districts. The study also analyzed factors affecting production and marketing and problems faced by farmers and middlemen. It determined that the most efficient supply chain was producers selling directly to consumers, as it had the lowest costs and highest return for producers.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides a summary of a student's project on the flow of vegetables from farmers to consumers. It includes a title page, certificate from the college confirming completion of the project, a declaration by the student, acknowledgements, an index of topics to be covered, and an introduction to horticulture as the first chapter. It discusses the research methodology, including objectives to analyze price flexibility and seasonality. It also covers the scope, literature review, data collection methods and limitations. The document appears to be providing an overview of the various aspects of the vegetable supply chain in India, including lists of vegetables and their sources, market studies, transportation, storage, and management.
Contract farming can help increase farmer incomes in India by better linking them to markets and addressing issues like lack of capital, infrastructure, and technical knowledge. Under contract farming, a company agrees to purchase crops from farmers at a predetermined price in exchange for providing inputs, training, and buying the harvest. This benefits both farmers through guaranteed sales and prices, and companies by ensuring supply. However, risks exist like uncertainty in new crops, market changes, or companies not upholding contracts. Future strategies include improving farmer bargaining power and ensuring contracts are participatory and transparent. Case studies show companies partnering with governments and farmers groups have successfully increased crop productivity and farmer incomes through contract farming.
Economics project on demand and supply of fresh vegetablesGaurav Khatri
The document summarizes a study about the supply of fresh vegetables. It discusses the purpose of studying the vegetable market supply chain and factors affecting vegetable supply. Primary data was collected from interviews with local sellers at a vegetable market in Noida, India. Secondary data from online sources and textbooks was also used to analyze statistics on vegetable supply and demand. Key findings included that India is one of the largest vegetable producers globally but its markets are mostly unorganized and supply-driven. Factors like price, seasonality, and the perishable nature of vegetables were found to impact supply.
Writekraft Research & Publication LLP.
We are one of the leading PhD assistance company that deals in helping PhD scholars in their Thesis, Research paper writing and publication work. We are providing custom PhD Thesis written for you exactly the way you want along with a Turnitin plagiarism report.
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The extent of adoption of the market intelligence among the summer cabbage gr...inventionjournals
The cultivation of vegetables, which is done mainly for marketing purpose, is known as commercial vegetable cultivation. Having achieved self-sufficiency in production led agriculture, India have to focus on market oriented Agriculture, which generate additional value to the farm produce, income and employment for farmers. Market oriented agriculture means adding value may be in terms of on-farm and offfarm income and employment generation by the production of agriculture and product. Commodity marketing research is an essential item in the marketing continuum. Price forecasts, preferences for consumers and industries, cost of storage, transport, etc. collectively known as market intelligence and to be disseminated at the time of sowing and harvesting. Market intelligence is life blood of the market, therefore, it has great importance in market oriented cultivation. The present study was confined to “Ex-Post facto” research design. Present study was conducted to measure the extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage teacher made tests were developed. Six practices in market intelligence namely, grading, packaging, transportation, demand, sources to know selling price and marketing channel were selected for adoption. Study revealed that majority (79.27 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of overall adoption of market intelligence. More than half of the respondents had adopted grading, transportation and marketing channel practices, while demand, source to know selling price and packaging practices were less adopted by the respondents. The independent variables viz., education, education of family, land holding, annual income and level of knowledge of the summer cabbage growers were established positively and highly significant association with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. Age of the summer cabbage growers was associated negative and highly significant with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. The size of family of the summer cabbage growers was failed to establish any significant association with extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage
Post harvest losses reduction of cauliflower in horticultural chains in SAARC...Abul Hasnat Solaiman
The document discusses low-cost solutions to improve the quality and shelf-life of cauliflower in local markets. It finds that implementing improved handling practices like proper trimming, packaging and plastic film wrapping can significantly reduce post-harvest losses throughout the cauliflower supply chain. For example, losses were reduced from 52% to 18.3% of product with the improved practices. Additionally, shelf-life was extended from 5 to 8 days with plastic wrapping at retail markets. The changes benefit farmers, wholesalers and especially retailers through increased profits.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides a summary of a student's project on the flow of vegetables from farmers to consumers. It includes a title page, certificate from the college confirming completion of the project, a declaration by the student, acknowledgements, an index of topics to be covered, and an introduction to horticulture as the first chapter. It discusses the research methodology, including objectives to analyze price flexibility and seasonality. It also covers the scope, literature review, data collection methods and limitations. The document appears to be providing an overview of the various aspects of the vegetable supply chain in India, including lists of vegetables and their sources, market studies, transportation, storage, and management.
Contract farming can help increase farmer incomes in India by better linking them to markets and addressing issues like lack of capital, infrastructure, and technical knowledge. Under contract farming, a company agrees to purchase crops from farmers at a predetermined price in exchange for providing inputs, training, and buying the harvest. This benefits both farmers through guaranteed sales and prices, and companies by ensuring supply. However, risks exist like uncertainty in new crops, market changes, or companies not upholding contracts. Future strategies include improving farmer bargaining power and ensuring contracts are participatory and transparent. Case studies show companies partnering with governments and farmers groups have successfully increased crop productivity and farmer incomes through contract farming.
Economics project on demand and supply of fresh vegetablesGaurav Khatri
The document summarizes a study about the supply of fresh vegetables. It discusses the purpose of studying the vegetable market supply chain and factors affecting vegetable supply. Primary data was collected from interviews with local sellers at a vegetable market in Noida, India. Secondary data from online sources and textbooks was also used to analyze statistics on vegetable supply and demand. Key findings included that India is one of the largest vegetable producers globally but its markets are mostly unorganized and supply-driven. Factors like price, seasonality, and the perishable nature of vegetables were found to impact supply.
Writekraft Research & Publication LLP.
We are one of the leading PhD assistance company that deals in helping PhD scholars in their Thesis, Research paper writing and publication work. We are providing custom PhD Thesis written for you exactly the way you want along with a Turnitin plagiarism report.
For more Information Contact us@ admin@writekraft.com
Or Call us @ 7753818181, 9838033084
www.writekraft.com
The extent of adoption of the market intelligence among the summer cabbage gr...inventionjournals
The cultivation of vegetables, which is done mainly for marketing purpose, is known as commercial vegetable cultivation. Having achieved self-sufficiency in production led agriculture, India have to focus on market oriented Agriculture, which generate additional value to the farm produce, income and employment for farmers. Market oriented agriculture means adding value may be in terms of on-farm and offfarm income and employment generation by the production of agriculture and product. Commodity marketing research is an essential item in the marketing continuum. Price forecasts, preferences for consumers and industries, cost of storage, transport, etc. collectively known as market intelligence and to be disseminated at the time of sowing and harvesting. Market intelligence is life blood of the market, therefore, it has great importance in market oriented cultivation. The present study was confined to “Ex-Post facto” research design. Present study was conducted to measure the extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage teacher made tests were developed. Six practices in market intelligence namely, grading, packaging, transportation, demand, sources to know selling price and marketing channel were selected for adoption. Study revealed that majority (79.27 per cent) of the respondents had medium to high level of overall adoption of market intelligence. More than half of the respondents had adopted grading, transportation and marketing channel practices, while demand, source to know selling price and packaging practices were less adopted by the respondents. The independent variables viz., education, education of family, land holding, annual income and level of knowledge of the summer cabbage growers were established positively and highly significant association with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. Age of the summer cabbage growers was associated negative and highly significant with their extent of adoption of market intelligence. The size of family of the summer cabbage growers was failed to establish any significant association with extent of adoption of market intelligence regarding market oriented cultivation of summer cabbage
Post harvest losses reduction of cauliflower in horticultural chains in SAARC...Abul Hasnat Solaiman
The document discusses low-cost solutions to improve the quality and shelf-life of cauliflower in local markets. It finds that implementing improved handling practices like proper trimming, packaging and plastic film wrapping can significantly reduce post-harvest losses throughout the cauliflower supply chain. For example, losses were reduced from 52% to 18.3% of product with the improved practices. Additionally, shelf-life was extended from 5 to 8 days with plastic wrapping at retail markets. The changes benefit farmers, wholesalers and especially retailers through increased profits.
Fertilizers play a dominant role in increasing agricultural productivity in India. Marketing of fertilizers has become vital to the country's economic system. Fertilizers are classified into natural/organic manures and inorganic/chemical fertilizers. Some challenges in marketing fertilizers include balancing farmer and manufacturer needs, supply and demand gaps, and price fluctuations. Effective marketing strategies include market research, product segmentation, distribution through cooperatives, demonstrations, and village adoption programs.
This document discusses seeds, cropping, and marketing in agriculture. It notes that seeds must be properly tested and certified to ensure quality and traceability. Spurious and low quality seeds can damage farmer incomes. The document also discusses factors that influence cropping patterns like climate and demand. Different cropping systems are mentioned, including monocropping, intercropping, and crop rotation. Finally, it outlines some key challenges for agricultural marketing like market information, infrastructure, storage, transportation, middlemen, and demand and supply dynamics.
This publication provides guidance on organic potato production practices including fertility and nutrient management, pest management, harvesting, storage, and marketing. It discusses using organic matter and crop rotations to build soil fertility as well as controlling insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes without synthetic chemicals. Storage and economic issues are also covered. The goal is to grow healthy potato plants from certified organic seed using sustainable methods. Successful organic potato farming requires experimenting with different practices and marketing potatoes through various direct or wholesale channels.
This research article analyzes the marketing of major vegetables like tomato and brinjal in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. Three marketing channels were identified: producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (Channel I), producer to wholesaler to consumer (Channel II), and producer to consumer (Channel III). Channel III was found to be the most efficient with producers receiving over 90% of the consumer rupee for their produce. Marketing costs were highest for wholesalers, primarily consisting of transportation costs. Producers' share of the consumer rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in Channel III where producers sold directly to consumers. The study concludes Channel III provides producers with the greatest returns and is the most efficient marketing
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
This document analyzes four existing marketing supply chains (SC1-SC4) for brinjal in Allahabad district, India. SC1 involves producers selling directly to consumers. SC2 adds retailers, SC3 adds commission agents, and SC4 adds wholesalers and commission agents. The study found that adding intermediaries significantly increased marketing costs and consumer prices while decreasing producer profits and prices. SC1 had the highest producer profits and lowest consumer prices, while SC4 had the lowest producer profits and highest consumer prices. The researchers conclude the current system can be improved by introducing cooperatives or improving infrastructure, storage, market information and support for producers and intermediaries.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
The RED project aims to increase vegetable production and farmer incomes in Noakhali and Barishal regions of Bangladesh. The regions face issues like flooding, salinity, and poor irrigation that limit vegetable cultivation. Current vegetable yields and land coverage are lower than other regions. The project will provide training, demonstrations, and market linkages to improve access to quality seeds, irrigation, pest management, and introduce higher-yielding varieties. It aims to increase vegetable productivity and farmer incomes through expanding cultivation areas, reducing costs, and strengthening farmer groups and market access. Progress will be monitored based on numbers of farmers reached, area cultivated, yield increases, technologies adopted, market access, costs reduced, and incomes increased.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Report in retail on Fresh Vegetables and fruitsPushpika Vyas
Vegito is a proposed retail company focused on selling fresh fruits and vegetables in Warangal, India. The company aims to establish a retail outlet that links local farmers directly to consumers, improving farmers' incomes and ensuring a year-round supply of locally grown produce. Key aspects of the proposed business include sourcing from local farmers and distributors, operating a retail store with produce organized by temperature requirements, and employing a staff including managers, administrators and general workers. The startup requires an investment of approximately 212 lakhs to cover initial fixed costs such as building construction, equipment, and vehicles. Ongoing monthly expenses are estimated at 76 lakhs.
This document summarizes a presentation on the future of tropical vegetables over the next 40 years. It identifies challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and pests and diseases, but also opportunities from new technologies, improved nutrition understanding, and empowering women. Key points discussed include adapting vegetables to abiotic and biotic stresses, minimizing postharvest losses, protected cultivation techniques, and developing improved and genetically modified varieties. The presentation advocates for changing mindsets around agriculture and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals of improving agriculture systems and raising rural prosperity.
Value chain analysis of tomato sub-sector in lamjung district, NepalSagar Bista
This document summarizes a study on the value chain analysis of tomato production in Lamjung District, Nepal. The study aimed to analyze the tomato value chain and identify constraints faced by actors. It found that farmers obtain the highest profit margin at 73% but production is insufficient to meet demand. The value chain faces issues like high input costs, price competition, losses during transport and lack of organized farmer groups. Recommendations include increasing area and number of tomato farmers, improving infrastructure like markets and storage, strengthening extension services, and promoting product diversification.
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Diversification of agriculture productionVaibhav verma
Diversification in agriculture involves allocating resources like land, capital and labor to new crops or non-farm activities. This helps reduce risk and respond to changing demands and policies. Factors leading to diversification include reducing risk, responding to consumer or policy changes, and adapting to external shocks like climate change. Diversification can involve shifting to higher-value crops or transforming the workforce to activities like livestock, fisheries or non-agriculture. This provides more income opportunities for rural farmers.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable handling practices, distribution, and wholesale profitability in Abinchi night market in Kumasi, Ghana. It finds that vegetables are transported from farms to the night market by open and closed trucks, mini vans, and taxis. At the market, vegetables are packed in jute sacks and have a shelf life of 3-7 days depending on the vegetable. The study analyzes the financial records of wholesalers and finds that vegetable wholesale was most profitable in July, August, and September.
Perception of Farmers for Improved Maize Varieties on Local Maize Variety: Th...Premier Publishers
Agriculture is the most important for the developing countries to overcome poverty. It is from this ground the need to analyze the perception of small holder farmers towards improved maize varieties on local maize variety. Out of 19 kebeles in Kiremu district three kebeles were selected using simple random sampling. Simple random sampling was also employed to select the target households. Structured instrumental questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting data from 189 randomly selected households. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze data. Averagely marketability characteristics, yield characteristics, disease resistant characteristics and shattering resistant attributes of improved maize varieties were the most perceived on the local maize variety by the small holder farmers of the study area. Therefore, government and other development organization should create a favorable environment like strengthening farmers’ knowledge on modern agriculture production throughout strengthening of the extension service and giving more attention to farmers’ priorities and needs related to agriculture.
Production and Supply Chain Management of Organic and Inorganic Vegetables in...ijtsrd
A growing interest in environmentally friendly goods and services has been expressed together with concerns for the risks, and broader environmental problems, associated with intensive agriculture. Today, organic production is a combination of new technology and traditional methods. Numerous consumers confronted with increasing environmental problems, food safety issues, and augmentative health problems increasingly desire to have healthier and more natural foods grown in an eco friendly manner. The present study was conducted in Bengaluru urban and rural districts of Karnataka because Bengaluru is one of the major vegetable producing districts of south Karnataka. In recent years large numbers of farmers started practicing the organic cultivation of vegetables in the district. The study aims to investigate factors influencing towards adoption of organic farming, costs of cultivation involved in practicing organic and inorganic farming of selected vegetables viz., tomato, brinjal, cauliflower and cucumber, Consumers willingness to pay WTP for organic vegetables and relevant factors affecting consumers WTP, different supply chains involved in organic and inorganic vegetables marketing and analysis of marketing efficiency, price spread, producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in each supply chain and constraints involved in production and marketing of organic and inorganic vegetables. For the study, 45 farmers each practicing organic and inorganic cultivation of cucumber spread over the district of Bengaluru rural were selected randomly. The data collected from respondents was analysed using budgeting technique and Cobb Douglas Production Function analysis according to the objectives. The results indicated that costs of cultivation of organic vegetables is more compared to inorganic because of increasing costs of organic inputs in all selected vegetables. Resource use efficiency is higher in the case of organic vegetables than that of inorganic. Farmers are realizing high price premium for the organic vegetables and higher net returns. A positive response and willingness to pay for organic vegetables as increasing health conscious of consumers was observed in metropolitan city like Bengaluru. Hence, it is advisable for the farmers to switch over to organic farming which minimizes the environmental degradation and brings higher net returns. Kavya C. | Arjuman Banu | Ruqsar Khanum | Dattatreya Bhatt "Production and Supply Chain Management of Organic and Inorganic Vegetables in Bengaluru Urban and Rural District of Karnataka- An Economic Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59835.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/59835/production-and-supply-chain-management-of-organic-and-inorganic-vegetables-in-bengaluru-urban-and-rural-district-of-karnataka-an-economic-analysis/kavya-c
This document summarizes a study on the value chain analysis of coconut production and marketing in the state of Orissa, India. The study examined the various market channels through which coconut moves from farmers to consumers. It found that marketing channels are well established, moving from farmers to vendors to aggregators and finally to retailers and consumers. While the channels provide adequate capacity to handle supply and demand, little value addition is done at each stage. The study suggests promoting coconut-based industries through collaboration between state and central agencies to improve farmer incomes and increase value addition from the crop in Orissa.
Fertilizers play a dominant role in increasing agricultural productivity in India. Marketing of fertilizers has become vital to the country's economic system. Fertilizers are classified into natural/organic manures and inorganic/chemical fertilizers. Some challenges in marketing fertilizers include balancing farmer and manufacturer needs, supply and demand gaps, and price fluctuations. Effective marketing strategies include market research, product segmentation, distribution through cooperatives, demonstrations, and village adoption programs.
This document discusses seeds, cropping, and marketing in agriculture. It notes that seeds must be properly tested and certified to ensure quality and traceability. Spurious and low quality seeds can damage farmer incomes. The document also discusses factors that influence cropping patterns like climate and demand. Different cropping systems are mentioned, including monocropping, intercropping, and crop rotation. Finally, it outlines some key challenges for agricultural marketing like market information, infrastructure, storage, transportation, middlemen, and demand and supply dynamics.
This publication provides guidance on organic potato production practices including fertility and nutrient management, pest management, harvesting, storage, and marketing. It discusses using organic matter and crop rotations to build soil fertility as well as controlling insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes without synthetic chemicals. Storage and economic issues are also covered. The goal is to grow healthy potato plants from certified organic seed using sustainable methods. Successful organic potato farming requires experimenting with different practices and marketing potatoes through various direct or wholesale channels.
This research article analyzes the marketing of major vegetables like tomato and brinjal in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. Three marketing channels were identified: producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (Channel I), producer to wholesaler to consumer (Channel II), and producer to consumer (Channel III). Channel III was found to be the most efficient with producers receiving over 90% of the consumer rupee for their produce. Marketing costs were highest for wholesalers, primarily consisting of transportation costs. Producers' share of the consumer rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in Channel III where producers sold directly to consumers. The study concludes Channel III provides producers with the greatest returns and is the most efficient marketing
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
This document analyzes four existing marketing supply chains (SC1-SC4) for brinjal in Allahabad district, India. SC1 involves producers selling directly to consumers. SC2 adds retailers, SC3 adds commission agents, and SC4 adds wholesalers and commission agents. The study found that adding intermediaries significantly increased marketing costs and consumer prices while decreasing producer profits and prices. SC1 had the highest producer profits and lowest consumer prices, while SC4 had the lowest producer profits and highest consumer prices. The researchers conclude the current system can be improved by introducing cooperatives or improving infrastructure, storage, market information and support for producers and intermediaries.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
The RED project aims to increase vegetable production and farmer incomes in Noakhali and Barishal regions of Bangladesh. The regions face issues like flooding, salinity, and poor irrigation that limit vegetable cultivation. Current vegetable yields and land coverage are lower than other regions. The project will provide training, demonstrations, and market linkages to improve access to quality seeds, irrigation, pest management, and introduce higher-yielding varieties. It aims to increase vegetable productivity and farmer incomes through expanding cultivation areas, reducing costs, and strengthening farmer groups and market access. Progress will be monitored based on numbers of farmers reached, area cultivated, yield increases, technologies adopted, market access, costs reduced, and incomes increased.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Report in retail on Fresh Vegetables and fruitsPushpika Vyas
Vegito is a proposed retail company focused on selling fresh fruits and vegetables in Warangal, India. The company aims to establish a retail outlet that links local farmers directly to consumers, improving farmers' incomes and ensuring a year-round supply of locally grown produce. Key aspects of the proposed business include sourcing from local farmers and distributors, operating a retail store with produce organized by temperature requirements, and employing a staff including managers, administrators and general workers. The startup requires an investment of approximately 212 lakhs to cover initial fixed costs such as building construction, equipment, and vehicles. Ongoing monthly expenses are estimated at 76 lakhs.
This document summarizes a presentation on the future of tropical vegetables over the next 40 years. It identifies challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and pests and diseases, but also opportunities from new technologies, improved nutrition understanding, and empowering women. Key points discussed include adapting vegetables to abiotic and biotic stresses, minimizing postharvest losses, protected cultivation techniques, and developing improved and genetically modified varieties. The presentation advocates for changing mindsets around agriculture and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals of improving agriculture systems and raising rural prosperity.
Value chain analysis of tomato sub-sector in lamjung district, NepalSagar Bista
This document summarizes a study on the value chain analysis of tomato production in Lamjung District, Nepal. The study aimed to analyze the tomato value chain and identify constraints faced by actors. It found that farmers obtain the highest profit margin at 73% but production is insufficient to meet demand. The value chain faces issues like high input costs, price competition, losses during transport and lack of organized farmer groups. Recommendations include increasing area and number of tomato farmers, improving infrastructure like markets and storage, strengthening extension services, and promoting product diversification.
Household Gardening Projects in Asia
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Diversification of agriculture productionVaibhav verma
Diversification in agriculture involves allocating resources like land, capital and labor to new crops or non-farm activities. This helps reduce risk and respond to changing demands and policies. Factors leading to diversification include reducing risk, responding to consumer or policy changes, and adapting to external shocks like climate change. Diversification can involve shifting to higher-value crops or transforming the workforce to activities like livestock, fisheries or non-agriculture. This provides more income opportunities for rural farmers.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable handling practices, distribution, and wholesale profitability in Abinchi night market in Kumasi, Ghana. It finds that vegetables are transported from farms to the night market by open and closed trucks, mini vans, and taxis. At the market, vegetables are packed in jute sacks and have a shelf life of 3-7 days depending on the vegetable. The study analyzes the financial records of wholesalers and finds that vegetable wholesale was most profitable in July, August, and September.
Perception of Farmers for Improved Maize Varieties on Local Maize Variety: Th...Premier Publishers
Agriculture is the most important for the developing countries to overcome poverty. It is from this ground the need to analyze the perception of small holder farmers towards improved maize varieties on local maize variety. Out of 19 kebeles in Kiremu district three kebeles were selected using simple random sampling. Simple random sampling was also employed to select the target households. Structured instrumental questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting data from 189 randomly selected households. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze data. Averagely marketability characteristics, yield characteristics, disease resistant characteristics and shattering resistant attributes of improved maize varieties were the most perceived on the local maize variety by the small holder farmers of the study area. Therefore, government and other development organization should create a favorable environment like strengthening farmers’ knowledge on modern agriculture production throughout strengthening of the extension service and giving more attention to farmers’ priorities and needs related to agriculture.
Production and Supply Chain Management of Organic and Inorganic Vegetables in...ijtsrd
A growing interest in environmentally friendly goods and services has been expressed together with concerns for the risks, and broader environmental problems, associated with intensive agriculture. Today, organic production is a combination of new technology and traditional methods. Numerous consumers confronted with increasing environmental problems, food safety issues, and augmentative health problems increasingly desire to have healthier and more natural foods grown in an eco friendly manner. The present study was conducted in Bengaluru urban and rural districts of Karnataka because Bengaluru is one of the major vegetable producing districts of south Karnataka. In recent years large numbers of farmers started practicing the organic cultivation of vegetables in the district. The study aims to investigate factors influencing towards adoption of organic farming, costs of cultivation involved in practicing organic and inorganic farming of selected vegetables viz., tomato, brinjal, cauliflower and cucumber, Consumers willingness to pay WTP for organic vegetables and relevant factors affecting consumers WTP, different supply chains involved in organic and inorganic vegetables marketing and analysis of marketing efficiency, price spread, producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in each supply chain and constraints involved in production and marketing of organic and inorganic vegetables. For the study, 45 farmers each practicing organic and inorganic cultivation of cucumber spread over the district of Bengaluru rural were selected randomly. The data collected from respondents was analysed using budgeting technique and Cobb Douglas Production Function analysis according to the objectives. The results indicated that costs of cultivation of organic vegetables is more compared to inorganic because of increasing costs of organic inputs in all selected vegetables. Resource use efficiency is higher in the case of organic vegetables than that of inorganic. Farmers are realizing high price premium for the organic vegetables and higher net returns. A positive response and willingness to pay for organic vegetables as increasing health conscious of consumers was observed in metropolitan city like Bengaluru. Hence, it is advisable for the farmers to switch over to organic farming which minimizes the environmental degradation and brings higher net returns. Kavya C. | Arjuman Banu | Ruqsar Khanum | Dattatreya Bhatt "Production and Supply Chain Management of Organic and Inorganic Vegetables in Bengaluru Urban and Rural District of Karnataka- An Economic Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59835.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/59835/production-and-supply-chain-management-of-organic-and-inorganic-vegetables-in-bengaluru-urban-and-rural-district-of-karnataka-an-economic-analysis/kavya-c
This document summarizes a study on the value chain analysis of coconut production and marketing in the state of Orissa, India. The study examined the various market channels through which coconut moves from farmers to consumers. It found that marketing channels are well established, moving from farmers to vendors to aggregators and finally to retailers and consumers. While the channels provide adequate capacity to handle supply and demand, little value addition is done at each stage. The study suggests promoting coconut-based industries through collaboration between state and central agencies to improve farmer incomes and increase value addition from the crop in Orissa.
The document discusses various problems faced in agricultural marketing in India, including a large number of middlemen reducing farmers' profits, small landholdings, forced sales, lack of transportation and storage facilities, and issues with the APMC Acts. It provides suggestions to improve the situation such as establishing regulated markets, improving marketing channels through direct sales, contract farming, improving grading/standardization, handling/packing, transportation, and providing market information, training and credit access to farmers. Amending the APMC Acts and increasing government investment in agricultural infrastructure are also recommended.
A critical study on road side marketing a new avenue for farmers in small v...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on roadside marketing as a new avenue for farmers in small villages. The paper analyzes factors influencing customers' purchases of vegetables and fruits on roads and highways in Western Maharashtra, India. It reviews literature on agri-marketing and roadside stands. The study uses surveys of 50 farmers engaged in roadside sales and 200 customers to understand problems and how to better retain customers. Data collection involved interviews and discussions. The research aims to determine if roadside sales can maximize farmer profits by cutting out middlemen.
This document summarizes 3 M.Sc. theses related to agricultural economics from Indian universities. The theses examined regional trends in fertilizer consumption in India, the marketing of vegetables in Dharwad and Hubli markets, and farming systems and watermelon cultivation and marketing in Maharashtra. Key findings included differential state growth rates in fertilizer use, higher producer prices and lower marketing costs in Hubli compared to Dharwad, and more profitability of irrigated versus unirrigated crops and crop-dairy combinations versus sole cropping.
“Economic Analysis of Onion Production in Sujanagar and Santhia Areas of Pabn...inventionjournals
The study investigated the productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of onion production in Sujanagar and Santhia areas of Pabna district, Bangladesh. The multi-stage sampling technique was employed for collecting primary data from a sample of 100 onion farmers elected randomly from four villages in the study area. Findings indicated that the socio-economic characteristics played important role in producing onion where most of the farmers were male, middle aged (41-60), more or less experienced and illiterate and Cobb-Douglas production function was applied for estimating the onion production function which implied the elasticity of output with respect to seed, cultivation, fertilizer, insecticide labor and irrigation that were positive values of 0.136, 0.244, 0.211, 0.130, 0.159 and 0.200 respectively and also significant. The yields, costs of production and net benefit of onion production were 1535.6 kg, Tk. 26329.63 and Tk. 26883.48 per bigha respectively which proved that the onion production was profitable over the study area. But the onion producers faced some major problems such as the lack of appropriate storage facility and technical knowledge, lack of efficient human labor and its higher price, unavailability of high yielding seed and higher input cost in the study area.
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
Plant tissue analysis has emerged as a powerful tool in modern agriculture, enabling farmers and agronomists to optimize crop production by accurately assessing nutrient levels and identifying potential deficiencies. By analyzing the composition of plant tissues, valuable insights can be gained regarding plant health, nutrient uptake, and overall crop performance. As a result, the global market for plant tissue analysis has witnessed significant growth in recent years, driven by the increasing adoption of precision agriculture practices and the need for sustainable farming solutions.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
The study analyzed the socio-economic characteristics of 30 organic and 30 non-organic tomato and chilli farmers in Belgaum district of Karnataka. It found that the average cost of cultivation was higher for organic farms but the net returns were higher due to increased yields. Most organic farmers cited higher returns as the main reason for switching to organic methods. However, the major challenges faced were lack of labor and high commission charges.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China, producing over 169 million tons of vegetables annually. Vegetables are a major export, valued at over $884 million USD annually, with onions, okra, and potatoes as top exports. While production is seasonal, technology and infrastructure have allowed year-round availability through processing, storage, and transportation. Vegetables are sold through various market channels in India including local markets, street vendors, wholesale markets, retail markets, hypermarkets, and new online markets. However, the vegetable market is still dominated by intermediaries, lacks regulation, and poses challenges for both producers and consumers.
A Policy Study on Vegetable Subsector in CambodiaExternalEvents
This document summarizes a study on the vegetable subsector in Cambodia, with a focus on smallholder farmers. It outlines the study methodology, current situation of vegetable production, and key constraints faced by smallholder farmers. The main constraints include lack of market knowledge and coping strategies for price fluctuations, high prevalence of pests and diseases, limited irrigation access, lack of labor, and limited production knowledge. The document recommends policies to address these constraints and associated risks in production, health, and markets faced by smallholder vegetable farmers.
Article 2 A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF ORGANIC FARMERS TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING IN...Dr UMA K
UMA. K (2018) “A STUDY ON PERCEPTION OF ORGANIC FARMERS TOWARDS ORGANIC FARMING IN MANDYA DISTRICT”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162), JETIR1806403, Volume 5, Issue 6, Page No 113-124.
The document discusses knowledge levels of farmers in Kota region of Rajasthan regarding improved pea production technology. It finds that 50.5% of farmers have a medium knowledge level, while 21% have low knowledge and 28.5% have high knowledge. Knowledge was generally higher among small farmers than marginal farmers. The majority of farmers had good knowledge of soil preparation, sowing time, and weed management, while knowledge was lower regarding fertilizer application, irrigation, and seed rates. Improving farmer knowledge of all aspects of pea production technology could help increase yields in the region.
How will Nepal Feed the Millions Who Live in Her Cities
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluk...sanaullah noonari
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre of mango fruit. A
sample of 60 mango farmers was taken purposively from various villages in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh Pakistan. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and net present worth of growing mango
orchard. The mango growers in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs.
6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading respectively in the study area.
The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this
included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs
and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area
obtained per acre233 Mds on an average. On revenue an average per acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained
by the grower of mango in the study area. Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study,
Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study
area. the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs.
203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study
area. Mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the
study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluk...sanaullah noonari
- The document analyzes the economics of mango orchard production under contract farming in Taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar Sindh, Pakistan.
- On average, mango growers spent Rs. 203762 per acre on total production costs, including fixed costs, labor, capital inputs, and marketing costs. They earned an average revenue of Rs. 291250 per acre and net income of Rs. 87488 per acre.
- The study aims to evaluate the benefit-cost ratio and net present worth of mango orchard production under contract farming and suggest policies to increase contract farming of mangoes in the area.
Present Status and Future Scope of Horticulture in PakistanMuhammad Hannan
Horticulture plays an important role in Pakistan's economy and society. It currently provides 42.3% of the country's employment. Major horticultural crops include fruits like citrus, mangoes, grapes, apples and vegetables like potatoes, onions, cabbages. It generates income and improves nutrition and health. However, there are issues like lack of infrastructure, trained workers, markets, and post-harvest losses that need to be addressed for future growth. Addressing these challenges through improved facilities, education, and policies could expand horticulture's contribution in Pakistan.
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
1. Research Article ISSN 2277–9140
Received on October 2012, Published on December 2012 569
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN
COMPUTING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
An International online open access peer reviewed journal
A Comparative Study of Production and Marketing Practices of Vegetables in Nainital and U.S.
Nagar Districts of State Uttarakhand, India
Vinay Kumar Gunwant1
, Mustfa Hussain2
, R.C. Purohit3
, Syed Mohd. Faisal Ali4
, Dr. Divya Rana5
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, MBPG College Haldwani, Department of Commerce Kumaun University,
Nainital, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
2
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Collage of Agribusiness Management, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
3
Associate Professor, MBPG College Haldwani, Department of Commerce, Kumaun University,
Nainital, Uttarakhand State, INDIA
4
Lecture, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5
Associate Professor, King Abdul Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
alisyed.faisal@rediffmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijacit.12.16006
ABSTRACT
Progress in the production of horticultural products depends critically on the marketing infrastructure available to
the farmers. Efficient marketing with a dynamic supply chain is essential for the development of the horticulture
sector. The efficiency of marketing for fruits and vegetables in India has been of significant concern in the recent
years. Poor efficiency in the marketing channels and inadequate marketing infrastructure are believed to be the
cause of not only high and fluctuating consumer prices, but also too little of the consumer rupee reaching the
farmer. Indian farmers typically depend heavily on middlemen particularly in fruits and vegetable marketing. The
producers and the consumers often get a poor deal and the middlemen control the market, but do not add much
value. There is also massive wastage, deterioration in quality as well as frequent mismatch between demand and
supply both spatially and over time (Subbanarasiah, 1991; Singh et.al, 1985). The present study seeks to examine
the market environment for Tomato, Pea, Cabbage and potato crops in two districts of Uttarakhand state of the
country. It examines various aspects of vegetable marketing such as market infrastructure, marketing channels,
marketing practices, marketing costs, marketing margin, marketing efficiency etc. in the wholesale and local
markets in the selected area. The study also made an attempt to identify the prevailing value chain from the
Farmer→ Commission Agent → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer of costs, prices and their shares in the
selected vegetable markets. Regarding disposal of the produce channel-I (producer village commission
agent/wholesaler retailer consumer) was the important one being followed 52.2 to 58.9% vegetable
producers of both of districts who could dispose more than 60 percent of the total produce.
Key Words- Supply Chain Management, Agriculture marketing, marketable and Marketed Surplus, Marketing
efficiency, Price spread and Horticulture
1. Back Ground of Study
2. A comparative study of production and marketing practices of vegetables in Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of state
Uttarakhand, India
570
Vinay Kumar Gunwant et al.,
International Journal of Advances in Computing and Information Technology
It is not enough just produce the vegetables; it must be produced efficiently and marketed successfully. It is
necessary to improve the marketing system to aid development for two reasons; firstly it may work as a
disincentive to increased production; secondly, if the market does not supply consumers with produce at
reasonable prices and at the time and place needed, and then the increased production has no meaning in a welfare
society [7]
The horticulture which includes fruits, vegetable, spices, flowers, medicinal and ornamental plants has proved
beyond doubt its potentiality for gainful diversification. The emerging trend worldwide and also in the country is
indicative of paradigm shift in dietary needs of the people with the rice in the income, which demand for more
horticulture produce. In horticulture, the vegetable crops have been identified as the most remunerative crops for
replacing subsistence farming in rain fed, dry land, hills, arid and coastal agro ecosystems. Being short duration
crops and fewer requirements for capital, vegetables are also best suited in the crop rotation. Such a
diversification in favour of vegetable is sweeping across the nation. With the production of 222.9 million tonnes,
we are today the second largest producers of these crops in the world. The achievement in the development of
horticulture is laudable, as the sector is now contributes more than 30.5 per cent of GDP of agriculture and has
maintained the growth rate of more than 5 per cent during the last two decades (Indian Economy 2011)
Supply chain management plays an essential role in keeping business costs at a minimum and profitability as high
as possible. Supply chain management is defined as the design and operation of physical, management
information and financial systems needed to transfer goods and services from point of production to point of
consumption in an effective and efficient manner.
2. Problem Statement
Uttarakhand, the 27th state of India, has huge potential of seasonal and off seasonal vegetable production. The
state is blessed with conductive climate to grow a large number of vegetable with different quality attributes
round the year. Farmers are growing vegetables in a very good amount. The annual production in Uttarakhand is
1.04 million tonnes from the area of about 80580 hectare. Uttarakhand has a pleasant climate, which is a home
place of different religions, castes, occupations, cultures, speaking diverse languages and of different food
preferences.
Vegetable production in U.S. Nagar and Nainital district is mainly delt with irrigation through ponds, shallow
well and sometimes flood diversion especially towards vegetables where oversupply of harvested products is the
main characteristics. The nature of the product on the one hand and the lack of organized marketing system on the
other have resulted in low producer’s price. There are production and marketing problems challenging vegetable
development in the both of districts.
In spite of over-whelming importance of vegetables in our state no systematic attempt has been made to compare
the production and marketing problems of vegetable in any region (Hill or Plains) of Uttarakhand state.
Uttarakhand opened new fields of agricultural and agribusiness research since its formation in the year 2000. The
above problematic situation calls for a systematic investigation into problems of vegetable marketing as a whole.
3. Objectives
Study is focusing on the following three objectives:
To evaluate the vegetable production and marketing problems.
To identify the existing marketing channels adopting by vegetable producers & work out marketing
efficiency and marketing cost across the all channels
To identify the factors affecting vegetable production and marketing.
3. A comparative study of production and marketing practices of vegetables in Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of state
Uttarakhand, India
571
Vinay Kumar Gunwant et al.,
International Journal of Advances in Computing and Information Technology
3. 1 Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in the Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand. Based on the highest production
of the acreage under vegetable, Ramgarh and Dhari blocks from Nainital and Kashipur and Bajpur blocks from
U.S. Nagar district were selected purposively. A cluster of two villages form each blocks of both of districts were
selected.
To evaluate the objective of the study multistage random sampling technique was adopted. Mainly three channels
of vegetable supply chain (VSC) were identified and selected which were commonly followed in both the districts
Figure 4.1: Existing Supply Chain Followed By Respondents In Study Area
At the initial stage farmers were selected in each chain who sold their produce in selected vegetable supply chain.
In the second stage, intermediaries involved in the supply chain, specially in supply channel of vegetable
marketing where large number of intermediaries existed. In the third stage retailers of each chain were selected.
Similarly, in the final stage the consumer who purchased the vegetables from each channel was selected. Firstly,
in the channel-I of vegetable supply chain 20 farmers, 4 intermediaries, 5 traditional retailers and 20 consumers
were selected randomly. Secondly, in channel-II of vegetable supply chain 20 farmers, 5 retailers and 20
consumers were selected at random that is from the local retailers of both of districts, Thirdly, in channel-III,
vegetable supply chain, 5 farmers/retailers and 20 consumers were selected at random from the local village and
market level. Only 5 farmers were available doing direct business with these formats hence only these all 5
farmers were selected. However the total size of the sample with respect to farmers was decided keeping in mind
the time, resources and availability of sample for the investigator. Thus, total 90 farmers, 4 intermediaries, 10
retailers and 60 consumers were selected from the each district in aggregate for all the channels of VSC. For the
homogeneity of the results four vegetables namely tomato, pea, cabbage and potato which were commonly grown
in large quantities in all the selected channels of Vegetable Supply Chain (VSC) were selected for the study. The
secondary data of vegetable production of both of the districts was collected from the District Horticulture Office
(DHO) and other government department. Simple conventional method of tabular analysis was used to study the
pricing efficiency. Averages and percentage analysis were used to examine the roles played by the intermediaries
and contracting firms, marketing efficiency, marketing cost, marketing margin, Producer’s share in consumer’s
rupee, factors affecting the production and marketing, problems and expectations of the producers, retailers and
consumers in the vegetable supply chain was worked out.
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4. Results
4.1 Major Problems at Farmers/Producer’s and Middlemen’s Level
On the basis of higher priority, the respondent of district Nainital were largely faced problems related with
production e.g. lack of irrigation, lack of information, manpower, finance/credit, inputs, production levels,
insect/pest, diseases, poor linkages with extension agencies inadequate soil testing facilities, risk aversion,
Problems related to marketing included transportation, standardisation and grading, infrastructure, unfair
deductions, storage, market-related information, bargaining and low price received by the farmers for the
produces. There were also other, less important problems. Farmers were aware about most of problems but
unfortunately they had no access by which they could overcome these constraints. While U.S. Nagar district is
much better due to easy Transportation, Infrastructure and market availability.
Maximum middlemen faced problems related to the uncertainty of the arrival of producers and consumers, the
arrival of quantities of produce, standardisation and grading, storage, information on the market prices, quality of
produce, varied mixture in produce and highly perishable nature of produce.
4.2 Existing Major Vegetable Marketing System in The Study Area
Mostly vegetable is traded through regional marketing system in both of the study area of Uttarakhand. The town
and villages in the producing area serve as assembly markets. The markets of production area feed the markets of
consumption area. Haldwani, Nainital and Ramnagar from Nainital and Rudrapur, Bajpur, khatima, Pantnagar and
Kashipur from U.S. Nagar districts are the largest vegetable consuming cities of vegetable produce in kumaon
division of Uttarakhand. A wide variety of marketing agency ie village commission agent, wholesalers, retailers,
brokers, commission agents and others operate at various stages of vegetable marketing. These markets can be
distinguished on the basis of market place and the nature of the trade activities. Five vegetable marketing channels
were identified during the study in both of district, in which three most trendy and common vegetable supply
channels (mostly used by the farmers) were as follows:
Channel (I)
ProducersVillage Commission Agent/ WholesalersRetailers Consumers
Channel (II)
Producers Cooperatives/RetailersConsumer
Channel (III)
ProducersConsumer
1- Producers to village commission agent/wholesalers to retailers to consumer. Two middlemen used this.
While 52.2% respondents from Nainital and 58.9% from U.S. Nagar districts were used it.
2- Producers to cooperative/retailers to consumer. One middleman used this. Where 32% from Nainital and
only 17.8% respondents from U.S. Nagar districts used it.
3- Producer to consumer. No middlemen used this (producers himself play the role of middleman) and only
12.2% of respondents from Nainital and 23.3% from U.S. Nagar used it.
The study revealed that vegetable was the high income generating crops grown by farmers both in Ravi and
Kharif season which collectively covered 20 to 25% of total cropped area in both of the districts. Tomato, pea,
cabbage and potato were the very important vegetables crops of the study area. Regarding disposal of the produce
channel-I (producer village commission agent/wholesaler retailer consumer) was the important one being
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followed 52.2 to 58.9% vegetable producers of both of districts who could dispose more than 60 percent of the
total produce.
In channel-II (producers cooperative/retailer consumer) can play an efficient role in terms of farmer’s high
return in Nainital and U.S. Nagar district while the producers share in consumers rupee is (39.85%) and (39.28%)
respectively.
And channel III (Producers Consumer) may be plays a good role for small farmers of both of district who
dispose there produce directly farm level to consumer and get a good amount 42.80 to 46.50% in consumers rupee
but the numbers of these farmers were very limited.
4.3 Analysis of Marketing Efficiency, Marketing Cost, Marketing Margin and Producer’s Share in
Consumer’s Rupee.
4.3.1 Marketing efficiency
The index of marketing efficiency for Nainital district was found out to be 0.76, 0.90, and 0.96 for channel I, II
and III of vegetable supply chain respectively. Whereas in U.S. Nagar district the index of marketing efficiency
was found out to be 0.78, 0.87 and 1.02 for channel I, II and III of vegetable supply chain respectively.
Hence, the index of marketing efficiency of the different formats indicated for both of districts that channel III
VSC was found to be more efficient than channel II and I VSC because of low operational costs and physical
losses in the supply chain resulted in more producers’ net price to total gross marketing margins.
It is advised to the farmers of both of the district to sell their more vegetable produce through channel III and II to
be encouraged to provide vegetables to consumers, even channel I and II of VSC required more attention to
improve their marketing efficiency.
4.3.2 Marketing cost
In Nainital district the cost incurred per kg of vegetables by channel I, II and III was found out to be Rs. 1.28, Rs.
1.99 and Rs. 1.75 respectively. The total returns per kg of vegetables found out to be Rs. 5.22, Rs. 4.55 and Rs.
4.73 in channel I, II and III respectively. The net return realized by it for one kg of vegetables was Rs. 3.94, Rs.
2.56 and Rs. 2.97 in channel I, II and III respectively.
In the same way, in U.S. Nagar district the cost incurred per kg of vegetables by channel I, II and III was found
out to be Rs. 1.21, Rs. 1.29 and Rs. 0.81 respectively. The total returns per kg of vegetables found out to be Rs.
5.01, Rs. 4.30 and Rs. 4.84, in the channel I, II and III respectively. But the net return realized by it for one kg of
vegetables was Rs. 3.80, Rs. 3.01 and Rs. 4.04 in channel I, II and III respectively. Hence, in both of districts the
highest marketing cost was incurred by channel II which followed by other channel in vegetable supply chain.
4.3.3 Marketing Margin
Marketing margins measures the gap between net price received by the cultivators and the price paid by the
consumer. In the point of view of marketing efficiency this gap has to be reduced to the bearest minimum.
In Nainital district the marketing margin as percentage of consumer price was found to be less in channel III of
VSC (1.92%) as compared to channel I (1.96%) and in channel II (1.99%) because of high gross marketing
margin in channel I and III as compared to channel II of the VSC.
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While in U.S. Nagar districts marketing margin percentage in consumer’s price was found to be less in channel II
of VSC (1.97%) as compared to channel I (1.99%) and in channel III (2.06%) because of high gross marketing
margin in channel III as compared to other formats of the VSC.
4.3.4 Producers share in consumer’s rupee
The producers share in the consumer rupee in Nainital districts was found out to be higher in channel III VSC
(42.80%) compared to channel II (39.85%) and channel I (31.85%).
On other hand in U.S. Nagar district it was found out to be higher in channel III VSC (46.50%) compared to
channel II (39.28%) and channel I (31.37%).
Thus, the above data indicating that the producers share ranged between 31.37 to 46.50% including both of the
districts and rest went to the middleman. The latter’s share need to be reduces in such a way that it provides better
remunerating to the producers without affecting the vegetable marketing business adversely.
4.4 Factors, Affecting Vegetable Production and Marketing
Through the direct observation and discussion with the farmers of both of the district’s it has been found that the
following factors are mostly affecting vegetable production and marketing:
Household’s labours: the farmers of both of districts had difficulties to assign a member to look after the
vegetables production because there are lot of work needs to be done, such as looking after cattle,
weeding, house work, and other farm activities.
Household’s assets/equipments: households belonging and assets such as television, radio, bicycle,
motors and farm equipment are important causes effecting to farmer’s decisions. Few programs on
television and radio showed market information or agriculture techniques, according to both of districts
farmers. So, even thought farmers have the media equipment, they still cannot get any information related
to their vegetables production improvement or marketing information.
Household’s understanding/education: labour’ skill and education are other dynamic factors. It directly
affected two components of vegetable production managements that are inputs application and new
techniques practicing. According to key informants interviewed farmers who have good transportation but
do not access vegetables inputs market level. Lack of knowledge and skill in using for vegetable.
5. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
On the basis of the results the study makes major recommendations over the constraints for enhancing vegetable
production and marketing in both of districts. The constraints and recommendations are categorized into seven
major aspects which are presented as follows:
Categories Constraints Recommendations
Technology/
production
development
Technology is lacking at production level.
Cultivation practices are not well known to
the farmers, focused on the management of
the crop.
Lack of improved seed with large produce
size, good quality fertilizer etc.
Quality maintenance (poor grading and
Government /DADO /Private /NGOs
intervention regarding organize training to the
producer (cultivation techniques with low cost
technology approach) on vegetable production
technology focused on management, critical
stages (flowering stage, pod formation stage)
to be note down on the crop calendar for its
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packaging of vegetables)
High wilting problem.
better management and post harvest
management techniques should be focused.
Produce quality seed for growing seasonal/off-
seasonal vegetable crop by developing
community based seed producers (CBSP)
groups in the village level.
Provide new high yielding, disease resistant
and bold produce varieties for better
yield(Local NGOs, DADOs and Village Level
Agent)
Marketing Lack of knowledge / information regarding
market price poor women are underpaid
than market price.
No price regulation
Roads are graveled
Pricing system should be done scientifically
with the involvement of representative of
farmes’
Government /Village Level Agent /NGO/
DADOs intervention regarding pricing system
and broadcasting of market information
through community radio and local newspaper,
Pricing techniques should be developed on the
basis of parameters involved during production
period (Inputs, processing, cleaning, grading
and transportation).
Government should construct black topped
road in rural hilly area, so that the produce can
be transported in an easy manner and in a cost
effective way.
Input supply Unavailability of quality seed (quality
assured from government), fertilizers
(fertilizes without quality testing),
pesticides etc. good quality variety (high
yielding) is lacking.
High price of agriculture inputs (cost of
seeds, fertilizers etc)
Processing in receiving loan is lengthy.
After registration with application for loan,
the loan will be released lately i.e. one-two
months.
New varieties in place of old variety
(diseased, low yielding), forced to grow this
variety as there are no option for this
variety.
Quality assured seeds (germination>70%,
purity>85%) from National seed company,
Private seed company, CBSPs should provide
in reasonable price and in accessible manner.
Fertilizers should be provided through the
government channel not through open boarder
movement. Open boarders has forced farmers’
to use low quality fertilizers in a high rate.
This should be controlled through government
sector. Or should encourage private sector for
fertilizer supply. Sudden check on dealers for
the quality and price of fertilizers should be
done.
Loan sanction process should be quick and in a
simplified manner.
Government should promote newly released
and high yielding varieties in the area, where
they are not introduced, through information
required document (IRD) or publications.
Management and
organization
No producers/ farmers or retailers
association for advocacy.
Farmers’ voice is not taken seriously in the
house.
Association of stakeholders (DADO, retailers,
farmers), should be made for advocacy.
Facilitation to make association, through a
meeting. Initiatives can be taken by NGOs, or
Government.
Farmers’ association should be aware and
brought into action proactively for
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incorporating their voice. Awareness program
can be done through Farmers’ political wings.
Policy Lack of policy regarding price fixation and
crop insurance.
Lack of subsidy provision in agriculture
inputs.
Government should facilitate to established
agriculture insurance and provide subsidy
provision to poor farmers (in energy, fertilizer,
seed etc.)
Price fixation can be discussed in a policy
level, so that the farmers’ are not in vain. Price
fixation committee for vegetable produce can
be done in a district level headed by DADO.
Lobby with government department to fix the
minimum support price of the vegetable
products and compensation for crop failure due
to natural calamities.
Infrastructure Inadequate storage facilities during
vegetable collection and off-seasons.
Inadequate irrigation facilities.
Lack of grading and packaging material in
farmer’s level.
Poor quality rural road for transportation.
DDC/VDC has the budget for infrastructure
building, while recently (2012) the state
government has approved FDI (Foreign Direct
Investment) for developing infrastructure in
rural areas. So they can facilitate and support
to develop storage (warehouses) and irrigation
facility those area where vegetable production
are extremely high.
Can recommend a group/cooperative in DADO
for irrigation facilities.
A meeting with DADO to recommend the
potential seed producers in the district for
receiving the fund from Government for
establishing POST HARVEST CENTER
through Engineering department of agriculture.
Crete pressure group to channelize the total
government budget to rural road construction.
Finance Deposit needed to get loan.
Long and tedious process of loan sanction.
High interest rate for short term loan.
Limited access of farmers to bank for
vegetable farming.
Loan should be provided in a simplify manner,
for that the process can be shortened.
(Collateral and a application can release the
loan for the farmers)
Government / Market regulatory authorities
should provide loan to the farmers in a low
interest rate (Low interest for agriculture). This
would be an attraction for poor farmers and
provide confidence and encourage cultivating
the vegetable crops.
Community based own microfinance institute
(MFIs) should be established in block level for
easily receiving the loan to the farmers.
Develop trust between bank and entrepreneur
through coordination, linkage and preparing
business plan to reduce risk factor of bank.
6. Tables
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Table 1: Year Wise Area and Production of Vegetable in District Nainital
A= Area in Hectare P= Production in metric Tonnes
Source: District Horticulture office, Nainital
Table 2: Year Wise Area and Production of Vegetable in District Udham Singh Nagar
A= Area in Hectare P= Production in metric Tonnes
SN Vegetables
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
A P A P A A A P A P
1 Tomato 251 8661 795 12195 871 13413 882 13582 894 13589
2 Pea 1606 10489 1807 11380 1982 12685 2179 13944 2201 14865
3 Cabbage 320 10654 317 5418 353 6177 365 6387 375 6409
4 Cauliflower 231 4199 251 4644 251 4644 262 4716 267 4786
5 Brinjal 150 4114 186 2980 352 5615 360 5615 364 5625
6 Capsicum 95 461 143 574 155 594 169 651 171 664
7 Beans 44 304 42 294 42 294 51 332 53 339
8 Radish 173 3800 173 2979 173 2979 188 3196 194 3367
9 Ladyfinger 290 1188 410 4284 460 4830 468 4915 481 4926
10 Onion 290 7238 296 3255 296 3255 315 3465 320 3500
11 others 652 10083 722 9151 736 6755 771 7092 785 7102
Total 4102 61191 5142 57154 5671 61241 6010 63895 6105 65172
12 Potato 1940 32980 2473 52265 2516 2516 2516 53338 2530 53630
Source: District Horticulture office, Udham Singh Nagar
References
1. Annual Report 2011. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India March, Indian Economy 2011.
SN Vegetables
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
A P A P A A A P A P
1 Tomato 1850 18170 1850 19201 1922 19987 1938 20346 2022 21249
2 Pea 1800 8765 1800 9739 1872 10481 1886 10558 1936 10938
3 Cabbage 870 13269 870 13891 903 14448 927 14832 970 15535
4 Cauliflower 200 1090 200 1206 206 1252 214 1284 216 1298
5 Brinjal 200 2470 200 2606 205 2675 208 2704 209 2720
6 Capsicum 210 630 210 906 214 932 224 1038 233 1101
7 Beans 300 2504 300 2729 308 2840 317 2926 320 2955
8 Radish 277 5263 277 5629 291 5965 310 6347 320 6557
9 Ladyfinger 250 2375 250 2503 250 2592 250 2592 252 2633
10 Onion 130 679 130 800 143 892 152 987 157 1021
11 others 2043 14301 2043 16057 2043 16563 2043 16563 2048 16704
Total 8130 69516 8130 75267 8357 78627 8469 80177 8683 82711
12 Potato 2464 55248 2471 55350 2471 55350 2498 56265 2522 56464
10. A comparative study of production and marketing practices of vegetables in Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of state
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