This document discusses validity and ethics in research. It defines validity as how closely a research proposition reflects the truth. It then examines different types of validity including conclusion validity, internal validity, construct validity, and external validity. Each type of validity builds upon the previous one. The document also discusses ethics in research, noting that ethical norms serve research aims and apply to researchers. It outlines three moral principles from the Belmont Report: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The document concludes by noting that past transgressions in research led to changes in ethical standards and oversight.

1. VALIDITY ETHICS IN RESEARCH
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

2. WHAT IS VALIDITY IN RESEARCH?
“Validity can be defined as the best available approximate to
the truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion.”
Trochim, William M.K. (2006). Introduction to Validity. In The Research Methods Knowledge Base (pp. 20-30). Ohio: Cengage Learning.

3. CONCLUSION VALIDITY
CASE STUDY: BREAD
Is there a relationship between the
cause and the effect?
Bautista-Castaño, Inmaculada, and Serra-Majem, Lluis (2012). Relationship
between bread consumption, body weight, and abdominal fat distribution:
evidence from epidemiological studies. Nutrition Reviews 70(4), 218-233.

4. INTERNAL VALIDITY
CASE STUDY: TOMATOES
Is the relationship causal?
Agarwal, Sanjiv, and Rao, A. Venketeshwer (1998). Tomato Lycopene and Low
Density Lipoprotein Oxidation: A Human Dietary Intervention Study. Lipids,
33(10), 981-984.

5. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
CASE STUDY: BEEF
Can we generalize to
the constructs?
Banović, Marija, Fontes, Magda Aguiar, Barreira, Maria Madalena, Grunert,
Klaus G. (2012). Impact of Product Familiarity on Beef Quality Perception. Wiley
Online Library 28(2), 157-172.

6. EXTERNAL VALIDITY
CASE STUDY: CONSUMPTION
Can we generalize to other
persons, places, or times?
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-
Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of
Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.

7. VALIDITY ADDS UP
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
Each type of validity builds on the
one before it.
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-
Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of
Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.

8. VALIDITY ADDS UP
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
Each type of validity builds on the
one before it.
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-
Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of
Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.

9. WHAT ABOUT ETHICS IN RESEARCH?
“Ethical norms [for conduct] serve the aims or goals of
research and apply to people who conduct scientific research
or other scholarly or creative activities.”
Resnik, David B. (2011 May 1). What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important? National Institute of Environmental Health Services. Retrieved Oct 13, 2014.

10. THREE MORAL
PRINCIPLES
THE BELMONT REPORT (1978)
Respect for persons
Benefice
Justice
Marshall, Catherine, Rossman, Gretchen B. (2011). Trustworthiness and Ethics.
Designing Qualitative Research Fifth Edition. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 39-52.

11. TRANSGRESSIONS,
CHECKS BALANCES
TRANSGRESSIONS LED TO CHANGES
Marshall, Catherine, Rossman, Gretchen B. (2011). Trustworthiness and Ethics.
Designing Qualitative Research Fifth Edition. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 39-52.
Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949)
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1937-1972)
Thalidomide Experiments (late 1950s)
Gene Therapy Experiment (1999)