Hypothesis and IV and DV
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The document outlines the experimental method in science, which involves asking questions and developing hypotheses, designing and carrying out research to test theories by manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable, and analyzing whether the findings support or refute the theory. It discusses the different types of hypotheses, provides examples of experimental hypotheses and studies, and explains the importance of controlling for extraneous variables that could influence the results.
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- Basic research aims to advance knowledge without focusing on direct applications, through developing or testing new theories and concepts. Applied research seeks practical solutions to specific problems through empirical study and analysis to arrive at conclusions.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The summary discusses each of the main steps in research methodology at a high level.
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Session 2 Literature Review
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review, including defining what a literature review is, the purpose and importance of reviewing literature, key steps in the literature review process such as selecting topics, searching literature sources, analyzing and synthesizing information, using proper citation and referencing styles, and structuring the literature review. It discusses evaluating the quality, objectivity, and authenticity of sources, as well as addressing issues of plagiarism. Guidelines are provided for writing the literature review, including highlighting emerging issues, citing a variety of relevant sources, and using an active voice.
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Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the objectives, scope, design and methods to efficiently obtain reliable results. It is an important process for advancing knowledge across many fields.
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The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and describes the objectives and characteristics of research. It discusses the scientific method, including basic postulates and criteria for good research. It also outlines the research process, including defining the research problem and reviewing literature. The summary covers the key aspects of research methodology discussed in the document such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of the scientific method, criteria for good research, and steps in the research process.
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This is lesson 2 of the course on Research Methodology conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Literature review (1)
This document provides guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It discusses the purpose of a literature review in analyzing and critically evaluating previous research on a topic. The document offers tips for finding relevant sources, narrowing a topic, developing a thesis statement, and organizing a literature review. It provides direction on what to include in writing a literature review such as summarizing previous findings, identifying gaps, and making recommendations for further research.
Developing hypothesis and research questions
The document discusses hypotheses, providing definitions and discussing the nature, types, and formulation of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. The main types discussed are the null hypothesis, which represents a theory to be tested, and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis. It also discusses how hypotheses are formulated differently for qualitative versus quantitative research, with qualitative research often using research questions rather than hypotheses.
Research questions and hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between variables that can be tested. The null hypothesis predicts no relationship, while alternative hypotheses predict a relationship or difference.
- Good hypotheses are testable, specific, and empirically referenced. They should specify the variables and describe a single relationship. Difficulties in formulation may arise from a lack of theoretical framework or ability to phrase the hypothesis strongly.
- Hypotheses can come from various sources like past research, discussions, or personal experiences. While some argue hypotheses can bias research, others believe they are necessary for guiding different types of studies.
Literature review in the research process
Presented by Joyce Maru, Nicholas Ndiwa and Francis Wanyoike at the ILRI Graduate Fellows skills training, Nairobi, 16 September 2013
Introduction to Research Methodology
Introduction to Research Methodology
+ What is Research?
+ The purpose of Research
+ Specifications of High Quality Research
+ Motivations of Research
+ Types of Research
+ Steps of Conducting Research
+ Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
+ Analytical / Applied Research
Research process
Research involves systematically investigating problems through an open-minded search for knowledge. The research process consists of 7 steps: (1) defining the research problem, (2) reviewing relevant literature, (3) formulating testable hypotheses, (4) designing the research methodology, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing the data, and (7) interpreting the findings and reporting results. Following these steps in order helps ensure effective and rigorous research.
Introduction to Thesis
This document provides an overview of the requirements and process for writing a Master's thesis. It discusses defining research, identifying a problem, selecting a research problem, conducting a literature review, and issues to consider when reading papers. The key points are:
- A thesis requires 12 credits and a published 11 page manuscript. It must follow the Graduate School's guidelines.
- Research involves systematically studying a field to establish facts or principles.
- Problems can come from work, literature, discussions, or courses and must be interesting, urgent, useful, within one's abilities, unique, and feasible.
- Literature reviews examine if a research question was already answered and help identify gaps. Useful websites include Google Scholar and PubMed
Steps of scientific research
The scientific method involves collecting and analyzing information in an unbiased manner to accurately represent observable phenomena. There are several standard steps, including making observations, formulating a research question and hypothesis, designing an experiment, determining the research type (observational or experimental), obtaining ethical clearance, collecting and analyzing data, writing results in a manuscript, and seeking publication. The overall goal is to produce replicable results through a process of observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, and verification or falsification of results.
The structure of the research paper
The structure of the research paperDavao Institute for Educational Research Development & Consultancy
This document discusses the structure and process of writing a research paper. It covers the typical sections of a research paper - introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide context and an overview, while the body contains the main arguments or analysis. The conclusion restates the thesis and discusses implications. Choosing a good research topic is also addressed, noting it should be verifiable, interesting, and manageable in scope. Brainstorming different topic ideas from categories like people, events, trends and controversies can help identify a focus. Asking questions like who, what, when, where, why and how further narrows the topic.Research notes
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous related work, developing a hypothesis, designing the research including determining the sample, collecting data, and executing the project. The summary discusses each of the main steps in research methodology at a high level.
Types of literature review
This document outlines different types of literature reviews, including narrative reviews, critical reviews, scoping reviews, conceptual reviews, state-of-the-art reviews, argumentative reviews, integrative reviews, historical reviews, methodological reviews, theoretical reviews, quantitative and qualitative meta-analysis reviews, and systematic reviews. It provides brief descriptions of each type of literature review and what they aim to accomplish, such as summarizing previous research, identifying gaps, or comparing and evaluating perspectives.
Session 2 Literature Review
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review, including defining what a literature review is, the purpose and importance of reviewing literature, key steps in the literature review process such as selecting topics, searching literature sources, analyzing and synthesizing information, using proper citation and referencing styles, and structuring the literature review. It discusses evaluating the quality, objectivity, and authenticity of sources, as well as addressing issues of plagiarism. Guidelines are provided for writing the literature review, including highlighting emerging issues, citing a variety of relevant sources, and using an active voice.
Introduction To Research
Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the objectives, scope, design and methods to efficiently obtain reliable results. It is an important process for advancing knowledge across many fields.
Research process
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Introduction to research
This document discusses research in health and social care. It begins by defining research and explaining why it is needed to systematically build knowledge and test treatments. The document then outlines three basic characteristics of research in this field - that it must be logical, understandable, and useful. Next, it describes the overall research process and some common research philosophies and methodologies, including quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods approaches. Examples of different types of research projects are also provided.
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This document provides an overview of experimental research methods, including key concepts like independent and dependent variables, hypotheses, and controlling for extraneous variables. It discusses research techniques like PET, MRI, and fMRI scans and how they provide different information about brain activity and structure. Examples are given to demonstrate how to identify variables and write hypotheses for an experimental study on whether drinking alcohol affects driving ability. Control and experimental groups are also defined. Finally, potential extraneous and confounding variables that could impact study results are explained.
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Independent and Dependent Variables
i do not owned the content... just made the presentation but not the contents... credits to all my resources... :) IV_DV is a presentation for Independet and Dependent variables... as well as the significance of research... It contains a simple games consisting of hyperlinks... so just simply discover the hyperlink contents and enjoy using the presentation...
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5. Develop a procedure to carefully record observations and measurements collected from each group in an organized format like a data table.
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This proposed study involves deception of participants regarding the true purpose of the study and the use of anger-inducing tactics, which could cause psychological distress. These aspects would likely not pass ethical review. Some key issues are:
- Informed consent is compromised by deception about the true purpose of learning biofeedback skills. Participants are not fully informed about what they are consenting to.
- Anger induction through nasty comments could cause psychological harm or distress, which is not justified if the goal is simply to study mood changes related to ion levels.
- While debriefing would explain the deception, past anger/frustration experienced in the study could still negatively impact mood even after debriefing.
- Alternative methods could study
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Hypothesis and IV and DV
- 1. How Science Works Experimental method
- 2. Experimental Process 1. Ask questions and develop theories about how, why and where things happen 2. Develop these into a specific hypothesis (predictions) 3. Design & Carry out research to test these theories – what happens when we try it out?
- 3. Experimental Process Findings support or refute theory = refine theory
- 4. Hypotheses • 2 types: Experimental Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (Alternative Hypothesis) - A prediction of the outcome -Findings are due to chance -There is no relationship or difference as predicted
- 5. Try writing an Experimental & Null hypothesis for these possible studies 1. A study that aims to look at the effect of music on concentration 2. A study that aims to look at the amount of TV a child watches and their behaviour at school 3. A study that aims to see whether a task, such as counting backwards from the number 15 after seeing a list of letters, will affect the ability to recall of those letters
- 6. Experimental Hypotheses You may wish to predict the direction of the effect = Directional / One-tailed e.g. – Students’ performance will improve with practice – Eating chocolate will increase happiness – Taking regular exercise will decrease risk of heart disease • Alternatively, you can just say that there will be an effect = Non-directional / Two-tailed
- 8. Examples 1. Students remember more words when recalling them in the same location in which they were learnt than when in a different location. 2. Recall of a story is affected by the length of time since hearing the story.
- 9. Experimental Process • Experiments are one of the most commonly used methods in psychology • An experiment is a research method in which the researcher – the experimenter – has a high degree of control. • The experimenter controls/manipulates the independent variable (IV) and measures the dependent variable (DV)
- 10. Example • If we were to conduct an experiment on whether television distracts students from studying, what would be the IV and the DV? HINT: Look for what is being measured (DV) first, IV is then easy to identify!
- 11. • Both IV & DV MUST be measurable = Operationalise • There are usually two values of the IV e.g. – Noise or no noise – Smoker or non-smoker – Male or Female • These determine the conditions of the experiment • The conditions can be arranged in several different ways (There can be more than 2 conditions)
- 12. Other variables • What else might affect the study? • Any variable (except for the IV) that can influence your findings = extraneous variables E.g. Participant Variables = age, gender, experience, emotion Situational Variables = noise, light, time of day, crowds, interruptions
- 13. • If an extraneous variable is NOT controlled for and impacts the results = Confounding variable
Editor's Notes
- Register Q ’s / register and quiz (memory, information processing, encoding, storage, retrieval) Explain why doing the experimental method – Recap what are cognitive psych interested in? As mentioned in the first lesson, Experiments are used in cog approach and other approaches. Before going into the really interesting content of cog approach there are some key features of the experimental process that you need to be familiar with. *NB – all methods across all approaches BUT Cog = Experiment for exam; Social = survey
- Who does science? What are the components of a scientific experiment – what is the first thing you do?
- Study: Aim – general statement why study being done Procedure, Results, Conclusion
- Gender affects driving ability Alcohol will affect reaction times Driving will be affected by tiredness Smoking will impact lung capacity Null: etc There will be no difference in driving between those who have slept and those who have stayed awake. Any difference is due to chance or some other factor in the study. Ie. Different driving abilities
- Feedback – exp & null Directional or non?
- In pairs : Work out if you wrote a one-tailed or a two-tailed and write the opposite
- Help you rem
- Directional or non?? WS – one tailed or two tailed
- Why NB for control? Replicable & scientific & Objective - Also produce quantitative results Variables are whatever is likely to affect the experiment – tested, measured, affects results If we wanted to investigate if smoking lowers your lung capacity? alcohol slows reaction times?? Fatigue and driving performance?… how would we do it? What do you think (hyp)? What would we control (manipulate) and what would we measure? Smokers vs non smokers (IV) Measure- time can hold breathe? Blow into a lung capacity? (DV)
- Easier to Identify DV (what is being measured first) and then easy to find IV Look at your hyp circle IV & underline DV WS – either use one tailed two tailed or new WS in file ‘Hypotheses’
- Will come back to conditions later
- E.g. I want to test your intelligence so, I was to give you and the other AS psych class a test to see which group was better but I gave the one group the test first thing in the morning and the other group the test after a whole day at school and after playing sport and before supper– would I be able to fairly compare the two results and come to conclusions about which class is more intelligent? What else could affect results?? Participant variables = use driving / tired example. What participant variables? How can control? Situational Variables
- Extraneous = possibilities that need to be aware of when designing exp Confounding = actually did affect results We will look at methods of control later on ….