Introduction and detailed presentation in the field of vaccines and their need.

1. Vaccination: Be Immunized
to have a Healthy Life!
Nimisha Tiwari
AcSIR 2013-2014
Under the supervision of
Dr.Anirban Pal

2. What is Immunity????
( Latin: Immunis = "to make safe“)
The resistance of the host body towards the
pathogenic microbe and its toxin is called as
Immunity!!!!!

3. Related Lingoes

4. • Pathogen- Microorganism that can cause disease.
• Antigen- (Foreign substances; Non-self materials)
It is not an organism, but rather, a molecule
attached to a foreign organism that activates an
antibody response.
Organic compounds with high molecular weight.
• Cytokine/Lymphokine/Chemokine – Growth
factors specialized to control cell division and
differentiation in the immune system.
• Antibody- Protein molecules (Immunoglobulins)
produced by B lymphocyte to eliminate an
antigen.

5. Father of Immunology
Edward Jenner!!!!!
He was an English country
doctor who pioneered
vaccination.
 Jenner's discovery in 1796
that inoculation with cowpox
gave immunity to smallpox, was
an immense medical
breakthrough and has saved
countless lives.

6. Innate (non-specific)
immunity
• Anatomic barriers
(Skin,mucous
membranes)
• Physological barriers
(temperature, pH)
• Phagocytic Barriers (cells
that eat invaders)
• Inflammatory barriers
(redness, swelling, heat
and pain)
Adaptive (specific)
immunity
• Antigen specificity
• Diversity
• Immunological
memory
• Self/nonself
recognition
Types of Immunity

8. Humoral immune
response
Lymphocyte produce
antibodies in response to
certain specific antigens
Antibody binds to antigen
and destroy by variety of
mechanism
B-cells are responsible!
Cellular immune
response
Lymphocyte and
Macrophages cooperate
Direct Destruction of
pathogenic organisms
T-cells are responsible!

10. What is a Vaccine??????
A preparation of a weakened or killed
pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of
a portion of the pathogen's structure that
upon administration stimulates antibody
production or cellular immunity against the
pathogen but is incapable of causing severe
infection.

11. Aim of an ideal vaccine
• To produce the same immune protection which
usually follows natural infection but without causing
disease
• To generate long-lasting immunity
• To interrupt spread of infection

12. Vaccine efficacy is tested as
well.....
1) Does the candidate vaccine prevent disease?
2) Does it prevent infection with the
pathogen?
3) Does it lead to production of antibodies or
other types of immune responses related to
the pathogen?

13. Vaccination.................
• Active Immunity produced
• Immunity and immunologic memory similar to
natural infection but without risk of disease
• Nine diseases can be prevented by routine
childhood immunisation - diphtheria, tetanus,
whooping cough, poliomyelitis (polio), measles,
mumps, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib) and hepatitis B. All of these diseases can cause
serious complications and sometimes death.

14. • Two Artificial Methods of Immunity
– Active immunization
• Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a
protective immune response
– Passive immunization
• Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of
antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
• Administration of antiserum containing preformed
antibodies

15. Active Immunization
• Vaccine safety
• Problems associated with
immunization
1.Mild toxicity most common
2.Risk of anaphylactic shock
3.Residual virulence from
attenuated viruses
4.Allegations that certain
vaccines cause autism,
diabetes and asthma
Passive Immunotherapy
Antisera have several limitations
•Contain antibodies against
many antigens
•Can trigger allergic reactions
called serum sickness
•Viral pathogens may
contaminate antisera
•Antibodies of antisera are
degraded relatively quickly

16. Figure The characteristics of immunity produced by active immunization and passive
immunotherapy
Passive
immunotherapy
Injection
Boosters
Active
immunization
Time
Initial
inoculation
Antibody(IgG,IgM)concentration(titer)

17. Live Attenuated Vaccine
•Attenuated form of virus or bacterium
•Must replicate to be effective
•Immune response similar to natural
infection
•Interference from circulating antibodies
•Severe reactions may be possible
•Usually produce immunity with one dose
Inactivated Vaccine
•Heat or chemically inactivated virus or
bacterium
•Cannot replicate
•Mostly humoral response
•Less interference than live vaccines from
circulating antibodies
•Antibody titre diminishes with time
•Requires 3-5 doses

21. Vaccine may also contain
• Preservatives and stabilizers
• Thiomersal
• Formaldehyde
• Adjuvants
• Egg Protein

22. Levels of effectiveness
• Absolutely protective(100%): Yellow fever vaccine
• Almost absolutely protective (99%): Variola,
measles, mumps, rubella vaccines, and diphtheria
and tetanus toxoids.
• Highly protective (80-95%): Polio, BCG, Hepatitis B,
and pertussis vaccines.
• Moderately protective (40-60%): Cholera vaccine,
and influenza killed vaccine.

23. STAGES OF REVIEW AND REGULATION
FOR DEVELOPING VACCINES
•Phase 1 - Safety,
immunogenicity (prelim)
•Phase 2 – Immunogenicity,
Safety, Dose Ranging
•Phase 3 – Efficacy, Safety,
Immunogenicity
•BLA – Pre-clinical and clinical
data to support approval,
inspection
•Phase 4 – Inspection, Safety,
Efficacy, Lot Release
•BLA-Supplement (post-
approval changes)
VACCINE

24. Plant based Immuno-adjuvants
• Lack of availability of a suitable adjuvant is a
major problem in vaccine development against
several diseases, eg. Malaria vaccine.
• Plant-based vaccines, which are easy to produce
and administer, and require no cold chain for
their heat stability.
• More recently, it has been shown that even highly
immunogenic, enveloped plant-based vaccines
can be produced at a competitive and more
efficient rate than conventional strategies.

25. Benefits of using transgenic plants for
vaccine production
1. Eliminates possibility of infections or innate toxicity
2. Concerns with viral contamination are eliminated
3. Economical means of large-scale production
4. Maximization of protein stability
5. Reduced cost
6. Oral administration is possible

27. • Allium sativum
• Aloe vera
• Andrographis paniculata
• Asparagus racemosus
• Azadirachta indica
• Curcuma longa
• Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
• Ocimum sanctum
• Panax ginseng
• Phyllanthus emblica
• Picrorhiza kurroa
• Tinospora cordifolia
• Withania somnifera

28. Common Doubts.....!!!!!.......

29. 1. Why do some vaccines require boosters?
• The persistence of immunity against a particular
disease may depend on the speed with which that
disease typically progresses through the body.
• Boosters serve as a “reminder” to your immune
system.
2. Why is vaccination recommended if it can cause side
effects?
• The occurrence of these side effects is extremely rare.
• Choosing not to vaccinate also has serious risks.
Vaccines protect against potentially fatal infectious
diseases; avoiding vaccination raises the risk of
contracting those diseases and spreading them to
others.

30. 3. Why can’t we eradicate other diseases, as we did
with smallpox?
• Infectious disease for which an effective vaccine
exists should be eradicable.
• Smallpox has no animal reservoir. That is, it can’t
“hide” in an animal population and re-emerge to
infect humans, while some diseases can do just that
(yellow fever, for example, can infect some primates;
if a mosquito then bites an infected primate, it can
transmit the virus back to humans).

31. • Another obstacle to eradication for many infectious
diseases is visibility.
People with smallpox
were highly visible: the
smallpox rash was
easily recognizable, so
that new cases could be
detected quickly.
Polio, by contrast,
causes no visible
symptoms in about 90%
of the people it infects.
As a result, tracking the
spread of the polio
virus is extremely
difficult, which makes it
a difficult eradication
target.
Measles patients, for
example, can become
infectious up to four
days before the
appearance of the
measles rash. As a
result, they can pass the
virus on to many, many
other people before
anyone even knows
that they are infected.

32. 4. Time table for getting vaccinated

34. Some Related Facts........
• Immunization prevents between 2-3 million deaths every year.
• In 2010, an estimated 109 million children under the age of one
were vaccinated with three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis
(DTP3) vaccine. These children are protected against infectious
diseases that can have serious consequences like illness, disability or
death.
• Over 1 million infants and young children die every year from
pneumococcal disease and rotavirus diarrhoea.
• Global measles mortality has been reduced from an estimated
5,35,300 deaths in 2000 to 1,39,300 in 2010, thanks to intensified
vaccination campaigns.

35. • Since 1988, polio cases have decreased by over 99%, from an
estimated 3.5 lakh cases to 1,352 reported cases in 2010.
• The Vaccine Advisory Committee approved a field test of
Salk’s polio vaccine,the trial began the next day. In all, over
1.3 million children participated in the trial. The trial was a
randomized, double-blinded test, meaning that children
were randomly assigned to either the control group or the
vaccine group
• In comaprison to 1988, annual deaths from neonatal tetanus
have fallen upto half of its rate.

36. • Although the smallpox has been eradicated from the planet, but
the causative agent Variola virus stocks are still kept at
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in
Atlanta
The State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology, in
Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, in Russia.
•In 1981, India reported over 38,000 cases of polio. By 1999,
intensive vaccination campaigns had succeeded in eradicating
the Type 2 strain of virus from India.
The last case of polio in India, in two-year-old Rukhsaar
Khatoon, was confirmed on 13 January 2011. India was
removed from the list of polio-endemic countries in 2012, and
marked two years without a case of polio on 13 January 2013.
As no new cases were found by January, 2014, the nation
was officially declared polio-free.

37. Credited with saving millions of lives
through the development of more than
30 vaccines.
Of the 14 vaccines routinely recommended
in current vaccine schedules, he
developed eight:
Measles
Mumps
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Chickenpox
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae Dr. Maurice Hilleman
1919-2005

38. Summary
Vaccination does more than boosting the host’s
defense mechanism, protecting an individual,
it moreover protects the community, the
entire human race!

39. References
• http://www.who.int/immunization/wer7904BCG_Jan04_position_paper.pdf
• http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen
• http://en.wikipedia.org
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds
• http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/show.swemeshtree.cfm?Mesh_No=G06.930&to
ol=karolinska
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncird/
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/353227/lytic-phage
• http://www.bmj.com/content/334/7597/774
• http://amhistory.si.edu/polio/virusvaccine/how.htm
• http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/immunization/facts/en/index2.html
• http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/top-20-questions-about-
vaccination#1
• http://www.iapindia.org/IMM%20Schedule.pdf
• http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/general/understanding-vaccine-
research-terms
• http://www.chop.edu/service/parents-possessing-accessing-communicating-
knowledge-about-vaccines/vaccine-science/vaccine-science-related-issues.html

40. • Scotti, N., Buonaguro, L., Tornesello, M., Cardi, T. and Buonaguro, F. (2010). Plant-
based anti-HIV-1 strategies: vaccine molecules and antiviral approaches. Informa
Healthcare London.
• "How India managed to defeat polio", BBC, Jan. 13, 2014
• "Wall Street Journal, 13 January 2013". Blogs.wsj.com. 2013-01-13. Retrieved
2014-07-14.