This is a comprehensive introduction to MESH for amateur radio enthusiasts. It is particularly useful for anyone new to MESH but will also include some nuggets sure to be helpful to the experienced operator. Topics include:
1. HSMM MESH vs. traditional digital modes
2. Router review & comparison
3. Firmware selection & configuration
4. Antenna considerations
5. Application scenarios for ARES and experimentation
6. Updates on local efforts & recent software announcements
Visit VA3BCO.COM for more details.
Ham radio is more popular than ever, with over 700,000 licensed operators in the US and over 2 million worldwide. While some may think of ham radio as old technology, it actually incorporates many modern technologies like digital signal processing, Raspberry Pi applications, digital modes, and integration with the internet. Hams engage in a variety of activities, including communicating via Morse code, voice, digital modes, building antennas and equipment, public service, contests, working to contact operators in distant locations, and pursuing certificates. Getting a ham radio license is accessible, with three classes of licenses and no code requirement. There are also many local ham radio clubs that offer classes and operating events.
The APRS system was invented and introduced by Bob Bruninga, an amateur radio operator (WB4APR). Officially, APRS stands for Automatic Position Reporting System, though some feel it should stand for Automatic Packet Reporting System. APRS allows users to report their position as well as other information like weather and messages over radio frequencies using packet radio technology.
This document discusses wireless sensor technologies, focusing on LoRa and LoRaWAN. It defines LoRa as a long-range wireless communication protocol that operates in the license-free ISM radio bands and can be used to connect low-power devices. LoRaWAN is described as a network protocol that allows bi-directional communication between end-point devices and a central network server using LoRa. The document outlines the key components of LoRa networks including end-point devices (nodes), gateways that connect nodes to a network server, and network servers that communicate with end-point devices via gateways. It also describes LoRa network parameters and classes of devices in LoRaWAN networks.
This document provides an overview of 802.11ac Wi-Fi technology including:
- 802.11ac extends 802.11n with wider channels of 80/160MHz, higher order modulation up to 256-QAM, and more spatial streams up to 8.
- It discusses channel allocations and wider channels in 802.11ac as well as the benefits and limitations of wave 2 features like MU-MIMO and 160MHz channels.
- Key aspects of 802.11ac receivers and antennas are covered including how interference impacts receivers and how to analyze antenna patterns and coverage.
LoRa and LoRaWAN are low-power wide-area network technologies developed by the LoRa Alliance to enable Internet of Things wireless connectivity over long ranges. The LoRa Alliance aims to standardize low-power wide-area networks using the LoRa physical layer and LoRaWAN protocol. LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for networks using the long-range LoRa modulation. It is well-suited for applications requiring low data rates over long battery life, such as sensors in smart cities, agriculture and utilities.
Speaker: Michael Iedema
"OpenBTS implements a complete GSM stack for voice and SMS. It also supports GPRS and UMTS 3G data standards. With an off-the-shelf server and SDR (software defined radio), it is now possible to build real mobile networks. These networks can be used to support true fixed-mobile convergence, bring coverage to remote areas or just experiment and innovate within the cellular network itself. Because OpenBTS converts all cellular signalling and media directly to SIP and RTP, the development environment should be familiar!"
ElastixWorld
Santiago de Chile
October 2014
After the read, you will learn about what are the differences between Lora vs Zigbee.
What is the result of Lora vs ZigBee?
ZigBee is a low-power local area network protocol based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard. Lora is one of the LPWAN communication technologies. Lora vs ZigBee, Which one is better?
In the following, we will discuss the LoRa vs ZigBee differences, Comprehensive analysis of the technology of LoRa vs ZigBee.
Ham radio is more popular than ever, with over 700,000 licensed operators in the US and over 2 million worldwide. While some may think of ham radio as old technology, it actually incorporates many modern technologies like digital signal processing, Raspberry Pi applications, digital modes, and integration with the internet. Hams engage in a variety of activities, including communicating via Morse code, voice, digital modes, building antennas and equipment, public service, contests, working to contact operators in distant locations, and pursuing certificates. Getting a ham radio license is accessible, with three classes of licenses and no code requirement. There are also many local ham radio clubs that offer classes and operating events.
The APRS system was invented and introduced by Bob Bruninga, an amateur radio operator (WB4APR). Officially, APRS stands for Automatic Position Reporting System, though some feel it should stand for Automatic Packet Reporting System. APRS allows users to report their position as well as other information like weather and messages over radio frequencies using packet radio technology.
This document discusses wireless sensor technologies, focusing on LoRa and LoRaWAN. It defines LoRa as a long-range wireless communication protocol that operates in the license-free ISM radio bands and can be used to connect low-power devices. LoRaWAN is described as a network protocol that allows bi-directional communication between end-point devices and a central network server using LoRa. The document outlines the key components of LoRa networks including end-point devices (nodes), gateways that connect nodes to a network server, and network servers that communicate with end-point devices via gateways. It also describes LoRa network parameters and classes of devices in LoRaWAN networks.
This document provides an overview of 802.11ac Wi-Fi technology including:
- 802.11ac extends 802.11n with wider channels of 80/160MHz, higher order modulation up to 256-QAM, and more spatial streams up to 8.
- It discusses channel allocations and wider channels in 802.11ac as well as the benefits and limitations of wave 2 features like MU-MIMO and 160MHz channels.
- Key aspects of 802.11ac receivers and antennas are covered including how interference impacts receivers and how to analyze antenna patterns and coverage.
LoRa and LoRaWAN are low-power wide-area network technologies developed by the LoRa Alliance to enable Internet of Things wireless connectivity over long ranges. The LoRa Alliance aims to standardize low-power wide-area networks using the LoRa physical layer and LoRaWAN protocol. LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for networks using the long-range LoRa modulation. It is well-suited for applications requiring low data rates over long battery life, such as sensors in smart cities, agriculture and utilities.
Speaker: Michael Iedema
"OpenBTS implements a complete GSM stack for voice and SMS. It also supports GPRS and UMTS 3G data standards. With an off-the-shelf server and SDR (software defined radio), it is now possible to build real mobile networks. These networks can be used to support true fixed-mobile convergence, bring coverage to remote areas or just experiment and innovate within the cellular network itself. Because OpenBTS converts all cellular signalling and media directly to SIP and RTP, the development environment should be familiar!"
ElastixWorld
Santiago de Chile
October 2014
After the read, you will learn about what are the differences between Lora vs Zigbee.
What is the result of Lora vs ZigBee?
ZigBee is a low-power local area network protocol based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard. Lora is one of the LPWAN communication technologies. Lora vs ZigBee, Which one is better?
In the following, we will discuss the LoRa vs ZigBee differences, Comprehensive analysis of the technology of LoRa vs ZigBee.
The APC Propeller 2 is a new generation wireless device designed for client and small base station applications. It has a unique mechanism for mechanical antenna parameter shifting to achieve best performance in different operation modes. It is equipped with a high output power MIMO radio and 11 dBi dual-polarized antenna, making it ideal for short to medium range wireless communication. The device supports safe software upgrades and includes installation tools and a user-friendly interface.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring OpenBTS software to create an open source GSM network. It describes the necessary hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and antennas. It also outlines installing GNU Radio, Boost libraries, and OpenBTS software. The configuration section explains setting parameters such as the mobile country code, network code, frequency band, and channel in the OpenBTS configuration file.
An Overview of LoRA, Sigfox, and IEEE 802.11ahFaheem Zafari
The slides provide an insight into different IoT and M2M specific protocols. Their main features and differences are highlighted. Potential research area in IEEE 802.11ah is identified. The slides also identifies the coexistence problem between Lora and Sigfox
Telesemana the role of e band and v-band backhaul technologies in het nets 20...Rafael Junquera
This document summarizes the role of E-band and V-band technologies in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). It discusses how mobile network architecture is evolving from single to multiple layers to handle growing data usage. Backhaul is a key challenge for HetNets. E-band (70/80GHz) is optimized for macrocell backhaul while V-band (57-66GHz) is optimized for microcell backhaul. Millimeter wave technologies provide benefits like high capacity, relieving spectrum constraints, small size, and low cost. The document provides details on the characteristics and requirements of E-band and V-band solutions for macrocell and microcell backhaul respectively. It concludes by introducing Siklu
The BL-R8723RB1 is a Bluetooth and wireless N USB module that supports various wireless protocols and standards. It has a USB 2.0 interface and operates in the 2.4-2.4835GHz frequency range across 11 channels. The module supports data rates up to 90Mbps and has a transmission distance of up to 100 meters indoors and 300 meters outdoors. It is compatible with various operating systems and has small dimensions of 19.5*12.4*1.8mm.
What is Lora wireless communication technology?
Lora wireless communication technology is Long Range Radio wireless communication technology. It is a low-power LAN wireless standard created by Semtech company. Its biggest feature is that it can travel farther than other wireless methods under the same power consumption condition, achieving low power consumption and Long-distance unity, it is 3-5 times longer than the traditional radio frequency communication distance under the same power consumption.
LoRa WAN - Connecting the Internet of ThingsKent Plummer
LoRa WAN is an emerging Long Range wireless WAN technology that can be used to connect inexpensive, low power devices to a network for the purposes of monitoring, data acquisition and control.
MulteFire is a new LTE-based air-interface that is being developed to operate solely in unlicensed spectrum, enabling it to offer the best of both worlds: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity.
MulteFire will broaden the LTE ecosystem with new deployment scenarios, such as enhanced broadband services and neutral hosts benefiting operators to augment wireless services. MulteFire applies to any unlicensed or shared spectrum when over-the-air contention is needed (listen before talk), such as the global 5 GHz band or the new 3.5 GHz band in the USA. The combination of neutral spectrum with high performing LTE and self-organizing networks will enable neutral host small-cells in more locations.
This document provides an introduction to LoRa and LoRaWAN networks. It discusses the history and technology behind LoRa, including its long range of 2-5 km in urban areas and 15 km in suburban areas. It also covers LoRa modules, gateways, and network options. Key aspects of LoRa technology include its long battery life, support for low data rates over long distances, and use of spread spectrum modulation. LoRaWAN is described as an open standard for wireless battery operated devices to connect in regional, national or global networks. Examples of LoRa applications include smart farming, industrial monitoring, smart cities, and asset tracking.
DASH7 is an ultra-low power wireless technology standard based on ISO 18000-7 that operates at 433MHz. It was developed for the Department of Defense and allied militaries. DASH7 uses very little energy through an RF wakeup mechanism, allowing devices to last for months or years on battery power. It is well-suited for applications involving low latency, low power wireless communication through materials like water, earth, and concrete, such as sensor networks and networks where devices move. More information can be found on the DASH7 website.
Long Term Evolution. 3GPP Release 8, 2009.
2. Initially developed as 3.9G (Pre-4G) cellular technology
Now sold as 4G.
3. Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600 MHz
4. Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
5. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Both paired and unpaired spectrum
6. 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO
7. Beamforming in the downlink
This white paper gives an overview of new solutions provided by telecom operators to support the “Internet of Things” (IoT) vision. This scan describes the developments and planning and compares three technologies; AntTail’meshnetworks, LORA and NB-IoT.
The document describes an outdoor wireless base station that provides wireless networking capabilities over long distances. Key features include support for 2.4GHz or 5GHz wireless frequencies with speeds up to 300Mbps, adjustable transmission power, and two external antenna connectors. It utilizes TP-LINK's MAXtream TDMA technology to improve throughput and capacity. The base station can be centrally managed using the Pharos Control software and has various configuration options for network, security, and wireless settings. It is suitable for applications such as point-to-multipoint connections, wireless transmission over long distances, and outdoor WiFi coverage.
The AirLive AC-1200R is a dual-band wireless access point and router that provides up to 1200Mbps of concurrent bandwidth across 5GHz and 2.4GHz networks. It has 5 Gigabit LAN ports, detachable antennas for increased coverage, and can support up to 64 concurrent wireless users. Each of its dual radios can operate independently in different wireless modes to suit various network environments and applications.
Best Practices for Building Ultra-Low Latency Microwave NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses best practices for building ultra-low latency microwave networks. It outlines the progression of low latency networks from messenger services and physical delivery in the pre-1970s to fiber and microwave networks today. Microwave networks are faster than fiber for ultra-low latency applications and are becoming the de facto standard. The document discusses technical considerations like equipment latency, end-to-end latency, modem technology, and how to reduce latency. It emphasizes evaluating end-to-end latency and focusing on reliability while managing the latency-reliability tradeoff. The full microwave network lifecycle and best practices are outlined, including planning, site acquisition, deployment, and ongoing network management.
Openbts animal farm david a burgess germanyDaud Suleiman
OpenBTS is an open-source software implementation of a 2G GSM cellular network that allows standard GSM phones to connect to an IP network like VoIP instead of a traditional cellular core network. It manages radio resources internally without needing additional hardware like BSCs. OpenBTS maps cellular protocols and functions to SIP operations, allowing GSM phones to appear as SIP endpoints on an IP network. The document describes OpenBTS demonstrations at the Burning Man festival in 2008 and 2009, providing cellular coverage for attendees.
Воркшоп посвящен практическим аспектам аудита сетей WiFi на всех уровнях модели OSI. Будут подробно рассмотрены вопросы:
- подбор и настройка оптимального железа под конкретную задачу
- нюансы использования публичного программного обеспечения для реализации атак
- продвинутые атаки на сети Wi-Fi
- разработка своего программного обеспечения для реализации своих продвинутых атак
- аудит Wi-Fi в Mac OS X
This document summarizes the capabilities of SAFTehnika's wireless backhaul solutions for achieving over 1Gbps capacities. It discusses available licensed spectrum bands with channel bandwidths up to 2000MHz that can support data rates over 8Gbps per radio. Mounting multiple radios to a single antenna is described as a way to save 5-10dB in link budget. A case study of a 1.7Gbps dual polarization link over 40 miles of water is provided. Layer 1-3 aggregation techniques are outlined including built-in and external options. Future E-band radios are projected to use 128QAM or higher with automatic coding and modulation capabilities.
This document discusses using a Raspberry Pi for various amateur radio projects. It begins by explaining what a Raspberry Pi is - an inexpensive single-board computer running Linux. It then provides examples of using a Raspberry Pi for software defined radio with an RTL-SDR dongle, receiving ADS-B aircraft signals, using WSPR for weak signal propagation reporting with the WsprryPi software, acting as a D-STAR access point with a DVAP dongle, using it for packet radio with software like Direwolf and hardware TNCs, setting up a packet BBS with PiLinBPQ, and using it for APRS with clients like Xastir and YAAC.
The document discusses the Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS) used by radio amateurs for tracking and rescue services. APRS uses GPS and packet radio to transmit position reports over VHF radio networks and the internet. It describes the infrastructure including trackers, repeaters, and internet gateways. The document also outlines projects by a Norwegian group to develop a compact Polaric tracker and web application to display APRS data on maps. It provides examples of how APRS tracking has supported rescue operations and discusses ongoing work to improve the system.
The APC Propeller 2 is a new generation wireless device designed for client and small base station applications. It has a unique mechanism for mechanical antenna parameter shifting to achieve best performance in different operation modes. It is equipped with a high output power MIMO radio and 11 dBi dual-polarized antenna, making it ideal for short to medium range wireless communication. The device supports safe software upgrades and includes installation tools and a user-friendly interface.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring OpenBTS software to create an open source GSM network. It describes the necessary hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and antennas. It also outlines installing GNU Radio, Boost libraries, and OpenBTS software. The configuration section explains setting parameters such as the mobile country code, network code, frequency band, and channel in the OpenBTS configuration file.
An Overview of LoRA, Sigfox, and IEEE 802.11ahFaheem Zafari
The slides provide an insight into different IoT and M2M specific protocols. Their main features and differences are highlighted. Potential research area in IEEE 802.11ah is identified. The slides also identifies the coexistence problem between Lora and Sigfox
Telesemana the role of e band and v-band backhaul technologies in het nets 20...Rafael Junquera
This document summarizes the role of E-band and V-band technologies in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). It discusses how mobile network architecture is evolving from single to multiple layers to handle growing data usage. Backhaul is a key challenge for HetNets. E-band (70/80GHz) is optimized for macrocell backhaul while V-band (57-66GHz) is optimized for microcell backhaul. Millimeter wave technologies provide benefits like high capacity, relieving spectrum constraints, small size, and low cost. The document provides details on the characteristics and requirements of E-band and V-band solutions for macrocell and microcell backhaul respectively. It concludes by introducing Siklu
The BL-R8723RB1 is a Bluetooth and wireless N USB module that supports various wireless protocols and standards. It has a USB 2.0 interface and operates in the 2.4-2.4835GHz frequency range across 11 channels. The module supports data rates up to 90Mbps and has a transmission distance of up to 100 meters indoors and 300 meters outdoors. It is compatible with various operating systems and has small dimensions of 19.5*12.4*1.8mm.
What is Lora wireless communication technology?
Lora wireless communication technology is Long Range Radio wireless communication technology. It is a low-power LAN wireless standard created by Semtech company. Its biggest feature is that it can travel farther than other wireless methods under the same power consumption condition, achieving low power consumption and Long-distance unity, it is 3-5 times longer than the traditional radio frequency communication distance under the same power consumption.
LoRa WAN - Connecting the Internet of ThingsKent Plummer
LoRa WAN is an emerging Long Range wireless WAN technology that can be used to connect inexpensive, low power devices to a network for the purposes of monitoring, data acquisition and control.
MulteFire is a new LTE-based air-interface that is being developed to operate solely in unlicensed spectrum, enabling it to offer the best of both worlds: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity.
MulteFire will broaden the LTE ecosystem with new deployment scenarios, such as enhanced broadband services and neutral hosts benefiting operators to augment wireless services. MulteFire applies to any unlicensed or shared spectrum when over-the-air contention is needed (listen before talk), such as the global 5 GHz band or the new 3.5 GHz band in the USA. The combination of neutral spectrum with high performing LTE and self-organizing networks will enable neutral host small-cells in more locations.
This document provides an introduction to LoRa and LoRaWAN networks. It discusses the history and technology behind LoRa, including its long range of 2-5 km in urban areas and 15 km in suburban areas. It also covers LoRa modules, gateways, and network options. Key aspects of LoRa technology include its long battery life, support for low data rates over long distances, and use of spread spectrum modulation. LoRaWAN is described as an open standard for wireless battery operated devices to connect in regional, national or global networks. Examples of LoRa applications include smart farming, industrial monitoring, smart cities, and asset tracking.
DASH7 is an ultra-low power wireless technology standard based on ISO 18000-7 that operates at 433MHz. It was developed for the Department of Defense and allied militaries. DASH7 uses very little energy through an RF wakeup mechanism, allowing devices to last for months or years on battery power. It is well-suited for applications involving low latency, low power wireless communication through materials like water, earth, and concrete, such as sensor networks and networks where devices move. More information can be found on the DASH7 website.
Long Term Evolution. 3GPP Release 8, 2009.
2. Initially developed as 3.9G (Pre-4G) cellular technology
Now sold as 4G.
3. Many different bands: 700/1500/1700/2100/2600 MHz
4. Flexible Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
5. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Both paired and unpaired spectrum
6. 4x4 MIMO, Multi-user collaborative MIMO
7. Beamforming in the downlink
This white paper gives an overview of new solutions provided by telecom operators to support the “Internet of Things” (IoT) vision. This scan describes the developments and planning and compares three technologies; AntTail’meshnetworks, LORA and NB-IoT.
The document describes an outdoor wireless base station that provides wireless networking capabilities over long distances. Key features include support for 2.4GHz or 5GHz wireless frequencies with speeds up to 300Mbps, adjustable transmission power, and two external antenna connectors. It utilizes TP-LINK's MAXtream TDMA technology to improve throughput and capacity. The base station can be centrally managed using the Pharos Control software and has various configuration options for network, security, and wireless settings. It is suitable for applications such as point-to-multipoint connections, wireless transmission over long distances, and outdoor WiFi coverage.
The AirLive AC-1200R is a dual-band wireless access point and router that provides up to 1200Mbps of concurrent bandwidth across 5GHz and 2.4GHz networks. It has 5 Gigabit LAN ports, detachable antennas for increased coverage, and can support up to 64 concurrent wireless users. Each of its dual radios can operate independently in different wireless modes to suit various network environments and applications.
Best Practices for Building Ultra-Low Latency Microwave NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses best practices for building ultra-low latency microwave networks. It outlines the progression of low latency networks from messenger services and physical delivery in the pre-1970s to fiber and microwave networks today. Microwave networks are faster than fiber for ultra-low latency applications and are becoming the de facto standard. The document discusses technical considerations like equipment latency, end-to-end latency, modem technology, and how to reduce latency. It emphasizes evaluating end-to-end latency and focusing on reliability while managing the latency-reliability tradeoff. The full microwave network lifecycle and best practices are outlined, including planning, site acquisition, deployment, and ongoing network management.
Openbts animal farm david a burgess germanyDaud Suleiman
OpenBTS is an open-source software implementation of a 2G GSM cellular network that allows standard GSM phones to connect to an IP network like VoIP instead of a traditional cellular core network. It manages radio resources internally without needing additional hardware like BSCs. OpenBTS maps cellular protocols and functions to SIP operations, allowing GSM phones to appear as SIP endpoints on an IP network. The document describes OpenBTS demonstrations at the Burning Man festival in 2008 and 2009, providing cellular coverage for attendees.
Воркшоп посвящен практическим аспектам аудита сетей WiFi на всех уровнях модели OSI. Будут подробно рассмотрены вопросы:
- подбор и настройка оптимального железа под конкретную задачу
- нюансы использования публичного программного обеспечения для реализации атак
- продвинутые атаки на сети Wi-Fi
- разработка своего программного обеспечения для реализации своих продвинутых атак
- аудит Wi-Fi в Mac OS X
This document summarizes the capabilities of SAFTehnika's wireless backhaul solutions for achieving over 1Gbps capacities. It discusses available licensed spectrum bands with channel bandwidths up to 2000MHz that can support data rates over 8Gbps per radio. Mounting multiple radios to a single antenna is described as a way to save 5-10dB in link budget. A case study of a 1.7Gbps dual polarization link over 40 miles of water is provided. Layer 1-3 aggregation techniques are outlined including built-in and external options. Future E-band radios are projected to use 128QAM or higher with automatic coding and modulation capabilities.
This document discusses using a Raspberry Pi for various amateur radio projects. It begins by explaining what a Raspberry Pi is - an inexpensive single-board computer running Linux. It then provides examples of using a Raspberry Pi for software defined radio with an RTL-SDR dongle, receiving ADS-B aircraft signals, using WSPR for weak signal propagation reporting with the WsprryPi software, acting as a D-STAR access point with a DVAP dongle, using it for packet radio with software like Direwolf and hardware TNCs, setting up a packet BBS with PiLinBPQ, and using it for APRS with clients like Xastir and YAAC.
The document discusses the Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS) used by radio amateurs for tracking and rescue services. APRS uses GPS and packet radio to transmit position reports over VHF radio networks and the internet. It describes the infrastructure including trackers, repeaters, and internet gateways. The document also outlines projects by a Norwegian group to develop a compact Polaric tracker and web application to display APRS data on maps. It provides examples of how APRS tracking has supported rescue operations and discusses ongoing work to improve the system.
Radio amateurs provide a pool of technically competent personnel that contribute to information engineering and communications and other technical professions in countries in which it is an established hobby; countries such as Japan and the USA. In the Asia-Pacific region, while Japan has more radio amateurs than any other country, governments of the lesser developed countries tend to ignore amateur radio as a source of the indigenous personnel needed to help provide the benefits of 21st century technology. This paper first addresses the problem of educating good systems engineers by suggesting that potential students be preselected from pools of candidates who show characteristics deemed desirable in systems engineers. The paper then shows that one source of partially trained personnel maybe found among the technical members of the amateur radio community and similar technical hobbies. The paper then discusses some of the technical achievements of amateur radio followed by the twelve engineering roles of amateur radio in the manner of (Sheard 1996) and proposes that there is enough similarity between amateur radio’s technical activities and the role of systems engineering so that amateur radio can provide a source for students with experience in systems engineering activities. The last section of the paper then mentions some amateur radio failures that systems engineering should have prevented and concludes with a discussion on recruiting young systems engineers via amateur radio clubs, some synergy between INCOSE and amateur radio clubs and suggestions for future research
Introduction to Amateur (Ham) Radio - For Elementary School Students by VE7NZSlidingaround
Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is a hobby that involves experimenting with radios, antennas, and other equipment to communicate around the world. To participate, one must obtain an amateur radio license, similar to a driver's license. Hams can set up radio transmitters to talk to people worldwide, build their own antennas and equipment, play games locating hidden transmitters, provide emergency communications when other systems fail, contact the International Space Station, and more. The document introduces various activities and uses of amateur radio.
This document provides an overview of operating amateur radio satellites. It discusses why people use satellites when HF propagation is poor, lists operational FM and SSB/CW satellites, describes satellite tracking software options, recommends antenna and radio equipment, and provides guidance on operating protocols for FM, SSB, and digital modes like APRS and PSK31 via satellites.
AVR_Course_Day6 external hardware interrupts and analogue to digital converterMohamed Ali
The document discusses external hardware interrupts and analog to digital converters (ADCs) for AVR microcontrollers. It covers:
1. External interrupt registers and programming, describing how to enable/disable interrupts using SREG and EIMSK registers.
2. ADC features of AVRs, including its 10-bit resolution, registers like ADMUX for selecting channels and references, and ADCSRA for control.
3. Programming ADC using polling or interrupts in C, with examples provided. ADC polling requires waiting for conversion to complete by checking ADIF, while interrupts use ADIE.
AVR_Course_Day8 motor drive and pwm techniquesMohamed Ali
The document discusses various topics related to motor drive and PWM techniques. It covers DC motors, including their parameters and speed control using PWM. It also discusses stepper motors, including their basics, components, types, driving modes for unipolar and bipolar stepper motors, and drive circuits. PWM modes for 8-bit and 16-bit controllers are explained for both DC and stepper motor control applications.
1. Calibrate the line sensor readings by taking multiple samples while turning left and right to determine the minimum and maximum values.
2. Continuously read the line sensor position and calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the error from the center.
3. Determine the difference in motor powers needed to turn toward the center based on the PID values, without allowing negative powers.
4. Set the motor speeds based on the power difference to steer toward the center line.
Resistors are used to limit current or divide voltage and can generate heat. Capacitors store energy in the form of charge and are measured in Farads. Diodes only conduct current in one direction, while transistors can amplify or switch electronic signals and have emitter, base, and collector terminals.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses C basics, the differences between C and C++, and various C concepts like data types, variables, operators, input/output, decision and loop statements, functions, arrays, pointers, and preprocessor directives. It also covers topics like the preprocessor, compiler, linker, program structure, and integrated development environments. The document is presented as a slideshow with explanatory text and examples to illustrate key C programming concepts.
This document discusses flip-flops and sequential circuits. It begins with an introduction to sequential circuits and flip-flops. There are several types of flip-flops discussed including SR flip-flops, clocked SR flip-flops, JK flip-flops, and T flip-flops. SR flip-flops can be constructed using either NAND or NOR gates. The document provides details on the logic diagrams, truth tables, and operation of SR flip-flops. It also discusses using a clock signal to control synchronous sequential circuits and provides examples of waveforms and exercises for SR flip-flops.
What are LPWA networks and what are their advantages ?
What are their characateristics in comparison with other telecom technologies ?
What are the differences between LPWA technologies, especially Sigfox and LoRa ?
Webinar NETGEAR - Linee guida per il disegno di una rete wireless a elevate p...Netgear Italia
This document provides guidelines for designing a high-performance wireless network. It discusses considerations for coverage needs, device capacity, security requirements, and wired network infrastructure. It recommends using dual-band concurrent access points, overlapping coverage of 2-3 APs in high-density areas, and load balancing clients across APs. Wired network upgrades, active site surveys, and testing deployments are also advised.
Check out this presentation on SAN and FICON Long-Distance Connectivity from ADVA Optical Networking's Uli Schlegel and David Lytle from Brocade. This dynamic duo presented at this year's SHARE 2014 in Pittsburgh
The document discusses free computer science eBooks and technology news that are being provided. It includes links to blogs sharing this free content and encourages clicking on advertisements to support their work. It then discusses the topics of wireless technologies and Wi-Fi networks in particular, covering introductions, architectures, elements, how they work, topologies and configurations.
The document provides an overview of ad-hoc networking and wireless protocols. It discusses how ad-hoc networks are formed spontaneously without any centralized administration between wireless devices. Various wireless transmission standards for ad-hoc networking are described such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, and IrDA. Example applications including sensor networks and mobile commerce are mentioned. Challenges with ad-hoc networking like security, scalability and power consumption are outlined. Specific ad-hoc routing protocols including AODV and DSR are explained and compared.
Wireless lan electronics and communication engineeringeceb9198
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the IEEE 802.11 standards. It provides an overview of WLAN fundamentals and network architecture, describing components like access points, distribution systems, and stations. It then summarizes the various 802.11 standards from 802.11 to 802.11ac, outlining their key features such as modulation schemes and data rates. The document also covers topics like WLAN security protocols, wireless hotspots, virtual private networks, and an alternative WLAN standard called HIPERLAN.
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Globally available
Other devices include microwave ovens, cordless phones
Frequency hopping and Time Division Multiplexing
10 – 100 meter range
Up to 8 active devices can be in the same piconet
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Complete Overview of MESH for Amateur Radio (Updated Nov. 2014)
1. HSMM MESH Networking (BBHN)
Considerations for Amateur Radio
November 2014
Brian VA3BCO
Web: www.va3bco.com Twitter: @VA3BCO
2. What You’ll Learn Today
HSMM MESH
HIGH SPEED MULTI-MEDIA
• MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
• AMATEUR PRIVILEGES FOR INCREASED
TRANSMIT POWER / ANTENNA GAIN
• MASSIVE SPEED / CAPACITY
ADVANTAGE OVER TRADITIONAL
DIGITAL MODES
MESH NETWORKING
• P2P ARCHITECTURE
• HIGHLY RESILIENT / FLEXIBLE
• UNIQUELY SUITED TO AD HOC
DEPLOYMENTS
3. Overview
1. Quick Comparison to Traditional Digital Modes
2. Introduction to “HSMM” and “MESH”
3. Practical Advice on Getting Started:
¤ Router Review & Comparison
¤ BBHN Firmware Selection & Configuration
¤ Antenna Considerations
4. Now What: Applications for ARES & Beyond
4. Quick Comparison to
Traditional Digital Modes
Hardware & Soundcard Based Digital Modes
5. Digital Considerations
When evaluating digital modes, what should we consider?
BANDWIDTH
How much
bandwidth is
available or how
much do we need for
the digital mode?
SPEED
How fast is the mode
able to transfer
information?
ACCURACY
What is the need for
accuracy and does
the mode utilize
error correction
techniques?
EQUIPMENT
How specialized or
expensive is the
equipment?
6. Hardware TNCs & Modems
¤ Generally specialized / expensive equipment
¤ Not all modes available to amateurs
Kantronics KAM-XL All-Mode Wireless Modem
• Packet 300 / 1200 / 9600
• PSK / RTTY / and more
• ~ $400
http://www.kantronics.com/products/kamxl.html
SCS P4dragon DR-7800 HF Modem
• Pactor 4… max 10,500 bps
• Backwards compatible with Pactor I/II/III
• ~ $1800
http://www.p4dragon.com/en/Home.html
7. Soundcard Based Modes
¤ Generally low speeds and data capacity
PSK 31 MT63
http://www.arrl.org/images/view/News/nms_24.jpgSelection http://www.k7ea.com/pask232r.html
PACKET
http://www.k7ea.com/pask232r.html
WINMOR
http://www.soundcardpacket.http://www.arrl.org/news/rms-express-with-winmor-now-available-for-winlink-2000 org/3voltuneaid.htm
8. Massive Speed Difference
PSK / RTTY /
HF Packet
~ 30 to 300 bps
Pactor III
Pactor IV
~ 3 to 10 kbps
D-STAR
High Speed Data
128 kbps
HSMM
54 Mbps +
9. Takeaways: Traditional Digital Modes
STRENGTHS
¤ Narrow bandwidth makes
many of these modes
suitable for long distance
communication (HF)
¤ Flexibility of peer to peer
architecture for ad hoc
communication
¤ Even slow digital modes
can be more accurate
(and more private) than
voice communication
WEAKNESSES
¤ Low speeds prevent using multimedia
content which is highly prevalent today
¤ Hardware is highly specialized and expensive
¤ In the context of ARES, – Specialized operator
skillsets and equipment may hinder
availability (Knowledge of RMS, Fldigi, etc.)
¤ Poor compatibility with contemporary
software that is commonly used
10. HSMM MESH Opportunity
¤ What if we had high speed capacity / bandwidth?
¤ What if we had something that allowed users to easily
leverage common software where high familiarity exists?
¤ What if this could be deployed easily without any
significant pre-planning / architecture?
¤ What if this could be done relatively cheaply using COTS
(consumer off the shelf) hardware?
11. Intro to “HSMM” & “MESH”
Key Principles & Application to Amateur Radio
12. Network Topology Comparison
Typical Hub & Spoke Topology
Hub & Spoke Key Attributes
• Access points & nodes
• Generally require pre-planning &
permanent infrastructure
• Susceptible to single point of failure
• Internet reliant on AP connectivity
MESH Topology
MESH Key Attributes
• Peer to peer organic structure
• Self finding / organizing
• Multi-path data routing
• Fault tolerant
• Internet “from the edges”
Internet
16. • Red Hook MESH
• FEMA Uplink
http://oti.newamerica.net/blogposts/2013/case_study_red_hook_initiative_wifi_tidepools-78575
17. MESH Example 2
2014 Hong Kong
Photo: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1611322/grid-messaging-application-firechat-continues-ride-occupy-boost
18. Risk of cellular and/or wifi shutdown
Source: http://mashable.com/2014/09/29/hong-kong-cell-network-chat/
19. ¤ 70 meters…bluetooth MESH
¤ No wifi / cellular connections
are needed
http://descrier.co.uk/technology/mesh-networks-like-firechat-used-hong-kong-protesters-make-switching-internet-much-harder/
20. ¤ 100,000 downloads in 24 hours
¤ 5.1 million chat sessions
¤ 37,000 used app simultaneously
Source: http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/09/29/firechat-prepares-encryption-feature-as-it-drives-hong-kong-protests/
21. What About Amateur Radio?
HSMM MESH
Commercial off the shelf (COTS)
WIFI routers
Customized firmware
based on OpenWRT
22. What About Amateur Radio?
Part 97 Licensed Part 15 Unlicensed
4 W
EIRP
15OO W PEP** +
22 dBi Antenna
237.7 kW
EIRP
30dBm (1W)
6 dBi Antenna
Licensed amateurs
don’t have the same
power / antenna gain
restrictions which
makes things more
interesting!
** For comparative example only…keep in mind RF maximum exposure limits (MPE).
23. Part 97 & Part 15 Overlap
¤ 13cm amateur band overlaps common wifi channels:
2.390
PART 15 UNLICENSED OVERLAP CH-1
PART 97 LICENSED
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
CH9
CH10
CH11
2.400
2.450
2.500
Part 97 Licensed
• Allows equipment
modifications
• 1500 W PEP
• No EIRP limit
• High gain antennas
• Amps allowed
• Interference protection
• Usual stuff: call sign, no
encryption, etc.
Part 15 Unlicensed
• Approved equipment
with no modifications
• Max 1W (30dBm)
transmitter output
power
• Max 4W EIRP
(considering transmit
power and antenna
gain combination)
• Slightly higher EIRP for
directional point to
point applications
24. Not just 2.4GHz
¤ Overlap in both 13cm and 5cm bands…
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_multimedia_radio
26. Reference: dBm / Watts Conversion
dBm
Watts
dBm
Watts
dBm
Watts
0
1.0 mW
16
40 mW
32
1.6 W
1
1.3 mW
17
50 mW
33
2.0 W
2
1.6 mW
18
63 mW
34
2.5 W
3
2.0 mW
19
79 mW
35
3.2 W
4
2.5 mW
20
100 mW
36
4.0 W
5
3.2 mW
21
126 mW
37
5.0 W
6
4 mW
22
158 mW
38
6.3 W
7
5 mW
23
200 mW
39
8.0 W
8
6 mW
24
250 mW
40
10 W
9
8 mW
25
316 mW
41
13 W
10
10 mW
26
398 mW
42
16 W
11
13 mW
27
500 mW
43
20 W
12
16 mW
28
630 mW
44
25 W
13
20 mW
29
800 mW
45
32 W
14
25 mW
30
1.0 W
46
40 W
15
32 mW
31
1.3 W
47
50 W
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_multimedia_radio
27. Getting Started with HSMM MESH
(BBHN) for Licensed Amateurs
Linksys or Ubiquiti Routers with HSMM-MESH Firmware
28. HSMM – MESH in One Slide
Here’s a simplified summary:
1. Obtain a supported router (only specific models work)
2. Download the correct HSMM-MESH firmware
3. Reflash the router (and use the proper SSID)
4. Minor setup in software (ie. Call Sign)
5. Other people with HSMM-MESH enabled routers using
the same SSID and within range will automatically
become part of the network
29. What Can I do With it?
¤ Whatever software applications you would have used on
a computer network, you can pretty much use on a
MESH network:
File
Sharing
IRC
Chat
Web
Browser
VOIP
Phone
IP
Cameras
30. More Detailed Explanation
The following sections will provide more detail:
Part 1 - Choosing a Router
Part 2 – Downloading & Installing the Firmware
Part 3 – Antenna Placement & Considerations
Part 4 – Operating with HSMM-MESH Software
31. Part 1 – Choosing a Router
Linksys or Ubiquiti Routers
32. Getting Started: Hardware
¤ Typically a Linksys router…but only certain ones…be sure
to check the list:
¤ http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/section-blog/37-
hardware-faqs/101-supported-hardware.html
33. Which Linksys Router?
¤ Find older Linksys routers (version 4 and below)
¤ Upon version 5, Linksys switched from a linux based firmware to
VxWorks OS and reduced flash memory / RAM
YES
WRT54G 1.0 – 4.0
WRT54GS 1.0 – 4.0
WRT54GL 1.0 – 1.1
NO
WRT54G 5.0+
WRT54GS 5.0+
Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G_series
34. Linksys: Antenna Connections
Antenna Connections
¤ Most models have
2x reverse polarity
TNC connectors
Source: http://www.hotarc.org/images/connectors.jpg
Source: http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/linksys/wrt54g
35. Caution: Line Loss
Short feedline runs are critical
¤ Feedlines should be short possible since signal loss is
much higher at microwave frequencies (even when
using LMR-400)
10MHz
0.6dB loss / 100’
(RG-213)
2.4GHz
15.2dB loss / 100’
(RG-213)
36. Linksys: Power
Power Connections
¤ Accepts 4v – 16v
¤ Use AC power adapter
or solder connections for
USB or PowerPoles
Source: http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/linksys/wrt54g
45. AirGrid M2 HP (20 dBi)
Source: http://www.ubnt.com/products/
46. PoE (Power Over Ethernet)
¤ Most Ubiquiti devices come with 24v PoE adapters
¤ Consider voltage drop over distance
Source: http://www.ubnt.com/accessories/poe-adapters/
47. PoE (Power Over Ethernet)
¤ Ubiquiti devices will also operate on 12v (10.5v min) so
you can use solar / battery if desired (note…keep CAT 5
distance shorter to prevent excessive voltage drop)
¤ Be sure to confirm your passive POE injector uses +4/5
and -7/8 on the CAT 5 cable
Source: http://www.amazon.com/Passive-injector-Power-over-Ethernet/dp/B00EBCGJVW/
48. Part 2 – BBHN Firmware
Selection, Installing, & Configuration
49. Software Overview
¤ BBHN (broadband hamnet) is a modified version of
OpenWRT designed to run as an OS on embedded devices
¤ Software version matters – not currently backwards
compatible
¤ Once your router has the new firmware, it will no longer
function as a “wifi hotspot”
¤ Your computer must plug directly into the router (via
ethernet) or another unmodified wifi router should be used
as an access point
¤ Your connected computer will use a web browser to
configure the BBHN software
50. Download the Right Software
¤ Go to http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/software-download.html
¤ Choose the appropriate
version of software for your
router and situation and be
sure to read any updates
on the home page
51. Installation / Config Instructions
¤ Three good options for direction and support:
1. BBHN Wesbite 2. Search BBHN / Router 3. YouTube Videos
http://bit.ly/1Ak3S3r
http://bit.ly/1E6e6B9 http://youtu.be/pryc8jIl6Xo
53. Line of Sight
“Microwaves can
go 15 miles or
through one tree”
54. Line of Sight: Fresnel Zone
¤ Microwaves aren’t really a narrow beam so much as they
are an ellipse.
¤ Elliptical zone between transmit / receive points is called
the fresnel zone.
¤ Image Source: http://www.tp-link.com/en/support/calculator/#1
55. Line of Sight: Fresnel Zone
¤ Distance (and path obstacles) will influence the required
height needed for optimal transmission.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone
56. Line of Sight: Fresnel Zone
¤ As a rule of thumb, the typical
maximum obstruction allowable
in the Fresnel zone is 40%, but
the recommended obstruction
is 20% or less.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone
57. Part 4 – Operating with BBHN
Application Software & Usage Scenarios
58. Potential BBHN Usage Scenarios
ARES Tinkering
1. Emergency Site Network
2. Bridging Internet Connectivity
3. Video Monitoring / GPS / Drone
1. Remote Rig Control
2. Repeater Linking / Bridging
3. Local Club Network
59. Potential BBHN Usage Scenarios
ARES
1. Emergency Site Network
2. Bridging Internet Connectivity
3. Video Monitoring / GPS / Drone
60. 1: Emergency Site Network
Traditional Approach
• Paper files
• Slow data (if at all)
• HT Voice
Today’s World
• Microsoft Office / File Sharing
• VOIP & Videoconferencing
• Social Media, Chatting, etc.
61. 1: Emergency Site Network
¤ A variety of BBHN enabled equipment can be used to
link various sites together to create a closed high speed
network that can handle a full suite of data applications
20km
Point to Point
Site A
Site B
Extended
Impacted zone with disrupted
communications / power
Site B
62. 2: Bridging Internet Connectivity
¤ Times have changed with internet access and social
media becoming critical communications tools during
emergencies:
MESH Topology
Internet
63. Online – First Stop for Information
¤ Whenever a situation arises, the internet is the first
stop for critical information:
69. 2: Bridging Internet Connectivity
¤ BBHN could be used to provide MESH nodes with internet
access from “beyond the edge” (although there may be
some regulatory considerations to be aware of)
20km
Point to Point
Site A
Site B
Extended
Site B
Impacted zone with disrupted communications / power
Normal Zone
Internet
70. 3: Video Survey of Damage
¤ What if a drone with a live video feed could be used to
survey and assess damaged / inaccessible areas?
Source: http://s.imwx.com/common/articles/images/ice-storm-springdale-patpie_650x366.jpg
71. 3: Video Survey of Damage
¤ What if a drone with live video feed could be used to
Realtime video
or file upload
Site A
survey and assess damaged / inaccessible areas?
Impacted zone with disrupted
communications / power
Site B
Site C
Video
From
Drone
72. Potential BBHN Usage Scenarios
Tinkering
1. Remote Rig Control
2. Repeater Linking / Bridging
3. Local Club Network
73. 1: Remote Rig Control
Common Challenges
¤ Noise Level
¤ Neighbors
¤ Antenna Height
¤ Property Aesthetics
¤ Etc.
74. 1: Remote Rig Control
¤ Opportunity to find superior antenna space at a more
remote location without DSL / cable internet access
20km Point to Point
(or link through multiple nodes)
Site B
Photo: http://www.dr1a.com/media/station/towers/DR1A_Tower4_2010.jpg
75. 2: Repeater Linking / Bridging
Common Challenges
¤ Service costs of
Internet / phone
¤ Physical access
limitations
¤ Etc.
Photo: http://www.soara.org/dstar/repeater_pics/dstar-photos.html
76. 2: Repeater Linking / Bridging
¤ If cost or physical access issues are a concern, BBHN
could be used to link sites or layer in internet access
20km Point to Point
(or link through multiple nodes)
Internet
Site B
Photo: http://www.soara.org/dstar/repeater_pics/dstar-photos.html
77. 3: Local Club Network(s)
Opportunity
¤ Organic growth and
critical mass can help
overcome line of sight
issues and make less
powerful equipment
more effective
78. 3: Local Club Network(s)
Green active Blue and “F” dots future Red not likely