This is a training module developed in the European project SESEC. More information and the full training can be found here: www.sesec-training.eu The SESEC project is designed to address the energy efficiency needs of the EU clothing industry. The Consortium relies on outstanding competences of the partners, spread over 6 countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium) to provide the missing energy efficiency benchmarks and ready-to-use solutions for the large number of SMEs as well as larger companies. The SESEC project has 4 major objectives: • To develop, test and offer an Energy Efficiency tool for clothing production, made up of guidelines and web-based applications, suitable for SMEs and large companies • To transfer the project results to the sector, EURATEX members and interested companies • To offer training and support to companies to implement energy-saving measures considering cost-effectiveness • To improve opportunities for energy-efficiency for the whole European clothing industry

1. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 1Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

2. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 2
Overview
 Introduction
 Theory
 Excercises
 Business Case
 Summary
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

3. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 3Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Programme of the European Union 4Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

5. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 5
The Situation
• Rising energy prices make it necessary to look for
alternatives like flexible energy prices
• Textile machines offer potential for energy savings
• “A classification of textile machines into energy
efficiency[…] is not readily feasible“ [1, p.7]
• Sustainably produced products become
increasingly important
• Plant operators have to follow the
EU guide lines(2010/75/EU)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

6. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 6Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
“The textile manufacturer, the demands on the
textile product, the material, the fibre supplier
and the manufacturer of the machines all have an
influence on energy efficiency.” [1, p.7]
It is a problem which affects the entire value added chain

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Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 7
Reasons for excess consumption
I. Excess consumption caused by
technical issues
II. Excess consumption caused by
behavioral/organizational issues
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

8. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 8
Reasons for excess consumption
I. Excess consumption caused by
technical issues:
– Several times a day machines are turned on/off
– Degree of efficiency is used suboptimal
– Frequent machine downtimes
– Improper maintenance of machines
– Non optimal machine settings
– “The use of inferior wearing parts reduce the efficiency
of machinery and increase energy consumption.” [1, p.9]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

9. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 9
Reasons for excess consumption
I. Excess consumption caused by
technical issues (continued):
– Using motors in fixed speed
– Use of low efficiency motors
– Use of rewinded motors
– Use of direct start in motors
– Use star/triangle starter in larger engines
Uncompensated reactive energy
– Phase imbalance due to poor distribution of single-phase equipment
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 10
Reasons for excess consumption
II. Excess consumption caused by
behavioral/organizational issues:
– Bad order planning
– Orders are often processed individually
– Production takes place at the time of the day when
energy costs reach the peak
– Machines running without being necessary
– Low load regimen
– Long downtimes between orders
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

11. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 11Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

12. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 12Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

13. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 13
Political aspects
• “The climate and energy policy objectives of the
European Union faces new challenges […] By 2020,
the energy efficiency is to be improved by 20
percent” [17]
• The policy encourages the industry to devote
themselves strategically to the energy consumption
• Politics and business are also committed, amongst
other things, to the marking of the energy efficiency of
products
• In the European Union, the production permit is based
on Best Available Techniques (BAT)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 14
What needs to be done?
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

15. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 15
Approach
I. Technical issues
II. Behavioral/organizational issues
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

16. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 16
Approach
I. Technical issues:
1. Avoid on/off running of machines
2. Correct use of the machine
3. Avoid waste and reduce scrap rate
4. Avoid peak load
5. Use machines at optimal load
6. Upgrade existing systems
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 17
Approach
II. Behavioral/organizational issues:
1. Use of work shifts
2. Train employees
3. Define indicators
4. Manage orders
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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I. Technical issues
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

19. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 19
1. Avoid on/off running of machines
• “Correct running coordination of on and
off times can cause:
– payback periods of less than one year
– profitability is accessible from more
than 20%” [13, p.1]
• Cost reduction and emission reduction
because of thermal consumption reduction
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

20. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 20
2. Correct use of the machine
a) Accurate production
parameters
b) Proper, seasonable
machine care
c) Suitable spare parts
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

21. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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2a. Production parameters
• Variable speed drives (VSDs) can lead to
significant energy savings
• An adaptation of the processing speed to the
current requirement is most efficiently over
variable-speed motors
• Associated to better process control, less wear in
the mechanical equipment and less acoustical
noise
• Lower temperature settings during non production
periods (programmable regulation)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

22. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 22
2b. Machine care
• Regular and preventive maintenance is
important
• Laboratory testing studies confirm that poor
motor repair practices reduce motor efficiency:
– of typically between 0.5 and 1 %,
– sometimes up to 4 % or even more for old
motors
• Rewinding a motor can permanently reduce its
efficiency by more than 1 %
• Proper attention must be given to the repair
process and to the repair company
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

23. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 23
2c. Spare parts
• Ensure that replacement parts fit
perfectly
• Sometimes, replacement is better
than repair
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

24. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 24
3. Avoid waste and reduce scrap rate
• Material efficiency also means energy
efficiency
• Design processes to avoid waste or
at least to reduce it
• “Any error that must be corrected
immediately after it occurs or in a
subsequent process step costs additional
energy“ [1, p.25]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

25. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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4. Avoid peak loads
• Load peaks are caused by
uncontrolled lead and elapse cycle
• Reduced electricity costs through
appropriate coordination of the lead
and elapse time
• ”Avoiding load peaks can redeem in
less than a year” [6, p.2]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

26. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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5. Use machines at optimal load
• Eliminate uneconomic “hot standby” periods
• Maintain heat supply only if absolutely
necessary
• Avoid long downtimes between loads
• Circumvent low load regimen
• Although at optimal capacity more power is
required as in the partial load operation,
the energy consumption per unit of
production is low
• Cost reduction and emission reduction
because of thermal consumption reduction
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

27. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 27
6. Upgrade existing systems
• Efficient powertrains
• Use modern equipment
• Use of sensors and
measuring systems
“New investments or retrofits of existing facilities can be amortized in 2-3
years“ [13, p.1]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

28. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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II. Behavioral/organizational
issues.
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

29. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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1. Use of work shifts
• Shifting of energivorous processes
towards lower price time slots
• Work shifts on the weekend
• Working at that time of the day
when energy costs are low
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

30. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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2. Train employees
• Make sure everyone knows not to turn on
machines without being necessary
• Ensure optimum usage of machines
• Assign a person responsible to initiate
actions in the field of energy efficiency
• Train all staff to do manual checks and to
watch for energy saving opportunities
• Motivate employees to act energy-
efficient
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

31. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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3. Define indicators
• Collect data about :
– type of motor
– power installed
– energy efficiency class (compilation per
machine type and quantity of machines
per type installed)
– average running time per machine
• This procedure is necessary to identify
potential for energy savings or consumption
optimizations
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

32. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 32
4. Manage orders
• Combine orders if possible
• Optimize process sequence
• “While planning the production
processes consider the attendant
energy supply“ [11,p.10]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Programme of the European Union 33Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Excercises.

34. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Excercise 1: Excess consumption
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Which answer is an issue for excess
technical consumption?
a) Orders are often processed individually
b) Frequent machine downtimes
c) Bad order planning

35. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 35
Excercise-1: Excess consumption
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Which answer is an issue for excess
technical consumption?
a) Orders are often processed individually
b) Frequent machine downtimes
c) Bad order planning

36. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 36
Excercise-2: Machine running
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Is it efficient to turn machines off
during a short coffee break ?
a) Yes
b) No

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Excercise-2: Machine running
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
Is it efficient to turn machines off
during a short coffee break ?
a) Yes
b) No

38. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Excercise-3: Machine care
Rewinding a motor can permanently?:
a) Reduce its efficiency by more than 1 %
b) Reduce its efficiency by more than 10 %
c) Improve its efficiency by more than 0,4 %
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

39. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 39
Excercise-3: Machine care
Rewinding a motor can permanently?:
a) Reduce its efficiency by more than 1 %
b) Reduce its efficiency by more than 10 %
c) Improve its efficiency by more than 0,4 %
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

40. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 40
Gap text
Enter the correct, missing words.
Energy efficiency is a problem which affects .
only companies only the government just the engine builder
the entire value added chain singly the industry
only the suppliers singly the consumer
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

41. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 41
Gap text
Enter the correct, missing words.
Energy efficiency is a problem which affects
the entire value added chain .
only companies only the government just the engine builder
the entire value added chain singly the industry
only the suppliers singly the consumer
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

42. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 42Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Practical example-1: full load
Energy efficiency through full load
 Not only less energy, but also less labor per unit of production
Source: http://www.swisstextiles.ch/cms/upload/dokumente/umwelt/energie_textil.pdf
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
full load [kW] 50
or
half load [kW] 35
working hours [h] 4000 working hours [h] 8000
[kWh/a] 200000 [kWh/a] 280000

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Practical example-1: full load
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
full load: 50 kW 200000 kWh/a
 working hours: 4000 h
 working hours: 8000 h
half load: 35 kW 280000 kWh/a

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Practical example-2: load peaks
Daily electrical power consumption profiles of a textile company [one month] [6, p.4]
• The analysis of the electricity demand profile provides information on peak load
times and provides the opportunity to reduce costs through load management
• The largest peak of demands consistently appear between 10 am to noon
• If possible, these processes should be shifted in the late afternoon
Source: Land und Wirtschaft NRW: Rationelle Energienutzung in der Textilindustrie
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

46. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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47. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Review
• Energy efficiency has long become a
political guideline
• Excess energy consumption through utilization
and production machines is caused by technical
as well as behavioral/organizational issues
• “The efficient use of energy can boost
competitiveness and thus secure the future of
companies” [7,p.2]
• Small, effective saving measures can
be achieved in many places already by small
behavioral changes like reorganization with low
investment
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

48. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Readings-1
[1] VDMA Textile Machinery: Conserving resources – securing savings-potential. The comparison,
measuring and labellingof energy-efficient textile machinery.
[2] CITEVE (2013): Critical Energy Saving Points for the Clothing Manufacturing Process/Factory
Enviroment, Deliverable D3.1
[3] SESEC (2013): Savings potential, Deliverable D2.3
[4] SESEC (2013): Energy data, Deliverable D2.2 v0.2
[5] SESEC (2012): Energy Saving Methodology, Deliverable D2.1
[6] Land und Wirtschaft NRW: Rationelle Energienutzung in der Textilindustrie
[7] EnergieAgentur. NRW (2012): Leitfaden. Effiziente Energienutzung in der Textilveredlung
[8] SwissTextiles: Energie & Textil
URI: http://www.swisstextiles.ch/cms/upload/dokumente/umwelt/energie_textil.pdf
[9] Hasanbeigi, A.; Hasanabadi, A.; Abdorrazaghi, M.: Energy Efficiency Technologies and
Comparing the Energy Intensity in the Textile Industry
URI: http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2011/data/papers/0085-000041.pdf
[10] Hasanbeigi, Ali (2010): Energy-Efficiency Improvement Opportunities for the Textile Industry
URI: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jw8s2gz#page-5
[11] Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (LfU) (2009): Leitfaden für effiziente Energienutzung in
Industrie und Gewerbe
URI: http://www.muenchen.ihk.de/de/innovation/Anhaenge/Leitfaden-Energieeffizienz-in-
Industrie-und-Gewerbe.pdf
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49. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
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Readings-2
[12] SUBRAMANIAM, S. K. ; HUSIN, S. H.; YUSOP, Y.; HAMIDON, A. H. : Machine efficiency and man
power utilization on production lines
URI: http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2008/tenerife/CD-CSECS/papers/CSECS05.pdf
[13] Rouette, H.K.; Tönsing, E. (1999): Rationelle Anwendung von Strom in der Textilindustrie
URI: mobile.energieverbraucher.de/files/download/file/0/1/0/230.pdf
[14] Amtsblattder EuropäischenUnion (2010): RICHTLINIE 2010/75/EU DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS
UND DES RATES
URI: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:de:PDF
[15] Umweltbundesamt (2011): UMWELTSTANDARDS IN DERTEXTIL- UND SCHUHBRANCHEEIN LEITFADEN
AUF BASIS DER BVT-MERKBLÄTTER DER EU
URI: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/umweltstandards-in-textil-
schuhbranche
[16] Europäische Kommission Generaldirektion Energie und Verkehr (2007): Vision 2020:
Energiesparen!
URI: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/2007_eeap_de.pdf
[17] Enterprise Europe Network:
URI: http://www.steinbeis-europa.de/optimes.html
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Pictures-1
• Slide 1
Thomas Totz: Vor dem Abriss - old factory
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/def110/2750709197/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)
• Slide 2
Calsidyrose: Vintage compass on a vintage map
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/calsidyrose/4925267732/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 3
Tony Hisgett: Old Engineering works bw
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hisgett/3617901120/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.de)
• Slide 4
Children's Bureau Centennial: LC-DIG-nclc-01581
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/67331818@N03/8549485412/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 5
Flattop341: Guatemala tip #378 When there is a local demonstration blocking the highway follow the Chicken
Buses.
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/12392909994/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
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Pictures-2
• Slide 6
Children's Bureau Centennial: LC-DIG-nclc-02304 Boy Mill Doffer
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/67331818@N03/8548362217/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 7-10, 18+28
Ralphbijker: motion gears -team force
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/17258892@N05/2588347668/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License:CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Watchsmart: Post it Notes
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/watchsmart/3227691975/
License:CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 11
Children's Bureau Centennial: LC-DIG-nclc-01379 Child Labor Industrial
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/67331818@N03/8548222863/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 12
Children's Bureau Centennial: LC-DIG-nclc-02100 Girls Yarn Mill
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/67331818@N03/8548379255/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
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Pictures-3
• Slide 13
MCAD Library: In Politics
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/69184488@N06/8091033790/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 14
Véronique Debord-Lazaro: What?
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/debord/4932655275/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 15-17
Boston Public Library: Tourist guide post at Sarasota, Florida
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/8071411571/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 19
Cristian Menghi: ON-OFF
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmenghi/5600975060/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 20
Evan Hahn: Thumbs Up (simple)
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/evanhahn/5245014492/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
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Pictures-4
• Slide 21
Andy Maguire: Numbers
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/andymag/9825503886/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 22
Brewbooks: US Navy Cryptanalytic Bombe
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/brewbooks/3318600273/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 23
Frédéric BISSON: Machine à coudre Novella
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/zigazou76/7859020502/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 24
Oatsy40: Rubbish
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/oatsy40/7631270960/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 25
Arthur Chapman: Buffalo road sign at Delta Junction, Alaska
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/arthur_chapman/3906188053/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
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Pictures-5
• Slide 26
Greg Walters: Full Load
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gregwalters/2069876851/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 27
Alex Roberts: System Update
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bovinity/2125620107/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 29
Xiaojun Deng: Queue
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hktang/4243300265/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 30
Daniel R. Blume: Teaching
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/drb62/2474763910/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 31
Aussiegall: Measuring time
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/aussiegall/286709039/sizes/o/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

55. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 55
Pictures-6
• Slide 32
Erix: A blessed appetit
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/erix/4770458552/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.de
• Slide 33
Olga Filonenko: 16/365 - Old armchairs and books
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/olfiika/7815553018/sizes/l/in/photostream/
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)
• Slide 42
Julian Jensen: 24. 20º
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/lnight/4028151256/in/photolist-78Xk2J-7c19tz-7gzvc6-7gCsEx-7gFKjf-7gGoSL-
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License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 44
Cherif, Chokri (2011): Textile Werkstoffe für den Leichtbau (p.493)
• Slide 45
Land und Wirtschaft NRW: Rationelle Energienutzung in der Textilindustrie (p.4)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary

56. Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
Co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union 56
Pictures-7
• Slide 46
PhotoAtelier: Mission-Mill-8
URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/glenbledsoe/5028109720/sizes/l/in/photolist-8EjnQU-brtt3L-8zGrko-8LjLGt-
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License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Slide 47
Flattop341: Timeline
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License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary