Using numerical units in science
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This document discusses the importance of using standardized metric units in science known as the International System of Units (SI). It explains that SI units like meters, grams, liters and seconds are used instead of non-standard units like miles, pounds and gallons to avoid confusion. The document also outlines the SI prefixes that are used to indicate multiples or fractions of standard units, such as kilo-, centi- and milli- to clearly specify the scale being referred to.
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I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers
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The document discusses an honors biology class on March 22nd. Students are asked to use a gel to determine something. The gel image is missing or unclear, making it difficult to determine what the students are meant to analyze from the gel.
Disorders and dna technology
This document discusses genetic diversity through both natural and artificial means. It explains how genetic diversity occurs naturally through sexual reproduction and genetic recombination during meiosis. It notes that greater genetic variation makes populations better able to adapt to environmental changes. The document also discusses how genetic diversity can be artificially manipulated through techniques like gene splicing to create transgenic organisms and cloning.
Mutation powerpoint
Mutations and genetic engineering can alter genes. There are different types of mutations like point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal inversions that can cause genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project mapped gene sequences to aid in diagnosing and treating diseases. Genetic engineering techniques allow manipulating genes and include gene therapy, transgenic organisms, cloning, and other applications that could help cure diseases but also raise safety concerns if not properly addressed.
March7proteinreviewsheet
DNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis, mRNA carries the DNA instructions to the ribosomes, and tRNA and ribosomes work together to assemble the amino acids specified by the mRNA into proteins.
Transcription and translation08
Transcription and translation are two processes that work together to create proteins using DNA's genetic code. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA in the cytoplasm attaches to ribosomes and uses transfer RNA to decode the mRNA and bring amino acids together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. The protein then detaches from the ribosome and performs its functions in the cell.
Dna and rna
DNA contains the genetic code and is located in the cell nucleus. It is a double-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides with a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. DNA replicates via a semi-conservative process where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, which help in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids and combining with ribosomes.
Genetic review for test
The document contains 4 genetics problems involving Punnett squares. Each problem asks the reader to: identify the genotypes and phenotypes of the parental organisms; and draw a Punnett square to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. The problems involve crosses between organisms with traits such as wing shape in flies, eye color in humans, and deafness in dogs.
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, traits like baldness are more commonly expressed in males because they only have one X chromosome, while females need two copies of the gene to show the trait. A Punnett square shows that there is a 50% chance a child will be male or female. If the mother carries the baldness gene, there is a 25% chance their child will be bald male and 25% chance will be a carrier female. If the father is bald, all sons will be bald but daughters will be carriers. If the mother is bald, all children will be carriers and
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, a Y chromosome determines male sex, so traits on this chromosome only affect men. Traits on the X chromosome can be expressed in men, but women need two copies of the gene to show traits as the second X chromosome provides backup. If the mother is bald, both sons and daughters will always be carriers and sons will be bald, while if the father is bald, only daughters can be carriers and sons will not be bald.
Genetics 3
1. Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction and mutations introduce genetic diversity within populations which helps populations adapt to environmental changes.
2. Leopard populations have very little genetic diversity which makes them highly susceptible to disease and likely to go extinct.
3. Karyotypes are arranged pictures of chromosomes that show an individual's sex and any abnormalities like extra or missing chromosomes which can cause genetic disorders.
Genetics 2
- Gregor Mendel studied inheritance through experiments with pea plants and discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes.
- Mendel observed that traits can be dominant or recessive, and used mathematical probabilities to predict inheritance patterns in subsequent generations.
- The concept of codominance was later introduced, where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in heterozygotes rather than one being dominant. Blood type inheritance in humans follows codominance.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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