Towards Cost Efficient Soil Carbon Measurement and MonitoringCarbon Coalition
Professor Alex. McBratney of Sydnet University delivers a stunning presentation on remote sensing and its promise of satellites 'spying' on plants to help save the world from climate crisis.
Brandon Milar, P.E., Director of Technical Services for CalAPA, delivers a technical presentation on Warm Mix Asphalt standards and technology at the CalAPA Spring Asphalt Pavement Conference & Equipment Expo, April 12-13, 2017 in Ontario, Calif.
Towards Cost Efficient Soil Carbon Measurement and MonitoringCarbon Coalition
Professor Alex. McBratney of Sydnet University delivers a stunning presentation on remote sensing and its promise of satellites 'spying' on plants to help save the world from climate crisis.
Brandon Milar, P.E., Director of Technical Services for CalAPA, delivers a technical presentation on Warm Mix Asphalt standards and technology at the CalAPA Spring Asphalt Pavement Conference & Equipment Expo, April 12-13, 2017 in Ontario, Calif.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
British Standards for Carbon Management- including PAS 2080 – The world’s fir...EMEX
Insights from leading experts into the main developments in British Standards, including PAS 2080 Carbon Management in Infrastructure as an industry game changer. Speakers with first-hand experience will highlight how this specification (PAS) is helping the sector address key challenges and opportunities for energy and carbon reduction.
BSi will provide a briefing on PAS 2080 and other key standards, PAS 2050 on carbon footprint and PAS 2060 on carbon neutrality that can help organisations reduce carbon emissions and improve business practice to support sustainability goals.
Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: Exploring metal ...IEA-ETSAP
Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: Exploring metal requirements and the well-below 2?°C target with 100 percent renewable energy
Rise above the risk of the helium supply shortage with innovative solutions that optimize the usage of the non-renewable gas. The new Thermo Scientific™ Instant Connect Helium Saver Module enables you to continue your analyses without helium supply concerns or extensive supply costs.
Save precious non-renewable noble helium when your instrument is idle, as well as during the analytical run. Keep your methods intact, validation-effective, and regulation-compliant. Find out how to extend the lifetime of one helium cylinder to over 14 years under certain conditions and experience significant savings in both helium supply needs and financial costs throughout the lifetime of your Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry instrument.
· Maintain your methods
· Prolong your helium supply
· Save your budget
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
British Standards for Carbon Management- including PAS 2080 – The world’s fir...EMEX
Insights from leading experts into the main developments in British Standards, including PAS 2080 Carbon Management in Infrastructure as an industry game changer. Speakers with first-hand experience will highlight how this specification (PAS) is helping the sector address key challenges and opportunities for energy and carbon reduction.
BSi will provide a briefing on PAS 2080 and other key standards, PAS 2050 on carbon footprint and PAS 2060 on carbon neutrality that can help organisations reduce carbon emissions and improve business practice to support sustainability goals.
Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: Exploring metal ...IEA-ETSAP
Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: Exploring metal requirements and the well-below 2?°C target with 100 percent renewable energy
Rise above the risk of the helium supply shortage with innovative solutions that optimize the usage of the non-renewable gas. The new Thermo Scientific™ Instant Connect Helium Saver Module enables you to continue your analyses without helium supply concerns or extensive supply costs.
Save precious non-renewable noble helium when your instrument is idle, as well as during the analytical run. Keep your methods intact, validation-effective, and regulation-compliant. Find out how to extend the lifetime of one helium cylinder to over 14 years under certain conditions and experience significant savings in both helium supply needs and financial costs throughout the lifetime of your Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry instrument.
· Maintain your methods
· Prolong your helium supply
· Save your budget
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
USING CARBBROD TO ESTIMATE THE COST OF PHYTOPHTHORAS
1. USING CARBBROD TO
ESTIMATE THE COST OF
PHYTOPHTHORAS
Colin Price, free-lance academic
90 Farrar Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DU
United Kingdom
2.
3. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
4. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
5. THINNED JAPANESE LARCH YC12: CROP VOLUME
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 20 40 60 80 100
Maincropvolume(cu.m.)
Lapse of time (years)
7. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
10. Year Low Central High Low Central High
2008 20 20 20 27 55 82
2009 12 12 12 28 56 84
2010 12 12 12 28 57 85
2011 11 11 11 29 57 86
2012 6 6 6 29 58 87
2013 0 3 16 30 59 89
2014 0 4 17 30 60 90
2015 0 4 18 30 61 91
2016 0 4 19 31 62 93
2017 0 4 21 31 63 94
2018 0 4 22 32 64 96
2019 0 5 24 32 65 97
2020 0 5 26 33 66 99
2021 4 12 35 33 67 100
2022 8 19 44 34 68 102
Traded Non-traded
Traded and non-traded (for forestry etc)
differ.
Not all changes are monotonic.
But they converge after 2030.
They go on rising thereafter.
Traded and non-traded (for forestry etc)
differ.
Not all changes are monotonic.
But they converge after 2030.
They go on rising thereafter.
Traded and non-traded (for forestry etc)
differ.
Not all changes are monotonic.
But they converge after 2030.
They go on rising thereafter.
Traded and non-traded (for forestry etc)
differ.
Not all changes are monotonic.
But they converge after 2030.
They go on rising thereafter.
11. DECC prices are:
per tonne carbon dioxide equivalent;
not per tonne carbon.
Multiply by 3.67 for per tonne carbon.
They are very high compared with those used
by Stern etc.
12. DECC prices are:
per tonne carbon dioxide equivalent;
not per tonne carbon.
Multiply by 3.67 for per tonne carbon.
They are very high compared with those used
by Stern etc.
13. DECC prices are:
per tonne carbon dioxide equivalent;
not per tonne carbon.
Multiply by 3.67 for per tonne carbon.
They are very high compared with those used
by Stern etc.
14. DECC prices are:
per tonne carbon dioxide equivalent;
not per tonne carbon.
Multiply by 3.67 for per tonne carbon.
They are very high compared with those used
by Stern etc.
15. “These long-term carbon values reflect the costs
required to achieve the internationally agreed
UNFCCC long term goal of limiting global
temperature increases to not greater than 2 degrees
centigrade above pre-industrial levels.” (UK DECC,
2013)
Get out there and
use them!
16. Summed
effects of
carbon flux
during t = 2
Carbon flux
during t = 2
Effect during
t = 2
Effect during
t = 3
Effect during
t = 4
…
Effect in t =
Summed
effects of
carbon flux
during t = 1
Carbon flux
during t = 1
Effect during
t = 1
Effect during
t = 2
Effect during
t = 3
…
Effect in t =
Summed
effects of
carbon flux
during t = T
Carbon flux
during t = T
Effect during
t = T
Effect during
t = T + 1
Effect during
t = T + 2
…
Effect in t =
Algebraic
integration
Algebraic
integration
Algebraic
integration
. . . Numerical
summation
Summed
effects of
carbon flux
during t = 1T
Tρ
e1
1
Summed
effects of
carbon flux
during t = 1
None of this is possible with irregular
discount and carbon prices. So …
17. Forest
increment
during the
year t
Harvesting
at t added
to give ...
SRW
pool (t-1)
Biomass
pool (t-1)
decay
Net carbon
change in
atmosph-
ere during
the year t
LRW
pool (t-1)
decay
decay
Biomass
pool (t)
price
discount
factor for t
= C value
SRW
pool (t)
LRW
pool (t)
Increment
during the
year t+1 decay
Net carbon
change in
atmosph-
ere during
year t+1
decay
decay
price
Biomass
pool (t+1)
Harvesting
at t+1 add-
ed to give
SRW
pool (t+1)
LRW
pool (t+1)
LRW
pool (t)
SRW
pool (t)
Biomass
pool (t)
And so on …
Strictly, to be integrated over year t…
18. THINNED JAPANESE LARCH YC12: CO2 FLUXES
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100
CO2fluxes(tonnes)
Lapse of time (years)
Into trees
From
products
23. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
24. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
30. Origins in early 1990s (cost–benefit analysis of
farm woodlands – MAFF funding);
based on yield models (Forestry Commission);
used social cost of carbon and single discount
rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
31. Replace by Scots pine YC10, various infection ages
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Costofloss(£NPV500)
Current age (years)
vs business as
usual
Infection
32. Replace by Douglas fir YC12, various infection ages
-30000
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Costofloss(£NPV500)
Current age (years)
vs business as
usual
Infection
34. Replace by Scots pine YC10, various infection ages;
Stern CO2 price
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Costofloss(£NPV500)
Current age (years)
vs business as
usual
Infection
35. 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Costofloss(£NPV500)
Current age (years)
vs business as
usual
Infection
NO replacement, various infection ages; DECC CO2
prices
39. Infection age is set manually Reduced growth rate
Working start date 2017 (for death, rate=0)
User-set rotation 102 102 30
150 150 0
N/A 147 147
102 147 147
N/A 30 30
N/A 0% 0%
N/A N/A 0.5
N/A N/A 0
Age of first treatment
Treatment interval (years)
Cost per application
Treat replacement crop? Y/N Note: only treat replacement crop if it is susceptible, e.g. same spe
NPV500 (set rotn) £84,800 £83,303 £46,601
NPV500 (optimal rotn) £85,766 £85,657 £59,060
Baseline (business as
usual)
Modified baseline:
changing silviculture
Post-infection growth rate
Growth rate recovery
Optimal rotation
Replacement rotn
Age of extra thinning
% extra thinning
Replacement rotation used
40. rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
no account yet of costs of rescheduling other
felling.
possible extension to other environmental
objectives.
41.
42. rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
no account yet of costs of rescheduling other
felling.
possible extension to other environmental
objectives.
43. rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
no account yet of costs of rescheduling other
felling;
possible extension to other environmental
objectives.
44. rate;
reconstructed (massively) to use any discount
schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
no account yet of costs of rescheduling other
felling;
possible extension to other environmental
objectives.
45.
46.
47. schedule or carbon price (Defra, FERA);
numerous spin-off papers and reports – no
substantive criticisms so far;
revised for improved user friendliness;
application to rapid evaluation of scenarios with-
and without change in nursery practice;
done per hectare, not on landscape scale;
no account yet of impacts on markets;
no account yet of costs of rescheduling other
felling;
possible extension to other environmental
objectives;
AND what else?