'Decarbonising Our Energy Supply' looks at alternative's to dirty grid electricity to provide us with electricity and thermal energy.

1. Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology
CRICOS Provider Code 00301J
Decarbonising Cities & Regions
Decarbonising Our Energy Supply
Colin Beattie 13th August 2013
Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute

2. FRAMEWORK
… our precincts and neighbourhoods as the
building blocks of our cities

3. Contribution to CO2-e: Emissions by sector;
CLIMATE
CHANGE

4. CLIMATE
CHANGE

5. 31%
energy
to the
grid
34%
energy
to the
grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss
coal fired power generation....
ENERGY & GREENHOUSE

6. “THE DENSITY TRADE-OFF: Does High Rise Living Contribute More than Living in Detached Dwellings to Greenhouse Gas Emissions?”
Beattie & Newman
National Conference
Tuesday, 29 November – Friday, 2 December, 2011SOAC
EMISSIONS & URBAN FORM

7. Reference
Taper, B. et. al, (2010), Urban Planning, Information
Technology and Evidence Based Decision Making for
Emission Reductions in our Cities
EMISSIONS &
URBAN FORM

8. 31%
energy
to the
grid
34%
energy
to the
grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss
coal fired power generation....
ENERGY & GREENHOUSE

9. 31%
energy
to the
grid
34%
energy
to the
grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss

10. COGENERATION

11. Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhattan
50% of steam from cogeneration plants
provides heating & cooling
Offsets 350MWe of power from grid
COGENERATION

12. PEP Building
DANDENONG

13. Precinct Energy Project
(PEP)
Includes;
•The PEP Energy Centre Building
•6MWe Capacity
•Reticulation Network
Objectives
•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by
the built environment at a precinct level
•To attract development to Dandenong by
easier achievement of Green Buildings
•To be self funding, providing services at
market competitive rates
DANDENONG

14. Precinct Energy Project
(PEP)
Includes;
•The PEP Energy Centre Building
•6MWe Capacity
•Reticulation Network
Objectives
•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by
the built environment at a precinct level
•To attract development to Dandenong by
easier achievement of Green Buildings
•To be self funding, providing services at
market competitive rates
DANDENONG
Key Facts
Stage 1
Stage 2
2MW
4MW
Hours of operation
7am to 11pm
(Mon to Fri)
Annual Operation Approx. 3,800 hrs/pa
Annual CO2-e
Abatement
22,000 tones
Key Facts and Figures

15. PEP Building

25. Carine Tafe
• 7.92 Ha Total
Precinct A
Mixed use with
commercial, retail,
medical, resi and child
care
Precinct B
Retirement village and
Residential aged care
Precinct C
R30/60 Townhouses
and apartments
Precinct D
R80 apartments up to 7
storeys

27. RESULTS
52% better
64% better
82% better
53% better
8% better
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
Transport
Embodied CO2
Energy
Water
Affordability
Reference
BetterWorse

28. 1,447
699
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
LSP (R30/60 &
R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon
GHGe(t/year)
Transport Emissions
0.000 0.033 0.033
0.626
0.736
1.163
1.281
1.405
1.535
1.750
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
ADDITIONAL Transit Transit, OPC Trans, 1 PB Trans, 1 PB, CS Trans, 0.75 PB Trans, 0.75
PB, CS
Trans, 0.5 PB Trans 0.5 PB, CS Trans 0.5
PB, CS, OPC
Losses(-ve)/Savings(+ve)
GHGe Savings (t CO2/pp/yr)
Embodied GHGe
Water GHGe
Op. Energy GHGe
TRANSPORT

29. 23.9%
25.9%
48.5%
60.6%
27.6%
13.5%
2,720
7,513
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)…
GHGe(totaltonnes) Embodied Emissions
Precinct Infrastructure
Multi-Apartments
Compact Dwellings
1.91
3.05
4.47
7.15
1.59
1.59
7.97
11.80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Model Reference
t(CO2-e)/person
Embodied GHG
Savings in GHG from Selection
of Low-Carbon Building
Assemblies
1.02
3.05
2.26
7.15
1.18
1.59
4.46
11.80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Model Reference
Embodied GHG
0.51
3.05
-0.80
7.15
1.18
1.59
0.89
11.80
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Model Reference
Embodied GHG
Precinct
Infrastructure
Multi-
Apartments
Compact
Dwellings
Additional GHG Reduction
from Choosing Low-
Carbon/Recycled Materials
Additional GHG Reduction including Carbon
Sequestered in Timber
EMBODIED
ENERGY

30. ENERGY
EFFICIENCY

31. 2,223
409
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon
GHGe(t/year)Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions
1,324
1,267
1,208
1,149
1,262
1,303
1,143
1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
1,250
1,300
1,350
LSP (R30/60
& R80)
Reference
Model
7-Star 8-Star 9-Star H and C
Resi
HW Resi Appliances
GHGe(t/year)
Residential Emissions
899
716 717
892
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
LSP (R30/60 &
R80)
Reference
Model
NR
(Li and BF)
H and C All HW All
Non-Residential Emissions
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY

32. [CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
2,223
1,591
1,464
1,343
1,121 1,106 1,092
943
831 843 791 751
1,084 1,079 1,028
943
785
468 409
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
LSP (R30/60 & R80)1.5kVAArray4.5kVAArray500sqm PVNR, CoolingNR, H and CNR allNR all, R CNR all, R H and CNR all, R allc/w 250 Sol. Boostc/w 500 Sol. BoostNR, CoolingNR, H and CNR allNR all, R CNR all, R H and CNR all, R allLSP Low Carbon
Supply Side Strategies
Renewables Tri-generation Options Tri-generation Options
EXPORTING ELECTRICITY
c/w Solar
Boost
NON-RESI MIXED USE NON-RESI MIXED USE
ENERGY
SUPPLY
2,223
409
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon
GHGe(t/year)Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions

33. Building Scale
• Fixtures Efficiency
• Appliance Efficiency
• Rainwater tanks
• Greywater Treatment
WATER &
GREENHOUSE

34. WATER &
GREENHOUSE
Community Scale
Source: GHD, Cockburn Coast DWMS

35. Demand Side
(efficiency) Strategies Rainwater Tank Options
Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options
40.97
19.16
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon
ML/year
Total Water Consumption
Non-
Residential
Residential
0.000 0.005
0.063
0.083 0.082 0.083 0.082 0.083
-0.042 -0.042
-0.056
-0.142 -0.145
-0.172 -0.172
-0.149
-0.169
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Losses(-ve)/Savings(+ve)
GHGe Savings (t CO2/person/yr)
Water GHGe
Op. Energy GHGe
WATER &
GREENHOUSE

36. LSP
(R30/60
& R80)
Referen
ce
Model
Irrigation Fixtures
Applianc
es
Fixtures
(NR)
Irrigation Irr, WC
Irr, WC,
L
Irr, WC,
L, HW
RW to
Irrigation
RW to
ITL
RW to
ITL, HW
RWSW
to
Irrigation
RWSW
to ITL
RWSW
to
ITL, HW
RWSW
WW to
Irr.
LSP
Low
Carbon
RWSW
WW to
ITL, HW
Water Savings 0.00 3.23 9.42 13.80 13.80 17.03 19.95 21.21 23.50 15.51 18.12 20.39 15.54 18.26 20.74 21.37 32.18 42.89
GHGe 0.000 0.005 0.063 0.083 0.083 0.082 0.083 0.082 0.083 -0.042 -0.042 -0.056 -0.142 -0.145 -0.172 -0.172 -0.149 -0.169
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
RESIGHGet(Savings(+ve)/Losses(-ve))
WATERSAVINGSkl/(person.yr)
Potable Water Savings & GHGe
Water Savings GHGe
Demand Side (efficiency)
Strategies
Rainwater Tank Options Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options
WATER
CONSUMPTION
40.97
19.16
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon
ML/year Total Water Consumption
Non-
Residential
Residential

37. $0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
Annual Household Expenditure
Water usage
Energy usage
AFFORDABILITY
& COST
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL COSTS
$/dwelling total $ Env. Saving Units
NatHERS Upgrade
from 6-star
$ 2,966 $ 768,256
350 tonnes CO2/yr
Solar hot water $ 579 $ 149,886
Private solar PV $ 3,440 $ 891,000 377 tonnes CO2/yr
Rain tanks $ 1,720 $ 445,912 21.2 kilolitres PP/yr
Precinct or Neighbourhood Interventions
Precinct solar PV $ 1,485 $ 384,526 153 tonnes CO2/yr
Cogeneration $ 2,469 $ 639,360 412 tonnes CO2/yr
Recycled water
scheme
$ 566 $ 146,684 32.2 kilolitres PP/yr

38. Area
(ha)
Energy/GHG Reductions Transport Cap.
Cost
Comment
Technologies&
PracticesAdopted
LowCarbon
(Trigeneration)
Renewables
Buildingenergy
Efficiency
RenewableFuel
SUB-TOTAL
ReducedPrivate
VehicleUse
City of Sydney 2600 20% 19% 20% 6% 65% n/a n/a
The City of Sydney is based on a
number of existing precincts - the
results shown are combined.
Cockburn Coast 332 55% 0% 55%
35%
(GHGe)
$5,600/
Dwelling or
$44/m2 of fl.
area
Based on the District Structure Plan
developed by Landcorp
Stirling City Centre 215 21% 5% 17% 0% 43% 34% (VKT)
$76/m2 of fl.
area
Based on the Structure Plan
developed by the Stirling Alliance
North Port Quay 245 0 111% 19% 47% 177%
13%
(GHGe)
$200/m2 of
fl. area
Hypothetical model pushing
boundaries of RE to achieve a zero
carbon outcome

39. “IN
CONCLUSION”
Looking at energy alone
we can only achieve a
reduction in emissions of
45% as opposed to 82% IF
precinct scale
interventions are
pursued.
• There are significant
regulatory barriers
• Cost reflective pricing
• Is the market ready?
52% better
64% better
82% better
53% better
8% better
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
Transport
Embodied CO2
Energy
Water
Affordability
Reference
BetterWorse
CAPITAL COSTS
Building Scale $/dwelling total $
Total $ 8,700 $ 2,250,000
Precinct Scale
Total $ 4,500 $ 1,170,000

40. Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of Technology
CRICOS Provider Code 00301J
13.08.2013
Thanks to the following for their support;
• Curtin University
• AHURI
• Australian Research Council
• Cedar Woods
• Horizon Power
• North Port Quay
Colin Beattie Contact Details:
m | +61 423 373993
e | Colbeattie@gmail.com
twitter | @ColBeattie
www | sustainability.curtin.edu.au
Decarbonising Our
Energy Supply