use of library and study skills

GNS121
USE OF LIBRARY,
STUDY SKILLS & ICT
By
Adesoji David ADERIBIGBE
08077242945, aderibigbead@tasce.edu.ng

Course Outline
 Brief History of the Library
 Library and Education, University Libraries
and other types of Libraries
 Study Skills (reference services)
 Type of Library Materials
 Using Library resources including e-Learning,
e-materials
 Understanding Library Catalogues(Card,
OPAC) and Classification
 Copyright and its Implication
 Database Resources,
 Bibliographic Citation and Referencing.

Brief History of Libraries
 The history of Library began with the first efforts to organize
collections of documents. The first libraries consisted of
archives of the earliest forms of writing – the clay tablets in
cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer, some
dating back to 2600 BC.
 The first libraries appeared five thousand years ago in
Southwest Asia's Fertile Crescent, an area that ran from
Mesopotamia to the Nile in Africa. Known as the cradle of
civilization, the Fertile Crescent was the birthplace of writing,
sometime before 3000 BC. These archives, which mainly
consisted of the records of commercial transactions or
inventories, mark the end of prehistory and the start of history.
 Written knowledge did not always mean books. Before books,
there were clay tablets, and archaeologists have discovered
that the Mesopotamian people collected thousands of them in
a repository more than 5,000 years ago! (Mesopotamia was an
ancient region of southwest Asia in what is now modern-day
Iraq.)

 The tablets were stored in a variety of containers
such as wooden boxes, woven baskets of reeds,
or clay shelves. The "libraries" were catalogued
using ‘colophons’ , which are a publisher's imprint
on the spine of a book, or in this case a tablet.
The colophons stated the series name, the title of
the tablet, and any extra information the scribe
needed to indicate. Eventually, the clay tablets
were organized by subject and size.
Unfortunately, due to limited bookshelf space,
when more tablets were added to the library,
older ones were removed, which is why some
tablets are missing from the excavated cities in
Mesopotamia.

 Persia at the time of the Achaemenid
Empire (550–330 BC) was home to some
outstanding libraries. Those libraries within
the kingdom had two major functions: the first
came from the need to keep the records of
administrative documents including
transactions, governmental orders, and
budget allocation within and between the
Satrapies and the central ruling State.[13] The
second function was to collect precious
resources on different subjects of science and
sets of principles e.g. medical science,
astronomy, history, geometry and philosophy.

 The Library of Alexandria in Egypt, was the
largest and most significant library of the ancient
world. It flourished under the patronage of the
Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a major
centre of scholarship from its construction in the
3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of
Egypt in 30 BC. Libraries were filled with
parchment scroll at Library of Pergamum and on
papyrus scrolls as at Library of Alexandria.
 Collections of written knowledge were originally
kept in what was called a repository.

 Archeologists have also uncovered collections of
ancient papyrus scrolls that date back to 1300
B.C. (Papyrus scrolls were made from a grassy
plant, and were used by Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans.) The ancient Greeks promoted the idea
of repositories through their keen interest in
literacy and intellectual life. Collections in
repositories began to grow because the Greeks
encouraged authors to write on a variety of
subjects, which copy shops then made into
books. These copy shops were not Kinko’s!
Copying books was done by hand, and (as you
can imagine) it took a lot of care and
concentration to make a copy exactly right.

 How accurately a book was copied was called its
“trustworthiness”. (Imagine accidentally leaving
out the word not in the following sentence: The
emperor decided not to attack. As you can see, a
book’s trustworthiness was very important!) The
repositories did not have shelves like our modern
libraries do. The scrolls were kept in little slots, or
pigeonholes, with their titles written on wooden
tags at the openings.

 There were various jobs to be had inside a
repository. It was a great honor (and position
of power) to serve as the director. Scrolls from
the tagged pigeonholed shelves were fetched
and returned by people called pages. They
transported the scrolls in leather or wooden
buckets. Scribes made copies of works to be
added to a library’s collection, and recopied
scrolls that had been damaged. But these
repositories (or libraries) were only available
to scholars and scientists. “Ordinary” people
were not welcome. You could not just go down
to your local repository and check out a scroll!

 During the Renaissance era (14th-16th
centuries) wealthy people in Europe began
building their own private libraries. It became
a status symbol—if you were rich, you had a
library! It was Johann Gutenberg’s 1450’s
invention of moveable type that changed
bookmaking forever, replacing handwritten
books with printed ones and making them
more readily available. There were many
libraries established throughout Europe, but
the oldest library in America started with a
400- book donation to a new university in
Massachusetts by a man named John

Library and Education
 Library services is germane to
educational system. It acquires,
organize, store and make available for
use all forms of materials that aids
education. Hence, it inclusion in the
national policy on education 4th Edition,
Section 11 as essential services to
facilitate the implementation of
educational policy, attainment of policy
goal and the promotion of effectiveness
of educational system (FRN,2004;45).

libraries provide access to
education by teaching
information skills, by providing
leadership and expertise in the
use of information and
information technologies, and by
participating in networks that
enhance access to resources
outside the school or community.

 libraries help to ensure equity in
education by addressing the needs
of student who are most at risk,
providing access to information and
ideas unimpeded by social, cultural,
and economic constraints; ensuring
free and equal access to information
and ideas without geographic
constraints;

 It also impact academic
achievement for individuals by
assisting them in lifelong learning,
preparing individuals for productive
employment, promoting the
enjoyment of reading, promoting
functional literacy among adults,
preparing individuals for responsible
citizenship, and equipping the
nation to be its best.

TYPES OF LIBRARY
•National libraries
•Public libraries
•Academic libraries
•School libraries (Media Resource
Centre)
•Special/Research

National Library:
National library serves as a
coordinating center for library
activities within the country. The
collections in this kind of library
are usually literature of the
citizens. The National library is
the legal depository and
bibliographic center for the
nation.

Functions of National Library:
• Receives and preserves materials under copyright
deposit law.
• Compile and edit national bibliography.
• Computing special bibliographic and catalogues. E.g.
HIV, Law
• Plays a leadership role in the library profession.
• House National Union catalogue.
• Act as center for library co-operation.
• Collect current foreign literature about the nation.
• Assigns standard codes to libraries and other
establishment.
• Assigns standard number (ISBN and ISSN) to materials
published within the country.
Examples are: National Library of Nigeria, Library
Congress Washington D.C. etc.

Public Library:
These are libraries established by
the government for the community.
They have collections that are
general in nature because they
cater for the information needs of
the general public. The provides
informational, educational,
research and recreational services
and promote the culture of the
community. Public library are

Functions of Public Library
• To provide additional sources of materials
to students and adults members of the
community.
• To render specialized service such as
“mobile library” to the community.
• To mount extension services such as book
talks, film shows, exhibition e.tc.
• Render out each library services to special
people like old people, the handicapped,
motherless babies, bedridden e.t.c.
• Organized educational activities that could
enhance the academic standard of
children.
Examples of public libraries are State and Local

Academic Library
Academic libraries are the libraries
found in the Universities,
Polytechnics, Colleges of
Education and other tertiary
institutions. They are mainly
funded by their parent institutions.
They provide information needs
for the lecturers, students and the
researchers.

Functions of Academic Library
 Acquires information materials in different
formats.
 Organize information materials for easy
storage and retrieval.
 Store and present of information materials
for posterity.
 Provision of up-to-date information to users
 Assisting researchers in getting information
materials relevant to their work.
 Promoting reading culture and research in
the institution.

School Library
School library is the type of
library found in primary and
secondary school to promote
sound and effective teaching,
reading culture and independent
learning.
Some schools who understand the
importance of library facility inculcate
library hour into students time table to
enable the students make good use of the

Functions of School Library
 Provision of background materials to
supplement class teaching.
 Getting the children acquainted with books to
broaden their ideas and stimulate their appetite
for knowledge.
 Prepare the pupils to work independently so
that when they left the school they can carry on
with their education without depending solely
on teachers.
 Encourages a reading culture in the student
 Aid the students in making reasonable use of
their leisure time.
Examples of school library are TASCE Staff
School Library, Ajose Community Secondary

Special/Research Library
These are libraries that belong to a, particular
establishment, government, ministries, research
institutes, banks and professional bodies. They are
established to support researches going on in the
institutions they serve .Research institutes include
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),
Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN),Nigeria
Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER)
etc.
Research library can also be referred to as special
library. The library is established to support the
research activities of the institute they serve. They
usually have a very narrow scope. Their patrons or
clientele are researchers or subject specialist
embarking upon exhaustive and intensive
investigation into a particular area of knowledge.

Functions of Special/Research Library
 Provision of information resources
relevant to the activities of its parent
organization.
 Provide and disseminate current
awareness services based on the profiles
of individual users.
 Provide required information quickly and
precisely
 Conducting retrospective literature search
for users.

University Library
 University library is the hub of knowledge for the
faculty. They acquire different forms of
information resources that are relevant to the
need of their users. Such materials are carefully
selected in relation to the courses offered in the
university through suggestions from the expert
who taught the causes and the librarians to
meet the users need.
 It served the staff, students and independents
researchers by making available current
educational materials to support
teaching/learning and research.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
The university library is divided
into two major departments
apart from the Head of the
library office which is mainly for
administrative work. The two
major departments are, the
Readers services Department
and the Technical Services
Department

ORGANOGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
UNIVERSITYLIBRARIAN
Administrative Office
A.O., Sec., E.O., C.O.
Messenger
Readers Services Technical Services
* Circulation * Acquisition
*Serial * Catalogue and Classification
*Reference * Reprography
*Reserved

A. Readers’ Services Departments
In this department, library
activities are clearly seen by
users. It makes library
materials available to users.
They attends to users
query/request and assist uses
as much as rules permit. It is
also sub-divided into units and
they are Circulation, Serial,

Readers’ Services Departments (cont.)
1. Circulation Unit: This is the
unit where users registers,
borrow and return books. In
other words, library materials
are charged to users and
discharged on return to the
library. Most library users are
used to this unit because it is
frequently used by users.

Functions of Circulation Unit :
• Registration of new users and keeping the
records of profiles of library users.
• Keeping the records of books borrowed and
those returned.
• Taking note of when the materials borrowed are
back in the library.
• Keeping the statistics of library use.
• Sending overdue notices to delinquent library
patrons who failed to return their books when
due.

2. Serial Unit: In this unit, all
periodicals and related
publications are selected,
ordered, received,
processed, and shelved. It
forms an important part of
library collection.

Functions of Serial Unit :
• Selection and acquisition of serial
publications such as journals, newspapers,
magazines etc.
• Proper arrangement and display of new
editions of periodicals.
• Ensure regular supply of newspaper and
magazines to the library.
• Indexing of articles in the newspapers and
magazines.

3. Reference Unit: This section
involves the provision of
reference services as well as
keeping and managing of
reference materials.
Questions are answered
through available reference

Functions of Reference Unit
:
• Provision of reference services to the users.
• Assisting the users to locate the particular
reference sources that could answer their
queries.
• Guiding the users in the use of reference
materials for optimum results.
• Providing answers to quick reference
queries.

3. Reserve Unit: Reserved
section is also part of the
reference section in most
libraries. This is a special
area of shelf for books in
restricted use. The librarian
decides which books to put
into reserve when to remove

B. Technical Services
Departments
This is a section that is hardly
seen by the library users as
only members of staff are
allowed to go in freely.
 This comprises of three
sections/units, namely: Acquisition,
Catalogue and classification, and

Technical Services Departments (cont.)
1. ACQUISITION SECTION:
This department searches and
selects materials in whatever form
that would be of good use to their
clients. These department ensure
an even development of library
collection by making sure that
library acquired or purchase
balance collection so that no
discipline is developed at the
expense of others

2. CATALOUGING AND CLASSIFICATION SECTION:
They catalogue and classify. The
arrangement by which the materials
are organized is done in line with a
standard guide/rule according to their
subject matter. Great care is
exercised in order to prevent the loss
of the group within the library for
once a material is wrongly
catalogued, it would be wrongly
placed in the library and this will not
be available for use by right user.

3. REPROGRAPHIC
SECTION: This is where
general reprographic
services take place.
e.g. photocopying,
binding, microfiche of
library material.

Assignment
 Compare and contrast a library and a
book shop
 Explain the functions library performs.
 With the aid of diagram explain the
organisational structure of a University
Library.

Study Skills (Reference
Services)
For effective Study, students must not
depend on chance but must adequately
plan their study using tested study
methods. Students who follow these
methods learn more easily, retain material
for longer periods of time, and save
themselves hours of study time. We shall
answer the following questions: what are
the good study and reading methods?
What are the steps to take to develop good
study skills? What are the SQ3R reading

Good Study Methods
There are steps you must take in order to
develop good study skills.
1. Making and Keeping a Study
Schedule: Students must have a
functional reading schedule where
specific hours are set aside for reading
each day. This schedule must be
faithfully kept from day-to-day. The
amount of time needed for study will
vary for each individual. An average of
four hours of study each day is

Good Study Methods
2. Studying in an Appropriate Setting —
Same Time, Same Place, Every Day A
conducive environment such as a
library, or/and a study room at home is
recommended for study. This will
facilitate comprehension since it is
expected that the environment is not
only quiet but cool and has all
necessary facilities for study. Have a
specific place for your study.

Good Study Methods
3. Equipping Your Study Area with All the
Materials You Need: Ensure that when
you visit the library that you go with all
necessary reading materials/resources
such as: Recommended textbooks, e-
resources on your laptops, pencils, pens,
erasers, etc. With your materials at hand,
you can study without interruption. Put
your phone on silence and take only
emergency calls. Studying is a serious
business. You can return the calls after

Good Study Methods
4. Not Relying on Inspiration for Motivation:
Students must not leave studying time to when
they feel like. You must stick to your daily
schedule for studying whether you are
motivated or not. Get yourself motivated. One
method of doing this is by moving from the
known to the unknown or by reading for
pleasure then move on to actual study. As an
athlete-in-training cannot wait for inspiration to
practice in preparation for an event so you
cannot wait for inspiration to study for
examinations or assignments. Like the athlete,
you must get into training for tests and
examinations by doing the assignments and

Good Study Methods
5. Keeping a Well-Kept Notebook Improves
Grades:
According to researchers there is a correlation
between orderliness and highgrades. Knowing
where to find your materials when you need them
is crucial. A well-kept notebook is a part of good
time management.
6. Taking Good Notes as Insurance against
Forgetting
Students must learn to take good notes efficiently
as their instructor’s stress important points in class
and as they study. Good notes are a “must” for just
before test/examination-reviewing. Without notes,

Good Study Methods
7. Over- learning Material Enhances Memory
According to Psychologists you must over-learn a
concept for it to be internalized. This calls for
constant reading in order to over-learn what you
already know. Students who over-learned material
retained four times as much after a month than
students who didn’t over-learn.
8. Share the Knowledge
When you teach others what you have learn, it
makes you remember them. The more you teach
others or share the knowledge with others the
more you aid your recall and retention.

Reading Methods
There are different reading methods as suggested
by many but we shall be considering the SQ3R
method. SQ3R is a Reading/Study formula
designed to help process and increase retention of
written information. It consists of the following five
steps.
a. S - Survey
b. Q – Question
c. R – Read
d. R – Recite
e. R - Review

Reading Methods
a. S = SURVEY
Scan the piece of writing to establish its purpose
and get the main ideas. This may also be called
skimming. Look for:
 The title, headings, and subheadings: This
indicates the main topics and concepts being
developed.
 Captions under pictures, charts, graphs or maps:
This emphasizes important information
 Questions or teacher-made study guides and
review them
 Introductory, concluding paragraphs and
summary will also reveal the topics being covered

Reading Methods
b. Q = QUESTION
Write questions to give purpose and improve
concentration. This aids comprehension. Do the
following:
 Turn the title, headings, and/or subheadings into
questions
 Read questions at the beginning/end of the
chapters or after each subheading
 Ask yourself, "What did my instructor say about
this chapter or subject
 Ask yourself, "What do I already know about this
subject?"

Reading Methods
c. R = READ
 When you begin to Read, do the following:
 Look for answers to the questions you first raised
 Answer questions at the beginning or end of chapters
or study guides
 Reread captions under pictures, graphs, etc.
 Note all the underlined, italicized, bold printed words
or phrases
 Study graphic aids
 Reduce your speed for difficult passages
 Stop and reread parts which are not clear
 Read only a section at a time and recite after each
section

Reading Methods
d. R = RECITE
Reciting helps to put the information into your long-term
memory. Put what you have learned into your own
words. Do the following after you have read asection.
 Orally ask yourself questions about what you have
just read, or summarize, in your own words, what you
read
 Take notes from the text but write the information in
your own words
 Underline or highlight important points you've just
read It is important to note that in learning, the more
senses employed, the more likely you are to
remember what you have read e.g Triple strength
learning:Seeing, saying, hearing; Quadruple strength

Reading Methods
R = REVIEW
 It is important to review the material to
understand and remember it. Did you answer all
the questions and understand the information?
 Reviewing each time, you study will eliminate the
need to “cram” for a test or exam.

CATALOGUING
Cataloguing involves the
process of making entries
for a catalogue. This
covers the process of
preparing a book to be put
on the shelves.

Objectives of cataloguing
1. It helps the users to know
whether a particular book
by a particular author with
a particular title, edition,
publisher and year is
available in the library.

2. The catalogue brings
together in a single
place all works of a
given author whether
personal or corporate.

3. The subject
catalogue brings
together all the
works on a given
topic in the library.

CATALOGUE INPUT
In cataloguing, a book usually has
three inputs:
1. The main entry: Author, Title and Subject
2. The Descriptive Cataloguing: Title,
place of responsibility, edition statement,
place of publication, publisher, year of
publication, collation, ISBN
3. The Added Entry: Subject heading, Title
heading

Main Entry
The main entry is the recording in a
special form all bibliographic data
collected about a library item. These
data are arranged into the following
specific areas: the author, descriptive
catalogue as given above, notes,
International Standard Book Number
(ISBN), join authors/editors (if
available) and subject headings. The
main entry serves as the base for
making added entries.

Descriptive cataloguing
 Descriptive cataloguing enumerates all
relevant information contained on the title
page, its verso, the back cover and its
physical form. This includes title,, edition,
place(s) of publication, the publisher and
the date of publication. Following this is
collation that comprises pagination,
illustrations, book height, series information,
notes and International Standard Book
Number (ISBN)
 Descriptive cataloging can be detailed or limited
depending on the nature of the library system. For
instance an academic and research library will
adopt the detailed descriptive cataloguing while a
limited cataloguing information will be enough for
a school library.

Added Entries
Also known as tracings, these are the other
entries which cover all the approaches that a
user can use to look for material in the library.
This includes joint authors, editors, title and
series approach. They are all additional points
of access to the main heading in the catalogue.
They are found at the bottom of the catalogue
entry.
Added entries for subject give the subject matter
of the item by Library of Congress Subject
Headings and are indicated by Arabic numeral
1,2,3… while added entries for authors, titles,
series, sponsor are indicated by Roman

CATALOGUE ENTRIES
There are other various ways
of entry in cataloguing but the
most common are three.
These are:
1. Author Heading
2. Subject Heading
3. Title Heading
Please note that year, ISBN, publisher and
many other fields could also be used to
search for materials in online/automated
catalogue.

1. AUTHOR HEADING
ENTRY
The author heading covers the name of
the principal author, personal or
corporate, if any can be assigned the
responsibility of the work. Where no
clear author emerges the title is used for
the main entry. The name of the author
starts with the surname followed by the
forenames with the inclusion of the date
of birth where known as optional.

2. SUBJECT HEADING ENTRY
Subject headings are used in
creating a subject catalogue. Books
and other materials on such subject
are entered and filed alphabetically.
The two most known and used lists
to determine such subject headings
are Library of Congress Subject
Headings (LCSH) and Sears Lists
of A Subject Headings.

Various Catalogue Arrangements
Dictionary Arrangements
Author/title Arrangements
Subject Arrangements
Serials Arrangements
Shelf List of Classified
Arrangements

Qualities of a Good Catalogue
 Comprehensiveness
 Easy access must be guaranteed
 Flexibility
 It must be cheap to acquire or make

Forms of Catalogue
Catalogue can be in
many forms but three of
them are commonly seen
in the library. These are:
1. Book,
2. Card and
3. Automated or Online

Book Catalogue
 The cataloguing information is
arranged in pages of book in a
dictionary, classified, or any other
form. The advantage over the card
catalogues is that
 Many users can check up information
from the same section at a time if
there are many copies.

Advantages
1. It can be moved from one place to
another.
2. It can be easily consulted
3. It is compact
4. Many entries can be consulted at a
time

Disadvantages
1. It cannot be kept up to date due to its
fixed nature. New entries cannot be
added unless the whole is reissued.
2. It is laborious to prepare and it is very
expensive

Card catalogue
This is the most common of
them all. The card of 3” x 5”
is used to contain the
cataloguing information.
There is usually a card
cabinet with trays which
houses the card through a
punched hole held by an iron

CATALOGUE CARD LABEL
5 inches
PR 1309.S8 GORDON, Dan A.
.G67
The Movement of English Prose/Dan
A. Gordon.- 2nd ed.
London: Longman Group, 2008.
Vii; 182p.: ill.:22cm.
ISBN: 058642597
1. English Language-oral written 2. Literature-
in-English 3. English-prose
I. Title II. English Language Series
20089
3inches
Call mark
Main Entry
Title
Place of
Publication
Publisher
Year of
Publication
Subject
Heading
Accession Number
Place of
Responsibility
Edition
Statement
ISBN Collation
Descriptive
CataloguingAddedEntry
MainEntry

AUTHOR CATALOGUE CARD
5 inches
PR 1309.S8 GORDON, Dan A.
.G67 The Movement of English
Prose/Dan A. Gordon.- 2nd ed.
London: Longman Group,
2008.
ISBN: 058642597
1. English Language-oral written
2. Literature-in-English 3. English-
prose
20089
3inches

TITLE CATALOGUE CARD
PR 1309.S8 The Movement of English Prose
London: Longman Group,
2008.
ISBN: 058642597
1. English Language-oral written
2. Literature-in-English 3. English-
prose
3
inches
5 inches

SUBJECT CATALOGUE CARD
(added entry)
PR 1309.S8 English Language-oral
(English Language Series)
English Language-oral, written; Literature-in-
English; English-prose
ISBN: 058642597 20089
3
inches
5 inches

(added entry)
PR 1309.S8 Literature-in-English
ISBN: 058642597 20089
3
inches
5 inches

(added entry)
PR 1309.S8 English-prose
ISBN: 058642597 20089
3
inches
5 inches

AUTOMATED CATALOGUE
This is a computer based
catalogue, designed in
digitised format through a
computer application. This
may be online or offline.
Examples of this is Online Open Access
Catalogue (OPAC), TASCE Library
Automated Catalogue (off line).

CLASSIFICATION
Classification is the
systematic arrangement of
objects, ideas, books or
other items which have
like qualities or
characteristics into groups
or classes.

Classification Systems
 Library of Congress Classification
Scheme
 Dewey Decimal Classification
Scheme
 Universal Decimal Classification
Scheme
 Bliss Classification Scheme
 Colon Classification Scheme

THE MAIN CLASSES OF LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION
SCHEME
A General Works
B-BJ Philosophy, Psychology
BL-BX Religion
C Auxiliary Sequence of History
D History; General and Old
Word
E-F History; America
G Geography; Anthropology;
Recreation

SCHEME
H Social Science
J Political Science
K Law
L Education
M Music
N Fine Arts, Architecture
P Language and Literature

SCHEME
Q Science
R Medicine
S Agriculture
T Technology
U Military Science
V Naval Science
Z Bibliography; Library Science

THE MAIN CLASSES OF
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION(DDC)
000 - General Works (including
general encyclopedias,
dictionaries, period
cab, newspapers etc).
100 - Philosophy
200 - Religion
300 - Social Sciences

THE MAIN CLASSES OF
DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION(DDC)
400 - Languages
500 - Pure science
600 - Technology
700 - The Arts
800 - Literature
900 - Geography and History

Online Public Access Catalogue
(OPAC)
 An Online Public Access Catalog is
an online bibliographic database of
materials held by a library or group of
libraries. Users search a library
catalogue principally to locate books
and other material physically located at
a library. OPAC give room for users to
search for such materials anywhere, at
anytime to know if the library has the
material of interest. OPAC uses the
Z32.50 technology to integrate different
library catalogue.

Benefit of OPAC
 Accessibility any time, anywhere.
 Integration of bibliographic information
 Possibility of union catalogue
 Time saving

Copyright and it Implication
 Intellectual Property Rights are legal
rights over creations of the mind. This
law grants the author of an intellectual
creation exclusive right for exploiting
and benefiting from their creation.
 The purpose of this law is to stimulate
creativity of human mind for the
benefit of all by ensuring that the
advantages accrued by using a
creation benefit the creator.

Types of Protection of Intellectual
Property
1. Patents: This covers New, non-obvious,
industrially applicable inventions.
2. Trademarks: This covers signs or symbols to
identity goods and services.
3. Industrial Designs: This covers ornamental
designs.
4. Topography of Semi-conductor product: This
covers original layout design of micro-electronics
industry.
5. Copyright: This covers original work of authorship.
6. Neighbouring rights: This also covers original
work of authorship but in performing,
broadcasting organizations etc.
7. Trade Secrets: This covers secret business
information
8. Protection against unfair competition: This covers

Copyright Law
There is a legal framework that governs
access to information enacted by the
government of every country known as
copyright. Copyright legally gives the
creator of a work the monopoly of
controlling the distribution of his work. This
right is usually for a while after which such
work can be freely accessed by the entire
public. In other words, copyright is the
right awarded to an author for being
intellectually responsible for his work.

A Brief History of Copyright
 In 1710, the world’s first copyright law was enacted in
England known as statute of Anne. What this law did, was to
give the copyright of a work to its original owner. It also laid
down fixed terms for the protection of the owner’s right.
Because of this act, authors were requested to register their
copyrighted works at Stationer’s Hall and deposit specified
copies at some designated copyright libraries. After some
time, other countries gradually came up with their own
legislation based on statute of Anne United States came up
with the copyright Act of 1790.
 Secondly Berne convention was also organized to promote
the development of international standards for copyright
protection. Berne convention extended copyright protection to
unpublished works after a while and also removed the
requirement for registration. The implications of this, in the
countries included in the Berne convention is that an
individual (or the organization they are working for) owns the
copyright of any work they produce as soon as it is recorded
in some way, be it by writing it down, drawing, filming etc.

Purpose of Copyright Law
 There are basically two purposes for the copyright law.
These are economic and moral. Looking at it from the
economic point of view, copyright encourages creativity.
If an author gets a good reward for his work, he will be
encouraged. This can happen only if that work is
protected otherwise another person (intruder) may
pirate and distribute the work as his own. From the
moral perspective copyright protects the integrity of the
created work by giving the author the right to object to
any distortion, mutilation or other modifications which
would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation.
Copyright tries to provide a balance between the
interest of the author and that of the user. Copyright
ensures that somehow, the public has some sort of
access to a created product. After all, the essence of
writing is for the public to appreciate, maximally. Utilize
the idea for self and national development.

Fair Use
Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication. The
copyright Act of 1976 permits some copying and
distribution without permission of the copyright holder or
payment to same. The statute did not clearly define fair
use; however, it gave some factors to consider in a fair
use analysis which are:
 The purpose and character of the use
 The nature of the copyrighted work
 The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
relation to the copyrighted work.
 The effect of the use upon the potential market for a
value of the copyrighted work.
It is therefore, not an infringement to make short
quotations from a work for purposes of criticisms,
teaching, scholarship, or research. Nevertheless, the
name of the author and the source of the quotation must
be acknowledged duly.

Assignment
Discuss the effort of
Copyright Society of
Nigeria (COSON) in
protection of
intellectual property in
Nigeria

Database Resources
 Databases are vital resource tools for your research. A database is a
 searchable collection of published works. It is an electronic (online)
catalog or
 index. The library pays for access, however some databases are
free for you
 to use. The database helps the researcher to find reliable
information from
 trusted sources. A database may be dedicated to a single subject or
cover
 several subjects. Some known databases are: ABI/Inform, Academic
search,
 JSTOR, LEXISNEXIS Academic, PSYC/NFO, PubMed/Medline,
 ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SAGE, LAW Pavilion,
Project Muse
 Journals, AGORA, EBSCO, ERIC, HINARI, National Virtual library,
Ebrary,
 Questia, online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE) etc.

 Academic Search Premier
This is a multi-disciplinary database that provides full text for
more than 4,600 journals, including approximately 3,900 peer
reviewed titles. A total of 8,500 journals are indexed and
abstracted. Available on this database are Pdf back files to 1975
for over 100 journals. It is updated on daily basis.
 JESTOR
JESTOR is a digital library founded in 1995, originally containing
digitized back issues of academic journals. It now includes books
and primary sources, and current issues of journals. It provides
full text searches of almost 2,000 journals. As at 2013 more than
8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to
JESTOR. Most access is by subscription, but some older public
domain content is freely available to anyone.
 LexisNexis Academic
LexisNexis academic provides mostly full text searches to
approximately 5000 legal, news, reference and business
sources. Information in this database is comprehensive,
authoritative new content, including current coverage and deep
achieves. It content extensive legal sources for federal and state
cases and statutes, including US Supreme Court decisions since
1790. It also contains unparallel business information on over 80
million US and international companies and more than 63 million
executives.

 Pub Med/Medline
PubMed was developed by the National Library of Medicine
(NLM) and provides free access to Medline. PubMed has been
avoidable since 1996. It contains over 27 million references
including the Medline database. Medline contains citation from
more than 5,600 scholarly journals around the world.
 ScienceDirect.
Over 250,000 articles on ScienceDirect are open access.
However, ScienceDirect provides subscription-based access to a
large database of scientific and medical research. It contains
over 12 million references from 3,500 academic journals and
34,000 e- books. The journals are grouped into four categories,
namely, physical sciences and Engineering; life science; Health
science, and social sciences and Humanities Abstract are freely
available but access to full text require subscription or pay- per –
view purchase.
 Scopus
Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-
reviewed literature. It delivers a broad overview of global
interdisciplinary scientific information in science, Mathematics,
Engineering, Technology, Health and Medicine, Social Sciences,
and Art and Humanities. This database was launching in 2004. It
contains about 36,377 titles from approximately 11,678
publishers.

 SAGE
 SAGE journals are Open access. It supports both gold
open access publication and green open access
archiving. Gold access journals provide worldwide,
barrier free access to the full – text of articles online.
Most SAGE. pure gold open access journals are
supported by the payment of an article processing
charge (APC) by the author, institution or research
funder of the accepted manuscript. Articles in green
access journals have a period of time when access to
published content is temporarily restricted. SAGE has
journals in Health Sciences, Social Sciences and
Humanities, Materials sciences & Engineering; Life &
biomedical sciences.
 AGORA
This database provides access to collections in the fields
of food, agriculture, environmental science and related
social sciences. AGORA which contains about 918 journals
is designed to enhance the scholarship of thousands of
students and researches in agriculture and life sciences in
the developing
world

 EBSCO
EBSCO is the largest, multidiscipline, full text
database. It provides all academics, medical,
corporate, government public libraries & Law.
EBSCO host about 375 full-text databases.
 ERIC
ERIC is the world’s most widely used database in
education. It contains over 1.5 million journals
articles, research reports, curriculum and teaching
guides, conference papers, dissertations and
theses and books.
 HINARI
The Health Internetwork Access to Research
Initiative (HINARI) was set up by WHO and major
publishers to enable developing countries have free
access to collections in biomedical and Health
Sciences. It contains about 58,000 information
resources.

Assignment
Make a bibliography of database
resources in your course of study

use of library and study skills

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