Bunang Fibre Optics is a 100% black owned company, is the subsidiary of Bunang Holdings (PTY) LTD established in 2014.
Bunang Fibre Optics is a specialist distributor of Radio Frequency (RF). Fibre Optic Communications components, Sub System & Accessories. The company is committed to client satisfactory and exceptional service levels to communications industries in Africa.
Bunang Fibre Optics is a 100% black owned company, is the subsidiary of Bunang Holdings (PTY) LTD established in 2014.
Bunang Fibre Optics is a specialist distributor of Radio Frequency (RF). Fibre Optic Communications components, Sub System & Accessories. The company is committed to client satisfactory and exceptional service levels to communications industries in Africa.
Openlaws.eu is funded by JUST/2013/ACTION GRANTS Grant Agreement Number 4562, led by the University of Amsterdam during the period March 2014-2016. The case study is of the European institutions' provision of free access to European Union law, in terms of cases, legislation, regulatory instruments and academic-expert analysis. The analysis explains how and whether the environment (institutions, policies and the legal community) is finally developing in which open access models such as openlaws.eu can take root and flourish. The key functionalities of the existing legal publishing system are summarized and described. This activity involves a review of the existing information systems and legal databases already in use and will produce a specification of the requirements of the system on the basis of the analysis of social, legal and market requirements. The case studies represent the key socio-economic and legal aspects of the services and illustrate the main functionalities, structure and operation of the proposed services. The findings are informed by key informant interviews and form a working assumption. The interviews are supported by the literature review, and the insights of workshops (including the LASPSI workshop on 3 September 2014).
The breadth of stakeholders interviewed is broad and includes experts from: academia, Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPB), trading funds, private entrepreneurs, corporations, standards bodies, non-governmental organizations and government policy officials with both domestic and international responsibilities. Note that the case studies rely on a Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) framework in order to identify the key components of the problem and provide the key specifications for the system that is to be built, while the third activity will rely on a combination of desk research, in-depth interviews, and focus groups.
Argument (598 words):
We argue that the European legal informatics space is unique in seven respects compared to national case studies.
1. The decision to make access to documentation freely available at production and then no charge was made in the context of no developed market actors to challenge the decision to ‘super-nationalise’ the state provision of legal information and case law reportage. There was no precedent for a multilingual economic and political area such as this, with four original languages and a precedent setting ‘Supreme Court’.
2. The essential role of European law in creating the ‘acquis communitaire’ led to a political decision to make law as widely available as possible. The benefits in creating an essential knowledge of European law amongst a critical mass of advocates at national levels was considered so important from the 1950s onwards that there was no serious resistance beyond basic budgetary questions.
As a result, it may be argued that European legal data is so open to reuse and access that it is the ‘exception that proves the rule’.
Openlaws.eu is funded by JUST/2013/ACTION GRANTS Grant Agreement Number 4562, led by the University of Amsterdam during the period March 2014-2016. The case study is of the European institutions' provision of free access to European Union law, in terms of cases, legislation, regulatory instruments and academic-expert analysis. The analysis explains how and whether the environment (institutions, policies and the legal community) is finally developing in which open access models such as openlaws.eu can take root and flourish. The key functionalities of the existing legal publishing system are summarized and described. This activity involves a review of the existing information systems and legal databases already in use and will produce a specification of the requirements of the system on the basis of the analysis of social, legal and market requirements. The case studies represent the key socio-economic and legal aspects of the services and illustrate the main functionalities, structure and operation of the proposed services. The findings are informed by key informant interviews and form a working assumption. The interviews are supported by the literature review, and the insights of workshops (including the LASPSI workshop on 3 September 2014).
The breadth of stakeholders interviewed is broad and includes experts from: academia, Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPB), trading funds, private entrepreneurs, corporations, standards bodies, non-governmental organizations and government policy officials with both domestic and international responsibilities. Note that the case studies rely on a Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) framework in order to identify the key components of the problem and provide the key specifications for the system that is to be built, while the third activity will rely on a combination of desk research, in-depth interviews, and focus groups.
Argument (598 words):
We argue that the European legal informatics space is unique in seven respects compared to national case studies.
1. The decision to make access to documentation freely available at production and then no charge was made in the context of no developed market actors to challenge the decision to ‘super-nationalise’ the state provision of legal information and case law reportage. There was no precedent for a multilingual economic and political area such as this, with four original languages and a precedent setting ‘Supreme Court’.
2. The essential role of European law in creating the ‘acquis communitaire’ led to a political decision to make law as widely available as possible. The benefits in creating an essential knowledge of European law amongst a critical mass of advocates at national levels was considered so important from the 1950s onwards that there was no serious resistance beyond basic budgetary questions.
As a result, it may be argued that European legal data is so open to reuse and access that it is the ‘exception that proves the rule’.
SCL Marsden Introduction to Internet LawChris Marsden
Slides to accompany SCL podcast of 16 January 2014: http://www.scl.org/files/16_jan_2014/Chris_Marsden_-_SCL_Foundations_of_IT_Law_Module_2_-_Internet_Law.mp3
Gabrielle Gauthey of Alcatel-Lucent reviews and compares regulatory initiatives and experiences concerned with broadband deployments around the world and particularly between the US and Europe and predicts outcomes
CIR’s Events upcoming are always listed at http://www.hvm-uk.com Go there to plan your excellent networking and tech learning schedule!
CIR is proud to present the takeaways from the Smart Systems Summit 2014 at the prestigious Institute of Directors in Pall Mall, West London 1-2 October. This year's programme was truly excellent, with over 30 speakers.
smart, energy, grids, power, homes. transport, living, sensors, IOT, M2M, Industrial internet, technology, industry, markets, value, innovation, marketing, products, services, monetisation, growth, better
Information about the different types of broadband packages offered by different telecommunications companies and the prices they are offering the packages at.
Business broadband more details. (n.d.). Retrieved from smarttelecom.ie: http://www.smarttelecom.ie/business_broadband/more_details/Business_24Mb_for_%e2%82%ac24.aspx
business package. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2011, from getbroadband.ie: http://www.getbroadband.ie/business_package_details.php?packageID=322&area=Firhouse&county=Dublin West
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
This webinar discusses the hot topics in mobility at the moment.
What are the implications of MAC addresses randomisation for enterprise networks?
Wifi 6E vs 5G - which is more relevant to education and research?
Benoit Felton is a Senior Analyst with Yankee Group Europe. He spoke on Session 6: Networks Here and There at the Freedom to Connect 2009 conference.
If you'd like more info about the conference, see
http://freedom-to-connect.net/
Deutscher Telekommunikationsmarkt nach Abschluss der Frequenzauktion: Finanzi...EY
Die 5G-Lizenzen sind mit 6,5 Mrd. € deutlich über den Preiserwartungen (ca. 4,0 Mrd. €) vergeben und nun? Wie können die Käufer den Erwartungen und Verpflichtungen gerecht werden? Insights dazu in unserer aktuellen Studie.
QUT Regulating Disinformation with AI Marsden 2024Chris Marsden
“It is the ‘AI regulation moment” intoned the Secretary General of both the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the United Nations itself, before the UN General Assembly passed a unanimous resolution on AI safety, and the G7 Hiroshima Dialogue of AI codes of conduct moved industrialised nations beyond self-regulation. Academic analysts and policymakers need to challenge a reversion to broken models, to ethics washing and to what is now being termed ‘AI washing’. I set out a critical agenda for remembering lessons from the Internet past to assert an AI co-regulatory future.
Today, I will be presenting on the topic of
"Generative AI, responsible innovation, and the law."
Artificial Intelligence has been making rapid strides in recent years,
and its applications are becoming increasingly diverse.
Generative AI, in particular, has emerged as a promising area of innovation, the potential to create highly realistic and compelling outputs.
Marsden CELPU 2021 platform law co-regulationChris Marsden
12 November 2021 20th Annual International Conference, Center for Law & Public Utilities, School of Law, Seoul National University: The Wave of Digital Economy and Exploration of the Direction of Online Platform Regulation
Professor Chris Marsden, Sussex Law @SussCIGR
Discussion: Dr Eun-Jung Kwon (KISDI)
Oxford Internet Institute 19 Sept 2019: Disinformation – Platform, publisher ...Chris Marsden
With the move to a more digital, mobile, and platform-dominated media environment people increasingly find and access news and information via platforms like search engines and social media. These have empowered citizens in many ways and are important drivers of attention to established publishers but have also enabled the distribution of disinformation from a range of different actors. In a context where citizens are often increasingly sceptical of both platforms, publishers, and public authorities, what do we know about the scale and scope of disinformation problems and what can different actors do to counter the problems we face?
https://www.scl.org/articles/10662-interoperability-an-answer-to-regulating-ai-and-social-media-platforms
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
USC 3 Wifi case studies 2003
1. 1
Three Business Models for Public
Access Wireless LANs
Chris Marsden
Annenberg School
19 November 2003
Draft for comments to:
ctmarsden@yahoo.co.uk
+44 777 926 0376
2. 2
Case Studies in Property Rights in ‘Free
Spectrum’
Academic authors have typically concentrated
on:
Standards – Lehr & McKnight, Croxford & Marsden
(2001)
Spectrum – Cave (2001)
Developing technology in peer networks and mesh
networks – Shirkey, Benkler, Lessig (2001-2) Werbach,
Sawhney, Sandvig (2003)
This comparative law and economics study is of
market developments
3. 3
LANs and WANs
Wireless public access markets are
dominated by licensed oligopolists
Typically voice-dominated – even Euro SMS
and DoCoMo Japan have only 10-25% data
revenues
WAP was crap, picture messaging stillborn
Hutchinson ‘3’ has 250,000 UK and 500,000
Italian subscribers – Vodafone launching mid-
2004
Verizon launched San Diego and DC October
Video phone and video download not killer
applications - yet
4. 4
What’s different about LANs?
Short range high bandwidth 11Mbs-54 Mbs
Mass market for base stations – very cheap
Backhaul on ADSL not dedicated leased lines
dependent on country, e.g. 256Kb/s in Spain, 8Mb/s
in Japan, S. Korea, urban Sweden
Security and roaming less advanced
Note holes in WEP but look at USC security!
Standards: single, global, unified, American
WiFi and WiFi5 with 802.11g interim
European standards dormant both HIPERLAN and
HIPERLAN2
Spectrum – messy but workable, and FREE
5. 5
Economic Case for WLANs
No spectrum cost
Minimal backhaul cost – varies with
business case
Minimal base station cost – $400-700
Seamless networking unnecessary
Data not voice – IP and hotspot use
Network security, roaming and interface
IP-based – intelligent device
Device simply add-on to laptop/PDA –
corporate user installed base
6. 6
Case Against WLANs
Extreme short range – in-building effectively
Sharing only 5Mb/s bandwidth in WiFi
devices – 20 users maximum
5Mb/s dependent on premises having
multimegabit backhaul – leased line in US,
EU
Security still poor for most users
Start-ups have no subscribers or billing
No real alternative to 3G or wire broadband –
supplement model
7. 7
3 Models:WiFi as 3G Complement
Parameters:
1. Partnership model
With host locations and 3G networks
2. Billing and subscriber management
SIM-GSM interoperability
3. Software integration
User interface
4. Hardware integration
Security and QoS – VoIP or video capable?
Backhaul costing and integration
8. 8
Boingo; Classic Aggregator
Earthlink philosophical foundation
Santa Monica: 1601 Cloverfield Boulevard
Start-up with strong VC support & Mitsui, Sprint,
Infonet
T-Mobile has 3314 locations in US – 50 in UK!
Claims 5100 hotspots (1900 ‘live’):
1700 US, 2500 UK, 500 other Europe
but UK agreement is not roaming, just location-finding
468 California, 75 New York State
53 NYC, 25 cafes, 19 hotels
118 UK, 12 Ontario
47 hotspot partners including Telecom Italia
Earthlink and Fiberlink ISP partners
3 months free for Centrino laptop purchasers
9. 9
Boingo – Unique Characteristics
Earthlink model and financing secured
Very California-centric culture
Using network of WiFi enthusiasts for value proposition
Is Silicon Valley duplicable in Santa Monica?
Caffeine addiction and Starbucks focus
Invented here!
Intel and T-Mobile support
Aggregator has roaming but no genuine national
let alone international network
10. 10
Boingo – Transferable Knowledge
Aggregation creates critical mass
First mover advantage
Very solid financial backing
Simplicity focus on end user
Software and systems integrator
Branding of network and hotspots
Boingo in a Box
Additional activities solely to pump-prime market
Verizon and T-Mobile using WiFi to stop DSL churn – so
why pay $22 a month for Boingo?
11. 11
The Cloud – Unique Characteristics
Inspired Broadcast Networks uses gambling
‘fruit’ machine installed base from Leisure Link
90,000 in 30,000 locations, 12,000 payphones
3000 hotspots end-2003; 21,000 further orders
by end-2006
Pubs – are European cafes so different?
Critical mass of users creates scale economies
Wholesale unbranded network
Backhaul solution belongs to parent
Expansion into Europe (probably France)
Based on local network and presence
12. 12
The Cloud – Lessons for Others
Backhaul costs critical
Symbiotic relationship with telco – each is the
other’s largest customer
Openzone is biggest retail customer
MyCloud orders 20,000 DSL lines for franchisees
Franchisees see WiFi as ‘add-on’ to basic xDSL
need – updating pub quiz games
No branding – black box product
High QoS
Including VoIP to cannibalize 3G revenues
Arguably only BTOpenzone would allow this
13. 13
KTNespot – Unique Characteristics
World’s most advanced broadband users
Broadband must-have with universal appeal
Triple play with 3G mobile and xDSL
Note regulatory constraints in retail
Backhaul on incumbent parent network
VDSL at 8Mb/s available to consumer
National coverage declared at outset
First mover demolishes competition
14. 14
KTNespot – Lessons for Others
Leveraging dominance:
Triple play replicable for e.g. Orange, KPN, T-Mobile,
DoCoMo in French, German, Dutch and Japanese
markets
First mover already used by Swisscom Mobile and
Austria Telekom
Focus on low consumer price point requires
massive subscription
Difficulty of using terminal equipment holding
back subscription
15. 15
1. Partnership model -franchisees
Boingo – aggregator = 5100 locations
The Cloud – wholesale network = 20,000
projected
Korea Telecom – integrator = 25,000
Backhaul – franchisee pays B + C, KT
uses parent network
Role of fixed networks – BT as sponsor
through BT wifi initiatives
16. 16
1. Partnership model - backhaul
Backhaul is highest cost
Base stations ideally require dedicated 11
Mb/s
That in UK costs $50,000 per annum
In South Korea $50 per month
Typically 512Kb/s ADSL – dedicated
business lines at $50-100 per month
Franchisee pays…
17. 17
1. Partnership model - wireless
Boingo and Telecom Italia
The Cloud and BT, NWP Spectrum
Korea Telecom and regulators – SKMobile
Verizon-Vodafone and Orange – fence
sitters
What’s the price point for mobile data?
18. 18
2. Billing and subscriber management
Weroam – GSM-SIM authentication from
Togewanet ‘clearing house’
TeliaSonera-Swisscom deal – includes
Megabeam UK, WLAN AG, Service
Factory, Homerun.
Note – Nespot charges $9 a month above
$27 DSL charge – 250,000subs
19. 19
3. Software integration
Boingo interface – 24 hour promise
Systems integrator as primary business focus
The Cloud – using:
Service Factory (TeliaSonera interest)
Sun Microsystems – virtual WISP
Nespot – private network only
21. 21
2004 – Market Developments
National networks in UK and Korea
Centrino chipsets industry standard with
critical corporate user mass
802.11g usable in East Asia and Canada
Requires 50Mb/s xDSL for optimal use
WiFi moving into PDAs
3G roll-out – will they use hotspots?
Having built the ballpark, will they come?