The document provides an overview of the US telecommunications industry from 1996-1999. It discusses the Telecommunications Act of 1996 which aimed to stimulate competition. It also discusses the regional bell operating companies (RBOCs), long-distance carriers like AT&T, MCI, and Sprint, and technological developments in areas like DSL, cable modems, dense wavelength-division multiplexing, internet telephony, broadband, and satellite-based communications with companies like Iridium. Financial data on the RBOCs and long-distance carriers from 1996-1998 is also presented.
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
This PowerPoint Presentation describes about Telecommunication systems that work in Mobile Computing Technology. According to this telecommunication systems, 4 types of systems are available here. These Telecommunication Systems play an important role in Mobile Computing Technology. These are the digital Telecommunication Systems in Mobile Computing Technology
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Self Prepared material when i didn't find one. It covers basics of communication network evolution and also covers the Key factors in communication network evolution.
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
This PowerPoint Presentation describes about Telecommunication systems that work in Mobile Computing Technology. According to this telecommunication systems, 4 types of systems are available here. These Telecommunication Systems play an important role in Mobile Computing Technology. These are the digital Telecommunication Systems in Mobile Computing Technology
Cellular Connectivity: Changing the Landscape of the Cellular Backhaul Market...ST Engineering iDirect
The demand for connectivity is surging worldwide. Today more than ever, more people in more places are connecting for work, entertainment, social communications, and education. Increasingly, they’re using smartphones, tablets, and other easy-to-carry devices. And in many underdeveloped parts of the world, smartphones are often the only Internet access technology that’s both affordable and available.
As a result, mobile networks are poised to become the primary way in which we connect. According to the 2018 Ericsson Mobility Report, there will be 7.2 billion smartphone subscriptions by 2023. Total data traffic has surged by 400% from 2013 to today and is projected to explode another 500% by 2023.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Self Prepared material when i didn't find one. It covers basics of communication network evolution and also covers the Key factors in communication network evolution.
In data communication,
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals.
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams.
This is a company overview of tw telecom. It contains company history, financials, products & services, competetive advantages, and technology deployment.
Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 8e Page 1
Case Summary 3
Justice Department Seeks to Enjoin Merger between WorldCom
and Sprint Corporation
Michael Baye and Patrick Scholten prepared this case to serve as the basis for classroom discussion rather
than to present economic or legal fact. The case is a condensed and slightly modified version of the public
copy of the U.S. Justice Department’s civil action on June 26, 2000 to enjoin WorldCom, Inc. from acquiring
Sprint Corporation.
Overview of The Telecommunication Industry
For most of the twentieth century, the provision of long distance telecommunications
services and many other telecommunications services in the United States was
monopolized by AT&T. In the 1970s, this monopoly was challenged by new entrants,
supported by changes in Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations designed
to promote competition and by the government’s antitrust case challenging AT&T’s actions
to preserve its monopoly. These efforts ultimately succeeded in bringing competition to
long distance services.
In the 1980s and 1990s, two companies -- and only two companies -- emerged as major
competitors to AT&T, and to each other. MCI (which merged with WorldCom in 1998) and
Sprint each constructed national and international fiber optic networks, developed
sophisticated systems for handling many millions of customer accounts, hired and trained
large workforces capable of providing a wide range of high-quality telecommunications
services to customers throughout the nation, and invested billions of dollars over many
years to establish widely known and trusted brands.
Many other carriers have entered on a much smaller scale, but none has produced
beneficial effects on competition comparable in magnitude to the effects produced by
competition between WorldCom and Sprint, and between those companies and AT&T.
Those two companies, together with AT&T, dominate the provision of long distance services
to residential and small/home office consumers, the provision of international services
between the United States and many countries throughout the world for customers in the
United States, and the provision of key data network services and custom network services
used by many large business customers. In addition, WorldCom has attained (primarily
through a series of acquisitions) a commanding position in the ownership and operation of
the “backbone” networks that connect the thousands of smaller networks that constitute
the Internet, and Sprint is WorldCom’s largest competitor in that market.
Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 8e Page 2
In particular, WorldCom and Sprint are:
1. the largest and second-largest of a small group of top-tier providers of Internet
“backbone” network services in the United States and the world;
2. the second- and third-largest of three providers who collectively dominate long
distance telecommunications within the Unit ...
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1Future Tech W.docxinfantsuk
MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 1
Future Tech Wireless Communications
Umair Rehman
ENGG200 - Introduction to Professional Engineering
Macquarie University NSW 2013 Australia
[email protected]
3 May 2013
Abstract—Wireless Communication is the most important
development of its time. A decade ago who would have thought
of there would be no hassle of the wires and technology would
actually become wireless. The aim of the report is to compare
how wireless technology has been developed with time and now
how fast and easy it is compared to its past position. The results
of the research show that engineers make advancements and
surprise the audience. They are and will always surprise the
new generation of their time and that is also the future vision of
Microsoft.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ICROSOFT is one of the few corporations, whichare always found in the list of the leaders of the
computer technology. William H. Gates established it in 1975
and since then Microsoft has been known for its inventions
and innovations and now recently they put forward their
future vision of productivity. According to the videos they
released, technology is everywhere. They believe that within
5-10 years everything will be replaced by technology, which
would be fast and user friendly. A decade ago who would have
thought that there would be a time when technology would
be wireless. Wireless communication is when information
or any sort of data is being transferred from one point to
another without any physical attachment. Distances can be
short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or
as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-
space radio communications. It encompasses various types
of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-
way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, and
wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology
include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer
mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television, broadcast television
and cordless telephones. [1, ]
II. MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
A. Advancement of Mobile Wireless Internet
Advancement is a gradual process. Wireless communication
is on the process for some time now. 2G were developed
for voice communications. It was for sending data over 2G
channels by using modem. It provided adat rates in the order
of 9.6 kbps. Then after a while 3G systems were introduced.
Its goal was for voice and data transmission, multi-megabit
Internet access, voice-activated calls, and multimedia content.
CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000. GSM, IS-136 and
PDC evolved to W-CDMA (wideband CDMA)(also called
UMTS). It had up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates. 4G mobile
technologies is the mobile race to innovation. Wireless systems
were further improved and 4G systems came into being. It is
best known for its seamless mobility (roaming). It allows to
roam freely from one standard to another, ...
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
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7. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 Enacted by the U.S. Congress on February 1, 1996, and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996, provided major changes in laws affecting
9. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 The law's main purpose was to stimulate competition in telecommunication services. The law specifies:
10. The 1996 Act aims to "preserve and advance universal service [254(b)]. This means:
11. Who are the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)? The original 7 RBOCs were formed from the 1984. Originally consisted of 22 Bell Operating Companies (BOCs). The 1984 Divestiture merged the 22 BOCs into 7 RBOCs:
12. Who are the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)?
13. Who are the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)? (1997)
14. Who are the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs)? (Plans) SBC Ameritech SBC ($62 billion) + Bell Atlantic GTE Bell Atlantic ($ 53 billion) +
15. Financial Data For RBOCs 1996 In million dollars Ameritech =14,917 Bell Atlantic= 13,081 Bell South =19,040 GTE = 21,339 Nynex =13,454 Pacific Telesis = 9,588 SBC =13,898 US West = 11,168
16. Financial Data For RBOCs 1997 In million dollars Ameritech =15,998 Bell Atlantic= 30,368 Bell South =20,633 GTE = 23,260 Nynex* = 0 Pacific Telesis* = 0 SBC = 26,681 US West = 11,479
17. Financial Data For RBOCs 1998 In million dollars Ameritech =17,514 Bell Atlantic= 31,566 Bell South =23,123 GTE = 25,473 Nynex* = 0 Pacific Telesis* = 0 SBC = 28,777 US West = 12,378
19. The largest provider of local, long distance telephone services in the United States, and also serves digital subscriber line Internet access and digital television. AT&T is the second largest provider of wireless service in the United States, with over 81.6 million wireless customers, and more than 150 million total customers
21. MCI Communications Corp. was an American telecommunications company that was instrumental in legal and regulatory changes that led to the breakup of the AT&T monopoly of American telephony and ushered in the competitive long distance telephone industry. It was headquartered in Washington, DC. Founded in 1963, it grew to be the second largest long-distance provider in the U.S. It was purchased by WorldCom in 1998 and became MCI WorldCom, and afterwards being shortened to WorldCom in 2000. WorldCom's financial scandals and bankruptcy led that company to change its name in 2003 to MCI. The MCI name disappeared in January 2006 after the company was bought by Verizon.
23. Sprint Nextel Corporation is a telecommunications company based in Kansas.The company owns and operates the third-largest wireless telecommunications network in United States, with 49.3 million customers. Sprint is a global Internet carrier and makes up a portion of the Internet backbone. In the United States, the company also operates the largest wireless broadband network and is the third-largest long distance provider.
25. Qwest Communications International, Inc. is a large telecommunications carrier. Qwest provides local service in 14 western U.S. states. Qwest provides voice, backbone data services, and digital television in some areas. It operates in three segments: Wireline Services, Wireless Services, and Other Services. Qwest Communications also provides long-distance services and broadband data, as well as voice and video communications globally.
33. DSL DSL or xDSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop, but as of 2009 the term digital subscriber line has been widely adopted as a more marketing-friendly term for AsymmetricDigital Subscriber line (ADSL), The download speed of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 384 kilobits per second (kbps) to 20 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on DSL technology, line conditions and service-level implementation. Typically, upload speed is lower than download speed for ADSL and equal to download speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber line (SDSL),
36. Look at just a few ways people can use the Internet to add value to their lives:
37. Cable modem cable modem is a type of network bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency channels on a cable television(CATV) infrastructure. Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the form of cable Internet, taking advantage of the high bandwidth of a cable television network. They are commonly deployed in Australia, Europe, and North and South America. In the USA alone there were 22.5 million cable modem users during the first quarter of 2005, up from 17.4 million in the first quarter of 2004
38. Future of Cable modem In 2007 Comcast Corp shows off for the first time in public new technology that enabled a data download speed of 150 megabits per second, or roughly 25 times faster than today's standard cable modems. The new cable technology is crucial because the industry is competing with a speedy new offering called FiOS, The top speed currently available through FiOS is 50 megabits per second, but the network is already capable of providing 100 Mbps and the fiber lines offer nearly unlimited potential.
39. Future of Cable modem "If you look at what just happened, 55 million words, 100,000 articles, more than 22,000 pictures, maps and more than 400 video clips,". "The same download on dial-up would have taken two weeks."
40. Dense Wavelength-division multiplexing In fiber-optic communications, Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. This allows for a multiplication in capacity, in addition to enabling bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber. This is a form of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) but is commonly called wavelength division multiplexing.
41. How to WDM work? WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. Capacity of a given link can be expanded by simply upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end. This is often done by using optical-to-electrical-to-optical (O/E/O) translation at the very edge of the transport network, thus permitting interoperation with existing equipment with optical interfaces.
42. How to WDM work? Most WDM systems operate on single mode fiber optical cables, which have a core diameter of 9 µm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode fiber cables(also known as premises cables) which have core diameters of 50 or 62.5 µm. Early WDM systems were expensive and complicated to run. However, recent standardization and better understanding of the dynamics of WDM systems have made WDM less expensive to deploy.
43. Internet Telephony Internet telephony also transmits using data packets. Analog voice signals are digitized, sent in discreet packets to the destination, reassembled and reverted back to analog signals. By using Internet telephony, one can place long-distance calls free of telephone charges. The catch is that both parties must have Internet telephony software. If Internet telephony is used to call a land-line or cell phone, charges apply, though they are usually minimal.
45. Broadband Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a relatively wide range (or band) of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency bins. In data communications an analog modem will transmit a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can be handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband
49. Iridium SSC, Iridium communications service was launched on November 1, 1998. The first Iridium call was made by then-Vice President of the United States Al Gore. Motorola provided the technology and major financial backing.The logo of the company was designed by Landor Associates, and represents the Big Dipper. Iridium Satellite LLC has approximately 320,000 subscribers as of the end of December 2008 (compared to 203,000 in July 2007). Revenue for the fourth quarter of 2008 was US$76.8 million with EBITDA of US$25.0 million.
52. Teledesic was a company founded in the 1990s to build a commercial broadband satellite constellation for Internet services. Using low-earth orbiting satellites small antennas could be used to provide uplinks of as much as 100 Mbit/second and downlinks of up to 720 Mbit/second. The original 1995 proposal was extremely ambitious, costing over US$9 billion originally planning 840 active satellites with in-orbit spares at an altitude of 700 km.[1] In 1997 the scheme was scaled back to 288 active satellites at 1400 km[2] and was later scaled back further in complexity and number of satellites as the projected market demand continued to decrease.
53. Teledesic was notable for gaining early funding from Microsoft (investing US$30 million for an 8.5% stake), Craig McCaw, Bill Gates, Paul Allen and Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal, and for achieving allocation on the Ka-band frequency spectrum for non-geostationary services. Teledesic's merger with ICO Global Communications led to McCaw's companies taking control of ICO, which has successfully launched one test satellite.
54. Intersection of Telecom and IT Industries one of the most IT companies moving into the telecom arena is “Microsoft”