USA-North Korea Relations, What Would USA Do to Deal With Problem of North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons?, Policy And Politics International Perspective Paper, H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2006
Background Information About USA-North Korea Relations :
North Korea has a centralized government under the rigid control of the communist Korean Workers' Party (KWP), to which all government officials belong. U.S.-North Korea relations developed primarily during the Korean War, but in recent years have been largely defined by the United States' suspicions regarding North Korea's nuclear programs, and North Korea's perception of an imminent U.S. attack. North Korea claims to possess nuclear weapons, and is widely believed to have a substantial arsenal of chemical weapons, deliverable by artillery against South Korea. Different presidents have dealt with North Korea in different ways. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, the 42nd and 43rd presidents respectively also tried at the beginning of their tenure as president to ignore the brewing problems in North Korea. Their decisions in dealing with North Korea would help to define their early reputations as foreign policy makers. Many similarities can be seen, however, between how Clinton started dealing with North Korea and how Bush started out dealing with North Korea.
US and South Korea "take muscle" against North Korea with larga scale aerial maneuvers.
Tutorial workgroup featured by International Relationship students from UCSG.
US and South Korea "take muscle" against North Korea with larga scale aerial maneuvers.
Tutorial workgroup featured by International Relationship students from UCSG.
Policy And Politics International Perspective Paper, H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2006:
The Soviet economy and society declined in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an effort to renovate Communism, but his initiatives unintentionally released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to construct a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic front, recent years have seen a recentralization of power under Vladimir PUTIN and the erosion of emerging democratic institutions.
Policy And Politics International Perspective Paper, H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2006:
The Soviet economy and society declined in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an effort to renovate Communism, but his initiatives unintentionally released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to construct a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic front, recent years have seen a recentralization of power under Vladimir PUTIN and the erosion of emerging democratic institutions.
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Thucydides Trap, North Korean missile development and the Fragmentation of St...Dr. Dan EKONGWE
It is written; it was the rise of Athens that led to the attack and declaration of war by Sparta. In this article I expose on how the North Keaeans in its relationship with the particularly the US lives by that principle. I try to show that, and like the Russian president Vladimir Putin said, North Koreans will eat grass only if by that means they will acquire a nuclear weapon. In terms of international relations I explain that the North Koreans are aware of the dangerous nature of the international scene an anarchy that characterises international relations. To them its only the acquisition of nuclear technology that will allow them to to be recognized and taken seriously to sit on the high table of high politics. The Trump - Kim relations speaks for itself
U.S.A-China Relations, Is China A Friend Or An Enemy?, Policy And Politics International Perspective Paper, H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2006
Background: The relation between U.S.A and China has changed since 1980’s. Today the U.S is the world’s most developed country, while China is the world’s largest developing country. There is a cooperative partnership in many fields between USA and China which is beneficial for both sides. During the last two decades China has practiced remarkable changes. These changes compromise almost all aspects of Chinese society, as well as China’s relations with outside world. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world. China has also attracted hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign investment and more than a trillion dollars of domestic nonpublic investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has also increased dramatically, rotating China into the 2nd most important recipient of FDI, after the US.
Fiscal Rule Index for Turkey, Policy Paper, Association of Treasury Controllers, http://www.hazine.org.tr/makaleler/Mali%20Kural%20Endeksi.pdf, Ankara, 12 May 2010 (in Turkish)
Criticism of the World Bank and Cost Benefit Analysis of the World Bank Financed Projects - Case of Turkey, Policy Paper, Undersecretariat of Treasury Board of Treasury Controller, Ankara, November 2009 (Updated December 2010)
In this study I will examine structure, activities, mission and performance of the World Bank, types of funds and their sectoral-regional distributions, relations with member countries, financial sources and phases (project cycle) of Bank financed projects. After that, I will evaluate World Bank financed projects and its effects in Turkey by examining Turkey-WB relations. I will give my personal findings, criticisms and recommendations on these issues.
A Case Study of World Bank Projects in Turkey: An Evaluation of Barrowed Funds and Project Implementation, Systems Synthesis Project, Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Spring 2007
Our analysis was supplemented with external research and the expertise of our team to develop substantive recommendations for the Turkish government. The overarching finding was that World Bank funding continues to contribute to Turkey’s development and is an important contributor to Turkey’s economic growth. However, there are tangible ways by which Turkey can improve the use of funds to have a greater impact, benefiting Turkey both socially and economically. Based on the comprehensive findings, the four main recommendations are:
• More effective planning can improve the implementation of World Bank funded projects in Turkey.
• Evaluation of loan disbursements and repayments in real terms will provide clearer picture of loan costs and interest rates.
• Increased transparency in the selection, execution, and evaluation of projects can lead to gains in efficiency.
• Greater accountability has the potential to improve multiple phases of projects, and thereby, influence the overall effectiveness of project implementation.
These recommendations are intended to be feasible and practical, enabling Turkey to take full advantage of World Bank funding.
The World Bank and the European Union’s Cooperation on China, Globalization and its Implications, The Heinz School Review Volume 3, Issue 1, March 15, 2006
Neither isolationism nor unilateralism is a credible response to globalization. In order to strengthen the world’s economic, political, and social stability, the World Bank and the European Union must work together to promote common values such as democracy, freedom, respect for human rights and the rule of law. I think that cooperation regarding China between the World Bank (WB) and the European Union (EU) will be very useful in this regard.
Precious Metals, Evaluation of the Legislation of Precious Metals and Status of the Istanbul Gold Exchange in Finance Sector, Undersecretariat of Treasury Board of Treasury Controller, Proficiency Thesis, Ankara, 2000 (in Turkish)
This study embarked on precious metals, which have a crucial standing on economic structure in various historical periods all over the World and so in our country as cash, saving and investment tool or a precious good, the legislation on precious metals and the exchange markets where these metals ate being exchanged and also be explored.
More from Ergul HALISCELIK, Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury (7)
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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USA-North Korea Relations, What Would USA Do to Deal With Problem of North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons?
1. POLICY PAPER
ON
USA-NORTH KOREA RELATIONS
WHAT WOULD USA DO TO DEAL WITH PROBLEM
OF NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
(Policy and Politics International Perspective)
Ergul HALISCELIK
Senior Treasury Controller
Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Treasury
Policy Paper, Spring 2006
H. John Heinz III College, Carnegie Mellon University
2. Background Information About USA-North Korea Relations :
North Korea has a centralized government under the rigid control of the communist Korean
Workers' Party (KWP), to which all government officials belong.1 U.S.-North Korea relations
developed primarily during the Korean War, but in recent years have been largely defined by the
United States' suspicions regarding North Korea's nuclear programs, and North Korea's perception of
an imminent U.S. attack. North Korea claims to possess nuclear weapons, and is widely believed to
have a substantial arsenal of chemical weapons, deliverable by artillery against South Korea.2
Different presidents have dealt with North Korea in different ways. Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,
the 42nd and 43rd presidents respectively also tried at the beginning of their tenure as president to
ignore the brewing problems in North Korea. Their decisions in dealing with North Korea would help
to define their early reputations as foreign policy makers. Many similarities can be seen, however,
between how Clinton started dealing with North Korea and how Bush started out dealing with North
Korea.3
Clinton’s and Bush’s policies toward North Korea:
Clinton started out trying to altogether ignore some important problems brewing in North
Korea. However, Clinton very rapidly understood to deal with North Korea when fears starting to take
place that they were generating materials for nuclear weapons with their small nuclear reactor in
Yongbyon. Clinton, in response to these fears, decided to begin military training exercises, known as
Team Spirit, in South Korea. This flexing of military muscle prompted North Korea to threaten to pull
out of the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT). After some negotiations North Korea agreed to pull back
on their threat of withdrawing from the NPT. This led Clinton to reward North Korea for its reversal
1
3. by not considering any trade sanction or military actions against the North Korea. Clinton
administration supported the idea that the military coercion was not an effective policy. On October
12, 1994, the United States and North Korea signed the "Agreed Framework4
George W. Bush also started out with a policy of indifference towards North Korea. But policy
was changed after September 11, 2001. In 2002, the Administration also became aware that North
Korea was developing a uranium enrichment program for nuclear weapons purposes. U.S.- North
Korea tensions accumulated, when Bush classified North Korea as part of the "Axis of Evil" in his
2002 State of the Union address. North Korea's conventional force posture, missile development and
export programs, human rights practices, and humanitarian are important issues for the Bush
Administration. Another trend that can be seen early on in the Bush Administration's policy is that of
economic punishment. Bush planned to stop the progress of oil shipments and construction on the two
light water reactors. Many clear differences can be seen between Clinton's policy and Bush's policy
towards North Korea. Clinton's was more of a reward path, enticing the North Korea to comply with
the United States by offering economic rewards. Bush, on the other hand, is attempting to bully the
North Korea into complying with economic threats. Another difference that we see between the two
administrations is the use of diplomacy.5
The Effects of Those Policies:
It was the Clinton’s administration success to sign "Agreed Framework" with North Korea On
October 12, 1994. By this the United States and North Korea agreed to freeze its plutonium production
program in exchange for fuel oil, economic cooperation, and the construction of two modern light-
water nuclear power plants. Pyongyang carefully observed these provisions until the Bush
administration stopped the oil shipments in December 2002.
2
4. The Bush administration believes that the United States should adopt a hawkish policy and
should penalize North Korea's rogue behavior. In contrast, the Clinton administration did not seem to
view North Korea as an irrational revisionist state, despite its rogue behavior, but felt that North Korea
could be understood through the security dilemma. Thus, engagement with negotiation often was the
best policy for the North Korean threat.6
As a result of Bush administration policies, On September 19, 2005, Six-party talks ( China,
North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Japan and the United States) resulted in an agreement where North
Korea agreed to abandon its nuclear weapons program for economic cooperation and assistance,
repeating its right to "peaceful uses of nuclear energy," while the U.S. recognized North Korea's
sovereignty and stated that it had no intention to attack North Korea. 7
May be as a result of these policies, North Korea didn’t produce any nuclear weapons in Bill
Clinton’s eight years of office, while they produced about six in the first 4 years of President’s Bush
office.8
What would new administrations do to deal with problem of N. Korea’s nuclear weapons?
New administrations, contrary to Clinton and Bush Administrations, should start out with an
effective policy towards North Korea.
They should provide a security guarantee and better relations to deal with problem of
N.Korea’s nuclear weapons. Because North Korea aims to ease its security dilemma and
maintain its regime survival, to dismiss North Korea's security dilemma is to miss the cause of
its actions.
3
5. The policy of isolating North Korea to force it to abandon its nuclear weapons programs is not
effective policy. New administrations should negotiate one-on-one talks with North Korea not
only on nuclear weapons issue but also on economic and social issues.
While none of the parties desire a North Korea with nuclear weapons, South Korea and Japan
are very concerned about North Korean counterstrikes in case of military action against North
Korea. China and South Korea are also very worried about the economic and social
consequences should this situation cause the North Korean government to collapse. So Six-
party talks will be effective policy to solve North Korea problem.
Even though Bush Administration named North Korea as part of an "Axis of Evil" following
the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks, New administrations should not plan any urgent
military action against North Korea.
1
North Korea (11/05) http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2792.htm#political
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.-North_Korea_relations, "U.S.-North Korea relations - Wikipedia"
3
http://people.umass.edu/mray/essays/northkorea.html, "Comparison of Bush and Clinton Foreign Policy
towards North Korea."
4
http://people.umass.edu/mray/essays/northkorea.html, "Comparison of Bush and Clinton Foreign Policy
towards North Korea."
5
Ibid
6
Jihwan Hwang, “Realism and U.S. foreign policy toward North Korea: the Clinton and Bush
administrations in comparative perspective” World Affairs, Summer, 2004
7
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
8
Nicholas D.Kristof, “N.Korea, 6, And Bush, 0,” The New York Times, April 26, 2005 pg.A.19
4