1. The document provides an overview of the Market Revolution period in US history from 1815-1860, which saw improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization.
2. Key developments discussed include the invention of the cotton gin, which led to the rapid growth of cotton and slave labor in the South; the establishment of textile mills in New England powered by water power and staffed initially by young farm women known as "mill girls"; and advances in transportation including canals like the Erie Canal and the emergence of railroads.
3. These changes helped integrate the growing US economy, strengthened the North, and oriented the country more towards its own interior rather than Europe, fueling national identity and pride
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Hi,
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Us History 13rd March, 2012
1. US history survey
March 13, 2012
Market revolution: industrialization,
transportation, commercialization
2. announcements
• paper # 1, due Tuesday 27 March
• details on topic and guidelines at the end of
this power point.
3. Industrialization
• Rural & agricultural life based on
rhythm of seasons & sun.
• Industrial life based on clocks, rhythms of
machinery.
• Britain & US both began
machine-based manufac-
turing with textiles.
4. cotton
• Invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney, 1793.
• Cleaned short staple cotton rapidly.
• Led to rapid growth of cotton production
across lower South, by slave labor.
• Primarily exported to English textile mills.
5. Northern investors, owners, inventors.
• Northern business
handled shipping,
insurance, brokerage of
S. cotton exports.
• International slave
trade financed 18th c.
development.
• Slave labor/cotton
financed 19th c.
industrial development.
6. cotton
• Slave labor grew cotton in S.
• Mill owners bought raw cotton.
• Picking, carding, spinning, warping, weaving –
elements of creating cloth, formerly done by
hand, now by machinery, under one roof.
• Created multiple types of cloth, including
“negro cloth,” rough cloth for
clothing slaves.
9. Lowell in 1850
• A mile’s worth of factory buildings – 40 mill
buildings. Also machine shops.
• 6 miles of canals – machinery was powered by
the river’s power from waterfalls.
• 10,000 looms.
• 10,000 workers.
• Mills ran 12 hours daily, 6 days a week.
• Where could corporations find workers to
produce cotton textiles?
10. Labor force for textile mills
• Daughters of New England farmers.
• Typically 15 – 25, but began as young as 10.
• Mills provided boardinghouses for mill girls, so
parents would consent to their daughters’
working in mills: respectability & supervision.
• Mill girls required to live in boardinghouses &
to attend church on Sundays.
• Worked average 73 hours a week, 1830s &
1840s.
13. Mill girls’ culture
• Published workers’ magazines.
• Protested against speed-up in work
& cuts in wages – 20% cut in 1842,
by walking out.
• Lowell Female Reform Association,
1844.
• New England Workingmen’s Assoc. --
efforts to limit workday to 10 hours.
14.
15. Mill girls replaced by
• Irish immigrant families.
• Later Polish, French Canadian, Greek
immigrants.
• Cheap labor by immigrants – the ongoing rule
for profit-making in
US business, through
the present.
16. Q: where did technological knowledge
come from?
• A: stolen from Britain.
• Hamilton wanted to copy
British factories.
• Samuel Slater left England by disguising
himself & brought knowledge of factory
system & loom to US.
• Francis Cabot Lowell lived in England, toured
factories, wrote down technology every night,
& brought info back to US.
17.
18. Market revolution,
1815 - 1860
1. improvements in transportation.
2. commercialization – consumer goods for sale
replace self-sufficiency & barter.
3. industrialization – power-driven machinery
produces goods formerly made by hand.
20. Funding transportation
• All agreed government had to help fund
transportation improvements.
• Disagreements over whether states or federal
government should pay.
• National Road – 1st federally funded highway,
1811 – 1834.
22. Erie Canal connected western
agriculture, eastern manufacturing, &
eastern ports.
• Funded by NY
legislature
passing a bond
issue.
• Major engineer-
ing accomplish-
ment - 83 locks.
• Irish immigrant
laborers.
24. railroads
• 1830 1st RR, Baltimore
& Ohio, 13 miles.
• By 1860, 31,000 miles
of track.
• Technological & supply
problems to be solved.
• Technological & • Stimulated iron industry
scientific development, & created locomotive
as well as large profits. industry.
25. RRs
• In 1860, 70% of
railroads were in the
North.
• Railroads were major
contribution to
industrialization in US.
Created many other
businesses.
26. legalities
• Supreme Court decisions encouraged
commercial enterprise, because they gave
federal government (not states) power over
interstate commerce.
• States passed laws creating incorporation of
businesses.
27. Other impacts of transportation
developments
• Oriented Americans away from
Atlantic/Europe & to own heartland. Pride &
American identity.
• Spirit of conquest of nature.
• Strengthened North by improving ties with
West, rather than with South.
28. paper # 1, due Tuesday 27 March
• Imagine that you are one of the following people (b. 1790).
– A member of the Lewis & Clark expedition.
– A New England farm widow.
– A Shawnee Indian.
– An enslaved person sold from Virginia to Alabama.
• Do as much internet research as you feel necessary to write
a convincing autobiography.
• Requirements:
– 3 – 4 paragraphs, typed, double-spaced.
– essay form: introduction, body, and conclusion.
– only typed papers will be accepted.
– name at top right of page.
29. Reading assignment for March 20
• Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave:
Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of
New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in
1841, and Rescued in 1853 (1853)
• http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northu
p.html
• chapter VIII, p. 105 – 117.