The kidneys
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The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys can no longer effectively filter waste, leading to symptoms like vomiting and concentrated urine. It can be caused by restricted blood flow or toxins. Treatments include kidney transplants or dialysis to filter the blood. The nephrons in each kidney are the functional units that filter waste from blood into urine through selective reabsorption and excretion.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF CONNECTING TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT
1. The kidney absorbs most of the 180 liters of fluid filtered each day in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. The remaining 18 liters are further reabsorbed in the collecting duct under regulation of aquaporin-2 by arginine vasopressin (AVP).
2. The osmotic gradient created by the countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle and recycling of urea by AVP maintains kidney concentration ability.
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KIDNEY
KIDNEY IS A VITAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BEINGS. EVERY HUMAN HAS A PAIR OF KIDNEYS WHICH HELP TO EXCRETE OUT WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY IN THE FORM OF URINE...
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Functional anatomy and physiology of kideny
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(3) SECRETION
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the renal (urinary) system. It describes the key components of the system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the functional units of the kidneys called nephrons and their role in filtering blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion processes. Specifically, it explains how nephrons use active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb filtered materials and maintain blood pressure and pH levels.
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Excretory notes
The excretory system, including the urinary system, removes waste from the body. The kidneys filter blood and remove wastes, regulating fluid levels. The hypothalamus monitors fluid levels and signals the kidneys. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter blood, removing wastes and excess water into urine. Urine exits the kidneys and is stored in the bladder before leaving the body. Disease can occur if wastes build up due to issues with the urinary system. Dialysis is needed if both kidneys fail to filter blood.
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The kidneys remove waste from the body through the process of excretion. They filter the blood, removing urea and excess water to produce urine. The two kidneys each contain nephrons, which act as filters. Blood enters the nephron and is filtered. Useful substances like glucose and salts are reabsorbed while urea and water remain and become urine. Urine travels from the nephrons to the bladder via the ureters for storage and later excretion. Kidney failure can occur from conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. It is treated through dialysis or kidney transplantation.
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The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.
The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine.The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.
Upon examination, specific "landmarks" are used to describe the location of any irregularities in the bladder. These are:
Trigone: a triangle-shaped region near the junction of the urethra and the bladder
Right and left lateral walls: walls on either side of the trigone
Posterior wall: back wall
Two sphincter muscles. These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the bladder.
Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to rel
Urinary system
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It discusses the key parts which include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Urine is produced via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. The kidneys play important roles in regulating water balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance in the body.
URINARY SYSTEM.ppt555555555555555555555555
The document discusses the structure and function of the renal (urinary) system. It begins by outlining the key parts of the renal system - the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It then describes the internal structure of the kidneys including nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. The three stages of urine formation are discussed - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus to remove wastes, which are then selectively reabsorbed or secreted along the nephron as urine is formed. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
Excretory system
The urinary system works to remove waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels in the body. The kidneys filter blood and remove wastes, excess water, salts, and other substances, forming urine. The hypothalamus monitors fluid levels in the blood and signals the kidneys to adjust urine production accordingly. The main organs of the urinary system are the two kidneys, each containing around a million nephrons that filter the blood. Diseases can occur if wastes are not properly removed from the body.
Kidney anatomy, physiology and disorders
The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
Excretory system
The excretory system collects and eliminates waste from the body through various organs including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and then passed out of the body through the urethra. The excretory system works to maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid levels and removing toxins.
1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 8:
Structure and functions of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Formation and composition of urine.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Structure and functions of the skin.
Regulation of the body temperature.
Excretory system:
The excretory system is performs the function of excretion
It is the process of removing the wastes
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system
Kidney:
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organs - found abdominal cavity, just below the rib cage.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the position of the liver.
Every human has two kidneys.
Diagram of Renal System
Structure of kidney:
Kidney consist of 3 basic parts
Renal cortex (outer layer )
Renal medulla (inner layer )
Renal pelvis.
Renal cortex:
The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, it is covered with capsule
Erythropoietin a hormone is produced in the renal cortex (Erythropoiesis)
Renal medulla:
Renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a network of nephrons
Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis contains the hilum.
The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney
It is also the point of exit for the ureters carry urine away from the kidney
Both of the ureters supply the urine into urinary bladder,
From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, renal veins collect deoxygenated blood
Nephron:
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
It is composed of renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Parts of Nephron:
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus within bowman's capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Intermediate tubule (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts
1. The Glomerulus:
The glomerulus is receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.
Here, fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule.
A group of specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are located around the afferent arteriole where it enters the renal corpuscle. The JGA secretes an enzyme called renin, it is involved in the process of blood volume homeostasis (Bp).
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
The proximal tubule is the first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place.
3. The Loop of Henle:
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb. It transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule:
The distal convoluted tubule is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron.
5. Collecting Duct:
The collecting duct
The Human Excretory System
A powerpoint on the Human Excretory System, intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences Syllabus. Includes information on kidneys, osmoregulation, nephrons, excretion, etc. Hope it helps :)
Kidney and its disorder
The kidney is shaped like a bean and is located in the lower back. It filters waste from the blood through millions of nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a tubule that reabsorbs nutrients. The tubule secretes waste to form urine, which drains into the ureters. Kidney disorders occur when stones form in the kidney or it fails. Stones are caused by concentrated urine and can be broken up with shock waves. Failure damages kidney functions and requires dialysis or transplant to survive. Dialysis artificially filters blood using a machine or the peritoneal cavity, while transplants involve replacing a damaged kidney.
Human excretory system
The human excretory system removes waste from the body through organs like the lungs, skin, colon and kidneys. The kidneys play a key role by filtering the blood to remove urea and other toxins, regulating electrolyte and acid-base balance, and controlling blood pressure. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood via glomeruli and tubules to produce urine, which is then stored in the bladder and expelled via the urethra. The excretory system is vital for maintaining homeostasis by regulating water balance and removing metabolic waste.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to remove wastes like urea, salts, and excess water, regulating homeostasis. They contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete wastes to form urine. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion through the urethra. The excretory system is vital for removing metabolic waste and maintaining healthy fluid balance in the body.
Anatomy and Physiology of Excertery system
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and passed through the urethra. The urinary system regulates fluid volume and electrolyte levels and removes waste from the body.
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The kidneys
- 2. The Urinary System • All cells produce a number of waste products! These waste products diffuse back into the blood. (E.g. Carbon Dioxide and Urea). • The Urinary system produces, stores and then removes Urine from the body. • The major organ is the Kidney.
- 4. Kidney Failure • Kidney Failure is a serious medical condition where the kidney’s are unable to filter the waste products from the blood. • Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea and frequently concentrated urine or frequently under concentrated urine. • Kidney failure can be caused by restriction of blood flow to the kidney’s or high amounts of toxins. Other conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause it.
- 5. Treatment • Treatments for kidney failure include; • A kidney transplant. Because humans have two kidney’s, you can donate a single kidney and still be able to filter the blood efficiently. • Kidney dialysis. Kidney dialysis treats kidney failure patients by removing small amounts of a patients blood and filtering it before returning it back into the body.
- 6. A dialysis machine looks like this.
- 7. The kidney • Made up of two important tissues. • Blood vessels take the blood through the kidney where unwanted substances end up in tiny convoluted tubes. • The tubes eventually join to form a single tube called the Ureter. • The Ureter leaves the kidneys to go to the bladder.
- 8. • There are 3 stages in the working of the kidney! 1.Filtration of the blood. The water and other molecules are squeezed out of the blood into the tubules. 2.Selective reabsorbtion of the useful substances back into the blood. By osmoregulation, the amount of water in the blood is controlled and kept constant. 3.Excretion of waste. Excess water, ions and the urea pass to the bladder in the form of urine and are then released from the body.
- 9. Structure of the Nephron • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and millions of them surround each kidney. • The nephrons drain into a collecting duct which then release urine into one tube (the ureter) before draining away the urine to the bladder.
- 11. The effect of ADH on blood water content • The amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys during selective reabsorbtion is controlled by the hormone ADH. • The hormone ADH is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. • The hormone affects the permeability of the kidney tubules.
- 12. • The role of ADH in the kidney is an example of negative feedback. • Negative feedback is where a substance is produced that opposes a change to a system, such as high salt concentration. If negative feedback continues then a system will eventually turn back to normal. You can see negative feedback in other areas of the body, including in the menstrual cycle.