This document contains information from Pranab Chatterjee, a senior research associate at the Public Health Foundation of India, about the impact of urbanization on infectious diseases. It discusses how factors like population growth, globalization, climate change, and overcrowding associated with increasing urbanization can encourage the spread of infectious diseases. Specifically, it provides examples of how urban settings can increase the transmission of diseases spread through water, sanitation, vectors, and respiratory routes. The document also explores the relationship between urbanization and the transmission of tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, dengue, and other diseases.
Urbanization & the epidemiology of infectious diseasesjoshuaokyere1
This covers the role of urbanization in influencing the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases. Urbanization operates within the urban built environment.
Urban health issues role of government.Dr Chetan C P
Discussion about urban health issues. Why health cannot be addressed in isolation. Trend of health care financing in India. The potential of technology leverage to address access and finally looking at financing solutions to achieve SDG'd.
Urbanization & the epidemiology of infectious diseasesjoshuaokyere1
This covers the role of urbanization in influencing the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases. Urbanization operates within the urban built environment.
Urban health issues role of government.Dr Chetan C P
Discussion about urban health issues. Why health cannot be addressed in isolation. Trend of health care financing in India. The potential of technology leverage to address access and finally looking at financing solutions to achieve SDG'd.
Preparing for future shocks: Building resilient health systemsHFG Project
Presentation at USAID's Global Health Mini-University on Friday, March 4, 2016.
Preparing for Future Shocks: Building Resilient Health Systems
Kate Greene (HFG), Bob Emrey (USAID/GH/OHS), Jodi Charles (USAID/GH/OHS), Temitayo Ifafore, (USAID/GH/OHS)
After the recent Ebola outbreak, global health experts have turned to resilience frameworks used by other fields such as agriculture and engineering to understand how to build health systems that can withstand shocks, including infectious disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and political conflict. Speakers will first briefly outline each of the five key elements of the Resilience Framework, adapted from the Rockefeller Foundation and presented in a Lancet article in 2015, that can be applied to health systems. Participants will then work in small groups to discuss which health systems interventions should be pursued in response to a one-page description of an unnamed country. Speakers will then reveal what real-world interventions they designed for the country example and answer questions.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Spectrum of health & Iceberg Phenomenon of disease.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1- Understand the spectrum of health in relation to health and sickness
2- Define; health, disease, illness and wellbeing
3- Define and understand the determinants’ of health; biological, behavioural, socio and cultural, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, and ageing and gender
4- Understand the concepts of “right to health “ and “health for all”
5- Ice-berg phenonmenon of disease
RABIES-A fatal but preventable viral disease is explained in detail (with exclusive pictures) in this PowerPoint presentation.
It also includes the "updates on prevention and control strategy" and "Zero by 2030-Rabies Elimination Strategy"
This was presented at seminar hall, Department of Community Medicine, IMS, Banaras Hindu University as a part of PG seminar.
(The video by Lancet included in this may not be played in this slideshare platform...one can access youtube for the same)
Urbanization and Global Biosecurity: A Dangerously Neglected Dimension in DOD Doctrine and National Security Policy. Mad Scientist 2016: Megacities and Dense Urban Areas in 2025 and Beyond. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Apr 21 2016 - Apr 22 2016)
Preparing for future shocks: Building resilient health systemsHFG Project
Presentation at USAID's Global Health Mini-University on Friday, March 4, 2016.
Preparing for Future Shocks: Building Resilient Health Systems
Kate Greene (HFG), Bob Emrey (USAID/GH/OHS), Jodi Charles (USAID/GH/OHS), Temitayo Ifafore, (USAID/GH/OHS)
After the recent Ebola outbreak, global health experts have turned to resilience frameworks used by other fields such as agriculture and engineering to understand how to build health systems that can withstand shocks, including infectious disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and political conflict. Speakers will first briefly outline each of the five key elements of the Resilience Framework, adapted from the Rockefeller Foundation and presented in a Lancet article in 2015, that can be applied to health systems. Participants will then work in small groups to discuss which health systems interventions should be pursued in response to a one-page description of an unnamed country. Speakers will then reveal what real-world interventions they designed for the country example and answer questions.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Spectrum of health & Iceberg Phenomenon of disease.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1- Understand the spectrum of health in relation to health and sickness
2- Define; health, disease, illness and wellbeing
3- Define and understand the determinants’ of health; biological, behavioural, socio and cultural, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, and ageing and gender
4- Understand the concepts of “right to health “ and “health for all”
5- Ice-berg phenonmenon of disease
RABIES-A fatal but preventable viral disease is explained in detail (with exclusive pictures) in this PowerPoint presentation.
It also includes the "updates on prevention and control strategy" and "Zero by 2030-Rabies Elimination Strategy"
This was presented at seminar hall, Department of Community Medicine, IMS, Banaras Hindu University as a part of PG seminar.
(The video by Lancet included in this may not be played in this slideshare platform...one can access youtube for the same)
Urbanization and Global Biosecurity: A Dangerously Neglected Dimension in DOD Doctrine and National Security Policy. Mad Scientist 2016: Megacities and Dense Urban Areas in 2025 and Beyond. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Apr 21 2016 - Apr 22 2016)
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 7EMERGING DISEASES.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 7
EMERGING DISEASES
Esherichia coli on EMB plate
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Differentiate the emerging infectious diseases in the United States and those occurring worldwide.
2. List and recognize the 6 major reasons associated with the emergence of infectious diseases.
3. Explain the likely reasons for the emergence of specific infectious diseases.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
4. Identify, list, and explain the etiological agents, the epidemiology, and the disease characteristics of the major emerging infectious diseases including: influenza, hanta virus, dengue fever, ebola, AIDs, Cryptosporidiosis, Malaria, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, Streptococcal infections, and E. coli infections.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
5.Recognize and explain the practical approaches to limiting the emergence of infectious diseases.
EMERGING DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases continue to be the foremost cause of death worldwide.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a 58 percent rise in deaths from infectious diseases since 1980.
Emerging Diseases in the United States
Cryptosporidium
AIDS
Escherichia coli
Hanta Virus
Lyme Disease
Group A Strep
Emerging Diseases Worldwide
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease
The term "emerging infectious diseases" refers to diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has either increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
There are a number of specific explanations responsible for disease emergence that can be identified in most all cases (Table 7-1a-d).
Table 7-1a
Viral
Viral diseases that have been identified since 1973
1977 Ebola, Marburg
Origin undetermined. (Importation of monkeys associated with outbreaks in these primates in Europe and the United States)
1980 HTLV Influenza (pandemic)
Pig-duck agriculture thought to contribute to reassortment of avian and mammalian influenza viruses
1983 HIV
Transmission by intimate contact as in sexual transmission, contaminated hypodermic needles, transfusions, organ transplants. Contributing condition that spread the disease include war or civil conflict, urban decay, migration to cities and travel
1989 Hepatitis C
Transmission in infected blood such as by transfusions, contaminated hypodermic needles, and sexual transmission
1993 Hantaviruses
Increased contact with rodent hosts because of ecological or environmental changes
Adapted from Morse.24
Table 7-1b
Viral Diseases that have re-emerged
Argentine, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Agricutural changes that promote growth of rodents
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle)
Alterations in the rendering of meat products
Dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever
...
Consider this scenario A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare orAlleneMcclendon878
Consider this scenario: A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare organization, resulting in significant data loss. You have been called as an information security management consultant to recommend an incident response plan for this incident and will need to present it to the executive board of the healthcare organization.
Develop a 10- to 12-slide multimedia-rich presentation of your recommended incident response plan to mitigate or reduce impact to the organization, and do the following:
· Define the incident response plan goal and scope for this cyber-attack.
· Analyze the impact and severity of the cyber-attack by applying a business impact analysis (BIA) to the organization, including mission performance, regulatory requirements, and compliance.
· Identify the communication requirements, including criteria for escalation and organization reporting and regulatory requirements.
· Explain the process for responding to this incident.
· Describe the relationship with other organization processes and methods, such as BCP/DR.
· Recommend prioritization, resource requirements, and any opportunity created by the event.
Use appropriate images and charts where applicable.
Include a slide with APA-formatted references.
Infectious disease in a highly connected world: Nurses’ role to prevent, detect, respond
Catherine M. Dentinger, Amy R. Kolwaite
“With Ebola back in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this year’s World Health Assembly sees the threat of pandemic diseases and the fragility of global health security once again at the forefront of the global health leaders’ minds.”
71st World Health Assembly, May 21, 2018 (retrieved from www.devex.com/news/what-to-watch-at-this-year-s-world-health-assembly-92787)
Not long ago, infectious diseases were thought to be well controlled through hygiene measures, vaccines, and antimicrobial medications, but that perspective has shifted. In the past 35 years, we have experienced infectious disease outbreaks in which global spread of severe infections has occurred due to an increasingly interconnected world. Timely detection of and efficient response to these events is key to limiting their magnitude and duration; this requires sustained attention, international engagement and coordination, and reliable resources. Nurses, the largest sector of the global health care workforce, are integral to preventing, detecting, and responding to these infectious disease threats.
Context
“Vaccines and antibiotics have made many infectious diseases a thing of the past; we’ve come to expect that public health and modern science can conquer all microbes. But nature is a formidable adversary.”
Dr. Tom Frieden, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), February 2016
By the 1960s, advances in public sanitation, immunizations, and antimicrobials led to large declines in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in some countries and toward what was thought to be their eventual elimination as a human health c ...
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? | The Lifescience...The Lifesciences Magazine
Here are 3 best reasons that describe Will There Be a Next Pandemic? ;
1. What role does climate change play in the next pandemic?
2. How do we monitor for the next outbreak?
3. How do we prepare for the next pandemic?
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious DiseasesGlobalizatio.docxwhittemorelucilla
Globalization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Globalization is a topic that has been around for centuries and is present phenomenon, but what is it exactly? Globalization is defined as a process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments of multiple different nations across the world (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). It is a process that has existed as long as international trade and will continue to exist as long as nations continue to buy and sell to one another. Globalization is a process that impacts people and communities all around the world that are participate in this kind of international relation. It covers a wide spectrum of forces such as, the environment, technology, different demographics, the economy, as well as multiple others. Globalization elicits a lot of changes within each of these forces, changes that have very wide spread effects on humans and on the communities that they inhabit. This topic is however very controversial and many arguments have been made in favor as well as against this process. “Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people.” (“What is Globalization?,” 2016). Both sides of the argument hold very strong values and opinions that are influenced by factors such as health.
The effects of Globalization on overall health, is a major concern for all nations. A topic that has been closely associated with Globalization is the greater spread of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are those that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi and can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly (WHO, 2016). Direct contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by direct contact from one person to another person, an animal to a person, or from a mother to her unborn child. Indirect contact is when an infectious disease is contracted by coming in contact with an item that has been contaminated with the germs of the disease. Insect bites as well as food contamination are also common ways that infectious diseases are transferred. Mosquitos are well known for passing malaria onto humans through a bite and E. coli is a common disease that is transferred through the consumption of undercooked food.
http://ps4h.org/communicable_diseases.html
Understanding infectious diseases is a key component to understanding the relationship between them and Globalization. In the world today, approximately half of all deaths that are caused by infectious diseases can be traced back to three diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS (Networks, 2000). Tuberculosis, commonly referred to as TB, is a contagious disease that is caused by b ...
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight. This session will elicit debates that looks at both of these aspects – namely, on the impacts of, and insights provided by, disease – in the context of COVID-19 or earlier epidemics, pandemics and epizootics in the region.
CLASS PRESENTATION ON Epidemics, pandemics and epizootics.pptGeorgeKabongah2
COVID-19 and varied government responses, popular responses and narratives, and cultural, socio-economic, and political impacts, have provided a stark reminder of how diseases help to make history, but also how they help to bring various social relations and realities into the spotlight.
Similar to Urbanization and Infectious Diseases (20)
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial ResistancePranab Chatterjee
This is the second lecture I took for the MPH students at the Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, as a part of the Environmental Health module. In this lecture I introduce the students to the basics of AMR and some common modes and routes of transmission of the same through the environment.
This was the first training session I did for using Mendeley as a Reference Management software after being inducted into the Mendeley Advisors' Group. The target group for this presentation was Master's students with no prior experience of doing research or using reference management software. These students had applied for competitive grants to the Research Capacity Building Program being run by the India Research Initiative on Peri-Urban Human-Animal-Environment Health (which employs me at the time of uploading this presentation). In addition to providing them with seed funding to support their Master's theses, the Capacity Building Program also provided multiple opportunities for learning, networking and skill building, including a workshop on the Basics of EcoHealth Research Methods, in course of which this presentation was made.
Diabetes Mellitus: Presentation and CLinical ExaminationPranab Chatterjee
The presentation which won the Best Paper award at the Students' Paper Presentation in Rhapsody 2010. This paper was presented by Dr. Rimesh Pal Medical College Kolkata, 3rd Professional MBBS Student.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Pranab Chatterjee MD
Senior Research Associate
Public Health Foundation of India
Environmental Health Module IIPH Delhi MPH, 2016-2018
1
2. Urbanization and Infectious Diseases by Pranab Chatterjee is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Materials provided
“AS IS”; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and
all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and
efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions
for use from third parties as needed.
2
3. Your name, your academic background, why you chose to do the Master’s in
Public Health and your vision/ambition as a Public Health Specialist in the
making!
3
4. Explore the impact of urbanization on infectious disease emergence and
epidemiology and understand interaction between urbanization and infectious
disease emergence and transmission patterns
Understand research approaches to study the impact of urbanization on infectious
diseases
This will be a task-oriented, hands-on, group-session based activity!
4
5. Breakout Group Discussion. Form two or three groups. Each group should
ideally have someone with a health-related background.
This is to help us evaluate the baseline understanding and build from there.
5
11. According to census of India:
All statutory places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town area committee
A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:
Minimum population of 5000
At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
Density of population 400/sq.km or 1000/sq. mile
Urbanization: the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
11
12. 28 megacities (>10 million
population) in 2016: projected to
reach 41 by 2030
850 cities with 500,000 population
by 2030 – most in Asia and Africa
60%+ of the global population
residing in urban areas by 2030
Average daily migration to cities:
180,000
Refugee crises from failing nations
and conflict zones add to the
pressure
Extreme connectivity: Nothing is
local anymore…
12
16. What are your thoughts?
16
Image: Nature 406, 762-767 (17 August 2000)
doi:10.1038/35021206
17. Urbanization is not just about growing cities and rural-to-urban migrations
What other factors related to the growth of cities can you think of?
17
18. Urbanization is not just about growing cities and rural-to-urban migrations
What other factors related to the growth of cities can you think of?
Globalization
Climate change
Population growth/Overcrowding/Congestion
Vector potentiation or increased vectorial capacity
18
20. Feb 15: Patient A (index case) had onset of symptoms
Feb 21:Traveled with family from Guangdong to Hong Kong;
stayed on 9th Floor of Hotel M
Feb 22: Pt A admitted to hospital 2; dies on Feb 23
By Feb 28: 4 HCWs, 2 family members fall sick – one dies
March 25: Cluster of 13 persons with suspected/probable SARS
are known to have stayed at hotel M. 10 in hotel on same day – 2
others (L, M) stayed when 3 of the 10 were staying in hotel M
9 of 13 patients stayed on floor 9; 1 each on 11th & 14th floors; 2 on
9 &14 both
Patient B index patient for Hanoi involving 59 HCWs and close
contacts and also is linked to one case in Thailand.
Patients C, D, and E associated with 70 cases in Singapore and
three cases in Germany.
Patient F linked with 16 other cases in Toronto
Patients H and J are linked with outbreaks among HCWs in other
hospitals in Hong Kong. Patient L appears to have become
infected during his stay at hotel M, with subsequent transmission
to his wife, patient M.
20
23. Black fly needs fast running water to reproduce
The vector flies can be spread by strong winds
Global warming and changing precipitation patterns create more breeding sites
for the black fly (Mills, 1995)
Increased vector population = Increased disease risks
What might be causing such changes?
Deforestation for urban agriculture
Cities growing into river-adjacent areas with high vector concentration
Re-direction of river water through irrigation channels to peri-urban and urban
agriculture
23
24. Schistosomiasis
Spread through growing population of snails!
African Trypanosomiasis
Changing vegetation cover due to changing environmental temperature and humidity
Tick-borne infections
Warmer climates favour spread of ticks carrying Lyme disease
Cooler climates favour spread of ticks carrying Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
St. Louis Encephalitis
Higher temperature increase vector (mosquito) efficacy in spreading the infection
West Nile Virus
Stagnant water encourages vector (mosquito) breeding; Culex pipiens prefers man-made
water collections for breeding; Role of birds – the American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
24
25. GROUP WORK: POPULATION GROWTH
RATS AND THE CITY
Transmission of several zoonotic
diseases:
Yersinia pestis
Leptospira spp
Rickettsia typhi
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Bartonella henselae
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Seoul Hantavirus
25
Group 1:
What might be the reasons that may cause
explosion of the rat population in cities of
India?
Group 2:
As public health specialists, you have to
create a plan to combat the growing rat
problem in the context of an Indian city. Draft
the components of a rodent control program.
26. Surveys: A measure of the magnitude of the
pest problem and its environmental causes
Tolerance limit: Identifying the level at
which a pest causes sufficient damage to be
considered as a public health problem
Interventions: Actions taken to mitigate the
pest problems:
Educational interventions
Legal or regulatory interventions
Habitat modification interventions
Horticultural/Biologic interventions
Mechanical interventions
Chemical interventions
Elimination of causes of infestation
Monitoring and Evaluation 26
27. Garrett-Jones defined vectorial capacity as:
VC= vectorial capacity
M= size of the female mosquito population
N= size of the human population
a= daily biting rate of a female mosquito
b= proportion of infected bites on humans which produce an infection
p= probability that a blood meal is taken on a human rather than on an alternative
host
n= intrinsic incubation period (number of days required to produce infective
sporozoites within an infected mosquito)
u= per capita mortality of female mosquitoes
27
28. Garrett-Jones defined vectorial capacity as:
VC= vectorial capacity
M= size of the female mosquito population
N= size of the human population
a= daily biting rate of a female mosquito
b= proportion of infected bites on humans which produce an infection
p= probability that a blood meal is taken on a human rather than on an alternative
host
n= intrinsic incubation period (number of days required to produce infective
sporozoites within an infected mosquito)
u= per capita mortality of female mosquitoes
28
Using the information in this equation, can you explain why
urban areas may be a better setting for malaria to spread due
to increased vectorial capacity than rural areas?
29. Native to the tropical and sub-tropical forests; but can be found throughout Europe
and Americas now
Lives in close association with man
Flies and feeds in the day time, especially at dusk and dawn
Important vector for several diseases like:
Yellow fever virus
Chikungunya virus
Dengue virus
Dirofilaria immitis
ZIKA!!!
How did it get into the USA and Europe?
29
30. Native to the tropical and sub-tropical forests; but can be found throughout Europe
and Americas now
Lives in close association with man
Flies and feeds in the day time, especially at dusk and dawn
Important vector for several diseases like:
Yellow fever virus
Chikungunya virus
Dengue virus
Dirofilaria immitis
ZIKA!!!
How did it get into the USA and Europe?
30
34. Usually urban centers have higher rates of tuberculosis than rural areas
Example:
Impoverished slums of Karachi Pulmonary TB prevalence is 329/100,000 people,
compared to the national prevalence of 171/100,000 people
What are the potential reasons?
Overcrowding
Unsanitary living conditions
Addictions, smoking
Poor nutrition status, lower socioeconomic status
Access to healthcare
Higher exposure rates to infective cases
34
35. Snails form an important part of
the life cycle
Snails increase in areas with more
water, warmth
Many African cities have grown
up beside irrigation canals drawn
from rivers
Warm temperature also increases
infectivity of the pathogen
Global warming further increases
risk: 5 million additional cases by
2050 if no steps are taken
35
36. Bamako (Mali), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Kampala (Uganda)
Schistosoma spp is endemic to local water bodies
Snail populations on the rise due to environmental conditions
Migrants moving from rural areas endemic for the disease are bringing the
infection over to the urban centers
Those migrants who come from non-endemic areas to an endemic area are also at
high risk of contracting the illness against which they do not have a natural
immunity
36
37. Leishmaniasis:
Evidence from Marrakech, Morocco show that increasing urbanization reduces the
population of the Phlebotomine sand flies
What can be the potential reasons?
Hepatitis A
Disease of poverty, seen to be lower in highly urbanised areas compared to more
rural or poor urban slums
What can be the potential reasons?
37
38. Why is dengue such a major
urban problem?
38Image: Nature Reviews Disease Primers
16055 doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.55
39. Group 1:
What are some of the reasons which may cause the dengue outbreaks in Delhi
every year?
Group 2:
As a group of public health experts, devise a set of interventions to ensure that
Delhi does not experience an outbreak of Dengue this year.
39