Enzyme, Pharmaceutical Aids, Miscellaneous Last Part of Chapter no 5th.pdf
Presentation1.pptx
1. ASSESSMENT OF LIFE STYLE, PUBLIC HEALTH
MEASURES PRACTICED BY SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT TO
CONTAIN COVID-19 TRANSMISSION IN COMMUNITY OF
SELECTED DISTRICTS OF HORO GUDURU WOLLEGA
1. Dr. Mitiku Wamile (PI)
(DVM, MSc in Veterinary Public Health, Assistant professor)
2. Dr. Lema Yimer
(DVM, MSc in Microbiology, Assistant professor)
3. Dr. Nagaro Damana (DVM)
3. Introduction
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of
coronavirus with, ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus,
and ‘D’ for disease.
Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel
coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of RNA (ribonucleic
acid) viruses.
They are called coronaviruses because the virus particle
exhibits a characteristic ‘corona’ (crown) of spike
proteins around its lipid envelope.
Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to the genus Coronavirus
with its high mutation rate in the Coronavirida.
4. introduction…
CoV infections are common in animals and humans.
Some strains of CoV are zoonotic, meaning they can be
transmitted between animals and humans, but many
strains are not zoonotic (Shi et al., 2020).
The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2
are bats, but it is believed that the virus jumped the
species barrier to humans from another intermediate
animal host.
This intermediate animal host could be a domestic food
animal, a wild animal, or a domesticated wild animal
which has not yet been identified.
5. Introduction…
After the first infections in China at the end of 2019, the
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has continued to spread
across the world.
No continent has been able to escape this virus, which has
recorded average mortality of around 2.3%(WHO, 2020).
Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization
(WHO) on 11 March 2020, COVID-19 has become a global
emergency, given its impact on the entire world population
and the economy.
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been
declared a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern (PHEIC) and the virus has now spread to many
countries and territories.
It is important to remember that COVID-19 does not
differentiate between borders, ethnicities, disability status,
age or gender
6. The COVID-19 pandemic is exacting a huge toll on
individuals, families, communities and societies across
the world.
While a lot is still unknown about the virus that causes
COVID-19, we do know that it is transmitted through
direct contact with respiratory droplets of an infected
person (generated through coughing and sneezing)
Individuals can also be infected from
touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and
touching their face (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth). While
COVID-19 continues to spread it is important that
communities take action to prevent further
transmission, reduce the impacts of the outbreak and
support control (WHO, 2020).
7. Many countries are following the advice from the World
Health Organization (WHO) regarding the introduction of
physical distancing measures as one of the ways in
which transmission of the disease can be reduced.
The application of these measures has resulted in the
closure of many businesses, schools, and institutes of
education, and restrictions on travel and social
gatherings (Safety & Businesses, 2020).
The COVID-19-induced pandemic affects the entire food
system. It exerts a symmetric, but asynchronous shock
on global and national food systems.
8. Its impacts will affect both supply and demand
channels, but they will be felt at different points in time.
They will affect all elements of the food system, from
primary supply, to processing, to trade as well as
national and international logistics systems, to
intermediate and final demand (Josef Schmidhuber,
2020).
9. The impact on African economies could be the slowing
of growth to 1.8 % in the best case scenario or a
contraction of 2.6 % in the worst case.
This has the potential to push 27 million people into
extreme poverty.
Even if the spread of COVID-19 is suppressed in
Africa its economic damage will be unavoidable. Basic
hand-washing access in Africa is limited, with 36 per
cent of the population having no access to household
hand washing facilities, and a further 30 per cent
having only limited access (IOM UN MIGRATION,
2020)
10. There is no sufficient enough of medicines, protective
equipment, ventilators, hospitals with full intensive care
unit (ICU), health professionals or man power, isolation
center to contain this rapid spread pandemic virus
(COVID-19) Ethiopia in general and in Horo Guduru
Wollega Zone in particular.
There is also no full information for some of Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone community living in rural area
due to lack of using different social media (face book,
Television..), lack of sufficient health service reaching
rural community and due to their mobility from place to
place in different time.
Additionally, there is a scarcity of water for washing their
hands frequently especially for town dwellers
11. Moreover, the rural community may contact the
community in the town while they go market to buy or
sell what they need and mandatory basic need from
market place.
At that time in case they contract the virus there is a
high probability of spreading the disease in to rural
community and also in to their livestock which is more
dangerous and difficult to control.
Therefore this study objective is the best option to aware
the community to prevent and control themselves, their
society and their livestock as well.
12. General objective
General objective of this study will be assessment of life style,
Public health measures practiced by society and its impact to
contain COVID-19 transmission in selected districts of Horo
Guduru Wollega zone community of Oromia Regional state,
Ethiopia.
Specific objectives
Assessing the life style of Horo Guduru Wollega zone community
to contain COVID-19 spread (transmission)
Assessment of public health measure practiced by society to
contain pandemic COVID-19 spread (transmission) between
societies.
Assessment of rural community practice to contain pandemic
COVID-19 transmission to between rural societies, to their
livestock and vice versa.
Assessment of the impact to contain pandemic COVID-19 spread
on Horo Guduru Wollega zone community.
Provide awareness creation for prevention and control of COVID-
19 transmission between human, from human to livestock and vice
versa.
13. Materials and methods
Study area
The study will be carried out within the selected districts of
Horo Guduru Wollega zone communities
Study design and period
A Community based cross-sectional study design will be
carried out to assess life style, public health measures
practiced by society and its impact to contain COVID-19
transmission from October, 2020 to 2021 in selected districts
of Horo Guduru Wollega zone community of Oromia Region.
Source population
The source populations are all people of Horo Guduru
Wollega zone
Study population
The study populations are all people in the study area during
the study period
14. Sample size determination and sampling methods
The sample size for the study will be determined based on
expected prevalence rate of 50%, absolute desired precision
of 5% at confidence level of 95%. Accordingly, the following
formula (Thrusfield, 2007) will be used to calculate required
sample size.
n = 1.962 Pex (1-Pex)
d2
Where: n = required sample size
Pex = expected prevalence
d = desired absolute precision
Therefore based on the above formula the sample size will
be: 384. However, since the study area is very large the
sample size is multiplied by two (2) to increase precision and
representativeness and the minimum sample size required
will become 768.
15. Out of the districts, four districts (Horo, Abay Coman, Amuru
and Abe Dongoro) and shambu town are purposively
selected for the study.
From each districts, kebeles are selected purposively based
on their proximity to the main road and population density.
From the districts all towns will be selected and from towns
kebeles and households will be selected by simple random
sampling from towns and kebeles, respectively.
In rural communities peasant association (PA) and
households from PA will be selected purposively based on
accessibility or proximity to the main road or town and their
mobility to town for marketing.
From the households either the husband or wife will be
selected as study participant. The final sample size will be
distributed proportionally for each district
16. Questionnaire survey
In depth interview will be conducted with the study
participant to collect valuable information about their life style
and public health measures they apply to prevent and
control pandemic COVID-19 spread using structured
questionnaire.
The questionnaire will covers socio-demographic information
of the study participants, their life style and the practice they
apply that are a risk factor for transmission and spread of
COVID-19 with in the community and the public health
measurements they practice to prevent and control COVID-
19 transmission.
Finally they will be asked the impact of COVID-19 on their
lives. To maintain consistency of questionnaire and data, the
English version questionnaire will be translated to Afaan
Oromo language (local language) then back translated to
English.
Each questionnaire filled will be checked for completeness of
the information by the principal investigator.
17. Data quality control
To assure quality, data collectors will be trained prior to data
collection regarding technique, ethics of data collection and
data collection process; by the principal investigator.
A 5% pretest will be conducted in a similar setting before the
actual data collection. Frequent and timely supervision of
data collectors will be undertaken.
The collected data will be checked out for its completeness
and accuracy during data collection by the principal
investigator and supervisors.
The data will thoroughly be cleaned just before coding and
carefully entered in to EPI-INFO Version 07 or Microsoft
excels and will be exported to SPSS 20 or STATA for
analysis.
18. Data management and analysis
The data generated from questionnaire survey will be
stored in EPINFO or Microsoft excel spreadsheet
(Microsoft Corporation) and will be analyzed using
either SPSS or STATA.
Chi-square (χ2) test will be computed to test the
association between explanatory variables or
determinants and status of contracting COVID-19.
Results will be considered statistically significant when
P < 0.05.
These variables will also be evaluated using bi-
variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis
and odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals
(CI 95 %) to quantify the association between
expected risk factors and COVID-19 infection.
19. Ethical Consideration
Before study is conducted, ethical clearance letter will
be obtained from Ethical Review Board Wollega
University.
Permission to conduct the research (data collection) will
be obtained from zonal health bureau and medical
director in each health facilities (if needed).
20. Significance of the Project
COVID-19 is a significant health problem and becomes
the major concern in the world in general and in
Ethiopia in particular.
Horo Guduru Wollega zones of Oromia Regional have
poor facility such as electric facility (to follow different
media that gives warnings and protective measures)
and water.
Therefore, this research project will be required, as
emergency prevention and control methods by
providing valuable awareness creation for individuals
to protect themselves, their family, and community,
society and whole people from the virus
21. Expected Output
Till date, there is a high spread of COVID-19 globally in
general and there is also a report in our country in
particular.
Therefore; this project will be a pioneering approach
and a rapid response approach to limit the rapid spread
of the virus in the region and between the communities
to save their life.
It will also limit the devastating impact of pandemic
COVID-19
Beneficiaries
All people of the zones and the country (due to rapid
transmission of the virus both region and country will be
equally affected and benefitted).
