Urban Form and Design - Key Concepts & Historical Precedents

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This document provides an overview of key concepts and historical precedents related to urban form and design. It includes images and descriptions of medieval fortified villages, streets, mosques, cathedrals, and plazas from Europe and the Middle East. Additionally, it discusses the transformation of Paris through Haussmann's redesign in the 19th century, as well as the work of Camillo Sitte on studying medieval plazas. The document serves as an introduction to examining the evolution of urban design over time.

Education Technology Real Estate

PLAN 4003: Urban Form & Design
Week 2: Key Concepts & Historical Precedents
Anuradha Mukherji
Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning

This image is attributed to Ian Britton @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
St Paul de Vence, Cote d'Azur, France. Medieval Fortified Village

Sligo Abbey, Sligo Town, Ireland
Medieval Altar
This image is attributed to Joseph Mischyshyn @ 2001 (CC BY-SA 2.0)

El-Muizz Street, Cairo, Egypt. Oldest Street in Islamic (Medieval) Cairo
This image is attributed to Ahmed Al Badawy @ 2010 (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Mulhouse, Eastern France (Close to Swiss and German borders)
This image is attributed to Libar @ 2009 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Mosque/Cathedral of Córdoba, Spain (Mezquita de Córdoba, Córdoba, España)
This image is attributed to James Gordon @ 2012 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

This image is attributed to Mirari Erdoiza @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 3.0)
Florence, Italy (Wealthy Medieval City, Birth place of Renaissance/Rebirth, 14th -17th C Cultural
Change)
Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flowers (Basilica di Santa Maria del Firore)

Palazzo Chiericati de Palladio, Vicenza (Renaissance Palace, North Italy)
This image is attributed to Sebastia Giralt @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

One Point Perspective
This image is attributed to Cedric K @ 2012 (CC BY-NC 3.0)

Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy), Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance
This image is attributed to Society of Architectural Historians @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy)/Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance
This image is attributed to James DeTuerk @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

Medieval Paris, Prior to Haussmannization of Paris
This image is attributed to Cartography Associates @ 2000 (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)
This image is attributed to Mark Jaroski @ 2004 (CC BY-SA 2.5)

Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)
This image is attributed to John McNab @ 2010 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

Champ De Mars, Paris, France (Field of Mars, Largest Public Green Space in Paris)
This image is attributed to Caribb @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

L’Arc du Triomphe, Paris, France
This image is attributed to Re-ality @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0)

Les Champ Elysees, Paris, France (From L’Arc du Triomphe)
This image is attributed to instinct191 @ 2012 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy)/Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance
This image is attributed to Giulio Menna @ 2010 (CC BY-ND 2.0)

This image is attributed to Mirari Erdoiza @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 3.0)
Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flowers (Basilica di Santa Maria del Firore), Florence, Italy,

Les Champ Elysees, Paris, France (From L’Arc du Triomphe)
This image is attributed to instinct191 @ 2012 (CC BY-NC-NC 3.0)

Camillo Sitte, Study of Medieval Plazas
This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)

Urban Form and Design - Key Concepts & Historical Precedents

This document provides a course review for an urban form and design planning course. It summarizes key concepts covered in the course, including Renaissance urban design principles from Michelangelo's Piazza Del Campidoglio in Rome, Haussmann's redesign of Paris, the urban parks movement led by Frederick Law Olmstead, Ebenezer Howard's Garden City ideas, Le Corbusier's modernist city planning principles, Jane Jacobs' work on urban neighborhoods, and new urbanism. It also features images related to these topics to illustrate important urban planning and design concepts discussed in the course.

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This document discusses the topics of environmental justice, race, class, and the built environment. It provides examples of how low-income and minority communities have been disproportionately impacted by the siting of hazardous facilities and infrastructure projects. Specifically, it describes how highways were built through African American neighborhoods in the 1950s, destroying communities. Urban renewal projects also displaced many low-income and minority residents. The environmental justice movement arose from communities demanding change regarding the locations of landfills and industrial sites. Overall, the key points are that social inequities have environmental dimensions, and that minority and low-income groups tend to live near higher pollution levels and bear the brunt of local environmental risks.

Sustainable Cities: Planning the Industrial City

Anuradha Mukherji

The document summarizes the impacts of industrialization and urbanization in the 19th century, including overcrowded and unsanitary housing conditions in cities. It discusses the growth of large industrial cities and influxes of immigrants. Housing in New York City is used as a case study, with descriptions of cramped tenement housing and images showing their conditions. Reforms to address these problems are also outlined, such as the 1901 Tenement Housing Act in New York, municipal reforms, and parks/sanitation movements to improve public health through planning.

Sustainable Cities: Land Use and Urban Design

Anuradha Mukherji

Ebenezer Howard proposed garden cities as a solution to overcrowded and unhealthy industrial cities in the late 19th century. His vision was of self-sufficient, planned communities that combined the benefits of urban and rural living. The first garden city, Letchworth, was established in 1903 and incorporated Howard's ideas of zoning, greenbelts, and limiting the city's population size. While challenging to implement fully, garden cities influenced later planning concepts and aimed to create more sustainable urban development.

Plan1900: Global Urban Trends

Anuradha Mukherji

This document discusses global urban trends related to sustainability and sustainable cities. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It then discusses critiques of this definition and different interpretations. The three pillars of sustainability are identified as the economy, equity, and the environment. Rapid urbanization is occurring globally, with over half the world's population now living in cities. This brings challenges around resource consumption, pollution, infrastructure, and services. Examples of urban trends like sprawl, megacities, and megalopolises are provided. Sustainable cities aim to balance economic development, social equity, and environmental protection.

Sustainable Cities: Urban Ecology

Anuradha Mukherji

This document discusses urban ecology and the importance of integrating ecology into cities for sustainability. It describes how urbanization can disrupt ecological functions and habitats. Green networks of interconnected natural areas can help mitigate these impacts by preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Examples of green network elements are provided, including river restoration, urban nature preserves, wildlife crossings, and converting vacant lands and brownfields into natural areas. The document uses case studies like the Enz River in Germany and BP Park in Australia to illustrate successful green network projects.

Sustainable Cities: Urban Heat Island Effect

Anuradha Mukherji

This document discusses the urban heat island (UHI) effect, where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human-caused changes in land use and infrastructure. The key factors causing UHI are increased impervious surfaces like asphalt and buildings, and waste heat from transportation and industry. UHI can increase energy usage, air pollution, and health risks from heat. Mitigation strategies include increasing green spaces, reflective roofs, and policies to reduce emissions from energy use. However, mitigation faces challenges from costs, regulations, and the need to consider local resources and constraints.

Emergency Management Planning: Hazard Mitigation

Anuradha Mukherji

This document discusses hazard mitigation planning challenges in coastal North Carolina. It notes that while the 20 coastal counties have certified hazard mitigation plans, implementing the policy recommendations in the plans remains uneven. Structural mitigation like levees can encourage development in risky areas and have limits. The National Flood Insurance Program also has limitations, as it does not adequately reflect risk and operates at a loss. In conclusion, simply having a hazard mitigation plan does not ensure implementation. Efforts are needed to help counties balance safety and costs, address fragmented implementation among agencies, and provide targeted assistance to rural counties.

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Nws 2018 09_17_11_am

Sustainable Cities: Urban Heat Island

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Sustainable Cities: Race, Class, and Environmental Justice

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Urban Form and Design - Key Concepts & Historical Precedents

1. PLAN 4003: Urban Form & Design Week 2: Key Concepts & Historical Precedents Anuradha Mukherji Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning

2. This image is attributed to Ian Britton @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) St Paul de Vence, Cote d'Azur, France. Medieval Fortified Village

3. Sligo Abbey, Sligo Town, Ireland Medieval Altar This image is attributed to Joseph Mischyshyn @ 2001 (CC BY-SA 2.0)

4. El-Muizz Street, Cairo, Egypt. Oldest Street in Islamic (Medieval) Cairo This image is attributed to Ahmed Al Badawy @ 2010 (CC BY-SA 2.0)

5. Mulhouse, Eastern France (Close to Swiss and German borders) This image is attributed to Libar @ 2009 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

6. Mosque/Cathedral of Córdoba, Spain (Mezquita de Córdoba, Córdoba, España) This image is attributed to James Gordon @ 2012 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

7. This image is attributed to Mirari Erdoiza @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 3.0) Florence, Italy (Wealthy Medieval City, Birth place of Renaissance/Rebirth, 14th -17th C Cultural Change) Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flowers (Basilica di Santa Maria del Firore)

8. Palazzo Chiericati de Palladio, Vicenza (Renaissance Palace, North Italy) This image is attributed to Sebastia Giralt @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

9. One Point Perspective This image is attributed to Cedric K @ 2012 (CC BY-NC 3.0)

10. Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy), Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance This image is attributed to Society of Architectural Historians @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

11. Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy)/Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance This image is attributed to James DeTuerk @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

12. Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy)/Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance This image is attributed to James DeTuerk @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

13. Medieval Paris, Prior to Haussmannization of Paris This image is attributed to Cartography Associates @ 2000 (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

14. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City) This image is attributed to Mark Jaroski @ 2004 (CC BY-SA 2.5)

15. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City) This image is attributed to John McNab @ 2010 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

16. Haussmannization of Paris

17. Haussmannization of Paris

18. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

19. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

20. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

21. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

22. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

23. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

24. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

25. Champ De Mars, Paris, France (Field of Mars, Largest Public Green Space in Paris) This image is attributed to Caribb @ 2008 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

26. L’Arc du Triomphe, Paris, France This image is attributed to Re-ality @ 2008 (CC BY 2.0)

27. Les Champ Elysees, Paris, France (From L’Arc du Triomphe) This image is attributed to instinct191 @ 2012 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

28. Paris, Renoir

29. Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy), Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance This image is attributed to Society of Architectural Historians @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 2.0)

30. Piazza Del Campidoglio (Rome, Italy)/Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1537, Italian Renaissance This image is attributed to Giulio Menna @ 2010 (CC BY-ND 2.0)

31. This image is attributed to Mirari Erdoiza @ 2011 (CC BY-NC 3.0) Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flowers (Basilica di Santa Maria del Firore), Florence, Italy,

32. Les Champ Elysees, Paris, France (From L’Arc du Triomphe) This image is attributed to instinct191 @ 2012 (CC BY-NC-NC 3.0)

33. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

34. Haussmannization of Paris (Transformation of a Medieval City)

35. Camillo Sitte, Study of Medieval Plazas This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)

36. Camillo Sitte, Study of Medieval Plazas This image is attributed to Public Domain (PD-US-1923)

Urban Form and Design - Key Concepts & Historical Precedents

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