Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, also known as UAV's are used extensively for surveillance and rescue operations. We have fabricated a spherical UAV modelled for use in urban surveillance.
Team members: Ahsen, Utkarsh, Gagan, Riya, Deep
Describes concepts and development of flying cars and other flying vehicles. Reference are given including to YouTube movies. At the end my view of Main Requirements and the related Design Requirements for a SkyCar are given. The main conclusion is that technologically we are ready to develop and product such a SkyCar in a few years.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Birth of UAVs
Classification
Advantages
Applications:
>Drones for agricultural crop surveillance
>Drones for disaster management
>Drones for supplying food and medicine in remote areas
>Drones for energy
UAV v/s manned aircraft
Disadvantages
Aerial VTOL motorcycle - the common sense approachLiviu Giurca
A lot of teams or producers begin the VTOL development with the goal to build directly multi-passenger aircraft (with at least four passengers). For such far objective they must to spend around one billion dollars as already demonstrated some current programs. This is very risky because the dominant technologies of the future are not yet established and the investment can be lost. So is more rational to develop a small VTOL vehicle of the type of aerial “motorcycle”, for one or two passengers and for which the costs are maybe ten times lower. In this case we came with our own solutions.
Describes concepts and development of flying cars and other flying vehicles. Reference are given including to YouTube movies. At the end my view of Main Requirements and the related Design Requirements for a SkyCar are given. The main conclusion is that technologically we are ready to develop and product such a SkyCar in a few years.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations on different subjects visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
Birth of UAVs
Classification
Advantages
Applications:
>Drones for agricultural crop surveillance
>Drones for disaster management
>Drones for supplying food and medicine in remote areas
>Drones for energy
UAV v/s manned aircraft
Disadvantages
Aerial VTOL motorcycle - the common sense approachLiviu Giurca
A lot of teams or producers begin the VTOL development with the goal to build directly multi-passenger aircraft (with at least four passengers). For such far objective they must to spend around one billion dollars as already demonstrated some current programs. This is very risky because the dominant technologies of the future are not yet established and the investment can be lost. So is more rational to develop a small VTOL vehicle of the type of aerial “motorcycle”, for one or two passengers and for which the costs are maybe ten times lower. In this case we came with our own solutions.
Lockheed Martin F35 Lightning II(Aerodynamics Presentation)SYEDMOEEDHUSSAIN1
Note: For best experience of animation, Proceed in Slide Show Mode Of MS Power Point
Lockheed Martin F35 Lightning II's
1. Brief History
2. Dimensions
3. Concept of Shockwave
4. Drag Coefficient
5. Reynold’s Number
6. Features
7. Capabilities
Design and Analysis of Delta Wing Tilt Rotor UAVIJERA Editor
A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. A tiltrotor aircraft comprising a pair of contra-rotating co-axial tiltable rotors on the longitudinal center line of the aircraft. The rotors may be tiltable sequentially and independently. They may be moveable between a lift position and a flight position in front of or behind the fuselage.In this paper we present a project aimed for the designing of a small scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with Tiltrotor configuration (that uses two rotating rotors). he current paper describes the adopted design methodology, the mathematical and computational models created to represent the UAV, the physical components that constitute the UAV, and the results obtained so far. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) or unmanned aircraft, is a machine which functions either by the remote control of a navigator or pilot or autonomously. A UAV is defined as a powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry payload.India‘s requirement of these unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has become prior need for fighting in the northeast, against threat of terrorism, tension along the Pakistan border and its emerging role as a regional naval power and subsequent need for surveillance. The military wants to acquire at least 1,500 unmanned systems in the next 3-4 years, ranging from man-portable drones to high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) vehicles.Indian military is using Israeli-built UAVs such as the Heron, Searcher Mk II and Harop from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). Till date India has mostly deployed medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) drones. While the country lags in deployment of UAVs, it wants to develop an integrated program. RUSTOM (English: Warrior) is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MALE UAV) being developed by DRDO for the three defence services. Indian scientists are still working on its further developments to meet the requirements. This report is basically a case study on the design, development, technology used, working of Rustom and their earlier predecessors. It also includes the advancements which are going to be installed in the upcoming RUSTOM-H, a unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV).
The given slides provide the information on the evolution of UAV in Japan and it's scope in the coming time. The slides previews about the drone startups and famous drones build in Japan.
Engenious Aerospace Ltd, Design and Development Organisation in India engaged in Indigenous Development of Suborbital Sounding Rockets, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems and Cloud Seeding Rockets
Lockheed Martin F35 Lightning II(Aerodynamics Presentation)SYEDMOEEDHUSSAIN1
Note: For best experience of animation, Proceed in Slide Show Mode Of MS Power Point
Lockheed Martin F35 Lightning II's
1. Brief History
2. Dimensions
3. Concept of Shockwave
4. Drag Coefficient
5. Reynold’s Number
6. Features
7. Capabilities
Design and Analysis of Delta Wing Tilt Rotor UAVIJERA Editor
A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. A tiltrotor aircraft comprising a pair of contra-rotating co-axial tiltable rotors on the longitudinal center line of the aircraft. The rotors may be tiltable sequentially and independently. They may be moveable between a lift position and a flight position in front of or behind the fuselage.In this paper we present a project aimed for the designing of a small scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with Tiltrotor configuration (that uses two rotating rotors). he current paper describes the adopted design methodology, the mathematical and computational models created to represent the UAV, the physical components that constitute the UAV, and the results obtained so far. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) or unmanned aircraft, is a machine which functions either by the remote control of a navigator or pilot or autonomously. A UAV is defined as a powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry payload.India‘s requirement of these unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has become prior need for fighting in the northeast, against threat of terrorism, tension along the Pakistan border and its emerging role as a regional naval power and subsequent need for surveillance. The military wants to acquire at least 1,500 unmanned systems in the next 3-4 years, ranging from man-portable drones to high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) vehicles.Indian military is using Israeli-built UAVs such as the Heron, Searcher Mk II and Harop from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). Till date India has mostly deployed medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) drones. While the country lags in deployment of UAVs, it wants to develop an integrated program. RUSTOM (English: Warrior) is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MALE UAV) being developed by DRDO for the three defence services. Indian scientists are still working on its further developments to meet the requirements. This report is basically a case study on the design, development, technology used, working of Rustom and their earlier predecessors. It also includes the advancements which are going to be installed in the upcoming RUSTOM-H, a unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV).
The given slides provide the information on the evolution of UAV in Japan and it's scope in the coming time. The slides previews about the drone startups and famous drones build in Japan.
Engenious Aerospace Ltd, Design and Development Organisation in India engaged in Indigenous Development of Suborbital Sounding Rockets, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems and Cloud Seeding Rockets
for more on memristor follow link " http://knol.google.com/k/mangal-das/memristor/ct6a341p9567/14# "
Typically electronics has been defined in terms of three fundamental elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors. These three elements are used to define the four fundamental circuit variables which are electric current, voltage, charge and magnetic flux. Resistors are used to relate current to voltage, capacitors to relate voltage to charge, and inductors to relate current to magnetic flux, but there was no element which could relate charge to magnetic flux.
To overcome this missing link, scientists came up with a new element called Memristor. These Memristor has the properties of both a memory element and a resistor (hence wisely named as Memristor). Memristor is being called as the fourth fundamental component, hence increasing the importance of its innovation.
Its innovators say “memrisrors are so significant that it would be mandatory to re-write the existing electronics engineering textbooks.”
Design,Construction And Structure Analysis Of Twinrotor UAVijics
There have been many advancements in the field of aerospace and avionics. Scientists have increasingly
started to focus on VTOL (vertical take - off and landing) aircrafts. We have built a miniature VTOL
twinrotor UAV. UAVs have begun to grab a lot of attention these days due to its numerous applications
such as surveillance and relief. Twinrotor is a kind of a helicopter having two main propellers instead of
one and no tail fin. All three important motion of the aircraft i.e. roll, pitch, yaw are controlled by thrust
vectoring using servo motors and changing the magnitude of thrust using electronics speed controllers. The
paper deals with the design of a basic UAV based on application and the construction keeping in mind the
different concepts that govern its motion.
: The main objective of this paper is the systematic description of the current research and
development of small or miniature unmanned aerial vehicles and micro aerial vehicles, with a focus on
rotary wing vehicles. In recent times, unmanned/Micro aerial vehicles have been operated across the
world; they have also been the subject of considerable research. In particular, UAVs/MAVs with rotary
wings have been expected to perform various tasks such as monitoring at fixed points and surveillance
from the sky since they can perform not only perform static flights by hovering but also achieve vertical
takeoffs and landing. Helicopters have been used for personnel transport, carrying goods, spreading
information, and performing monitoring duties for long periods. A manned helicopter has to be used for
all these duties. On the other hand, unmanned helicopters that can be operated by radio control have
been developed as a hobby. Since unmanned helicopters are often superior to manned helicopters in
terms of cost and safety, in recent years, accomplishing tasks using unmanned helicopters has become
popular. Considerable expertise is required to operate unmanned helicopters by radio control, and
hence, vast labor resources are employed to train operators. Moreover, it is impossible to operate
unmanned helicopters outside visual areas because of lack of radio control, and the working area is
hence limited remarkably. For solving the above problems, it is necessary to realize autonomous
control of unmanned helicopters. However, no general method for designing the small unmanned
helicopters has been developed yet – today, various design techniques by different study groups using
different helicopters exist. In this paper the conceptual design process is explained.
Power Presentation on UAVs.Basically covering all the informative topics related to UAVs.Starting from different terminology and ending up to future vision and advantages.
It is actually a fully made presentation one can directly use to present it.It contains pictures so by the use of it one can able to understand each and every line in the particular slide.
There have been many advancements in the field of aerospace and avionics. Scientists have increasingly started to focus on VTOL (vertical take - off and landing) aircrafts. We have built a
miniature VTOL twinrotor UAV. UAVs have begun to grab a lot of attention these days due to its numerous applications such as surveillance and relief. Twinrotor is a kind of a helicopter having two main propellers instead of one and no tail fin. All three important motion of the aircraft i.e. roll, pitch, yaw are controlled by thrust vectoring using servo motors and changing the magnitude of thrust using electronics speed controllers. The paper deals with the design of a basic UAV based on application and the construction keeping in mind the different concepts that govern its motion
Theoretical Presentation of QUAD COPTER where all the historical backgrounds ( Early Attempt and Recent Development), Flight Control and its uses are described. It is helpful for the beginners and also those who want to make a theoretical presentation about it. This was one the best Presentation in our college (+2 level)
Similar to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for urban surveillance (20)
Quadrotor, as the name suggests has four propellers attached. This takes care of the counter rotation effect that helicopters have to deal with. This Quadrotor was designed as part of my second year summer project.
This lifting machine is used to carry heavy industrial machinery like lathe from one floor to another. We have analysed the strength and the capacity of this machine. We have checked critical points for failure and suggested design recommendations to increase the capacity to 3 tonnes from the present value of 1.1 tonne.
Detailed analysis: http://www.slideshare.net/AhsenParwez/analysis-of-lifting-machine
Team members: Ahsen, Ankit, Ankit, Shivam, Anurag, Deepak
This lifting machine is used to carry heavy industrial machinery like lathe from one floor to another. We have analysed the strength and the capacity of this machine. We have checked critical points for failure and suggested design recommendations to increase the capacity to 3 tonnes from the present value of 1.1 tonne.
Team members: Ahsen, Ankit, Ankit, Shivam, Anurag, Deepak
Gonds are a tribal community presently settled in parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Maharashtra. They speak native Gond language and have their own particular style of painting. In this art project, we've gone through some unifying aspects of Gond art.
Web link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F26QJUEKHCI&noredirect=1
Team members: Ahsen, Himanshu, Harkirat, Teja and Hrashikesh
Gonds are a tribal community presently settled in parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Maharashtra. They speak native Gond language and have their own particular style of painting. In this art project, we've gone through some unifying aspects of Gond art.
Web link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F26QJUEKHCI&noredirect=1
Team members: Ahsen, Himanshu, Harkirat, Teja and Hrashikesh
We made an air powered gun and a slingshot mechanism based turret as part of one of our course.
The sniper has a range of about 200 ft. We have not yet checked the maximum pressure the barrel can sustain. Also, we have not tapered the edges of our bullet for safety reasons. With a better ammo, we expect the range to increase considerably.
The turret has a range of about 40 ft with pencil as the ammo. But pencils are not the ideal ammo as they are not front heavy. With a properly shaped bullet, we expect the range to be about 150 ft. Also, the rubber band used will also be a deciding factor.
Team members: Ahsen. Riya, Bagri, Shivam, Ankit Yadav and Ankit Shrivastava
Youtube links
Sniper: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auZuv5gFhdE
Turret: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdjWpQ5XXsk
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
2. 1
1. INTRODUCTION
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), popularly known as drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot
on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or
can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation
systems. The typical launch and recovery method of an unmanned aircraft is by the function of an
automatic system or an external operator on the ground. There are a wide variety of UAV shapes, sizes,
configurations, and characteristics. Historically, UAVs were simple remotely piloted aircraft, but
autonomous control is increasingly being employed.
2. REVIEW OF PRIOR WORK
A.M.Low’s “Aerial Target”, developed in 1916, is usually credited as the first attempt at
modeling a powered unmanned craft. World War I saw a great surge in the number of UAV, including
the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane. The first scale RPV (Remote Piloted Vehicle) was developed by
the film star and model airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935. Jet engines were employed after
World War II, while companies like Beechcraft also got in the game with their Model 1001 for the United
States Navy in 1955. The birth of U.S. UAVs (called RPVs at the time) began in 1959 when United States
Air Force (USAF) officers, concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use
of unmanned flights. A highly classified UAV program was launched under the code name of "Red
Wagon", whose first combat mission was in the Vietnamese War. This was officially confirmed by U.S.
military officials only on 26th
Feb, 1973. As of now, there are two prominent UAV programs within the
United States: that of the military and that of the CIA.
3. NOTABLE APPLICATIONS
3.1 AERIAL SURVEILLANCE
Aerial surveillance of large areas is made possible with low cost UAV systems. Surveillance
applications include livestock monitoring, wildfire mapping, pipeline security, home security, road
patrol, and anti-piracy.
3.2 POLICE
UAVs are increasingly used for domestic police work in Canada and the United States: a dozen
US police forces had applied for UAV permits by March 2013.
3. 2
3.3 OIL, GAS AND MINERAL EXPLORATION
UAVs can be used to perform geophysical surveys, in particular geomagnetic surveys where the
processed measurements of the Earth's differential magnetic field strength are used to calculate the
nature of the underlying magnetic rock structure, which can help predict the location of mineral
resources.
3.4 TRANSPORT
UAVs can transport goods using various means based on the configuration of the UAV itself. The
payload can either be placed inside the frame or tethered to the bottom of the air frame, as in a
helicopter.
3.5 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Unmanned aircraft are especially useful in penetrating areas that may be too dangerous for
manned aircraft, such as hurricanes, ocean floors, volcanoes, glaciers etc.
3.6 ARMED ATTACKS
UAVs armed with Hellfire missiles are increasingly used by the U.S. as platforms for hitting
ground targets. Armed Predators were first used in late 2001 from bases in Pakistan and Uzbekistan,
mostly aimed at assassinating high profile individuals (terrorist leaders, etc.) inside Afghanistan. The
advantage of using an unmanned vehicle rather than a manned aircraft in such cases is to avoid a
diplomatic embarrassment should the aircraft be shot down and the pilots captured, since the bombings
take place in countries deemed friendly and without the official permission of those countries.
3.7 CIVILIAN CASUALTIES
Questions have been raised about the accuracy of UAV-based missile strikes. In March 2009, The
Guardian reported allegations that Israeli UAVs armed with missiles killed 48 Palestinian civilians in
the Gaza Strip, including two small children in a field and a group of women and girls in an otherwise
empty street. Although it may never be known how many civilians have died as a result of U.S. UAV
strikes in Pakistan, there are estimates of hundreds or thousands of innocent bystanders who have
perished in such attacks.
3.8 AERIAL TARGET PRACTICE
Since 1997, the U.S. military has used more than 80 F-4 Phantoms converted into robotic planes
for use as aerial targets for combat training of human pilots. The F-4s were supplemented in September
2013 with F-16s as more realistically maneuverable targets.
3.9 SEARCH AND RECSUE
UAVs will likely play an increased role in search and rescue in the United States. This was
demonstrated by the use of UAVs during the 2008 hurricanes that struck Louisiana and Texas.
4. 3
3.10 FOREST FIRE DETECTION
Another application of UAVs is the prevention and early detection of forest fires. The possibility
of constant flight, both day and night, makes the methods used until now (helicopters, watchtowers,
etc.) become obsolete.
3.11 ARCHAEOLOGY
In Peru archaeologists use drones to speed up survey work and protect sites from squatters,
builders and miners. Small drones helped researchers produce three-dimensional models of Peruvian
sites instead of the usual flat maps.
4. HAWK EYE
Of all the uses mentioned above, we had to design a UAV that can facilitate urban surveillance.
We named our UAV “Hawk Eye”. This UAV is spherical in shape and can take-off and land vertically. This
class of UAV’s, called VTOLs (Vertical Take-off and Landing) has proved to be quite effective for urban
surveillance where it can provide a detailed view of a given map.
5. DESIGN
Our UAV is in spherical in shape, which allows the user to land the bot in any orientation, since it
will roll and come to the upright position for the next take off soon after it lands on ground. Inside the
spherical body, a propeller is placed which is used to create lift. Below the prop we have 4 control
surfaces which are used to create sideward thrust. These plates are placed at right angles to other plates
in “+” shape at the equator of the sphere. Due to this “+” shape, the bot will face a heavy drag since air
strikes the surface perpendicularly. In order to reduce this air drag, duct has been placed outside this “+”
which provides streamlined flow of air. The control surfaces will have two parts, one fixed and one
movable. The movable part will be controlled by servos which are attached to the fixed part. The central
part where all control surfaces will meet perpendicularly will contain ardu-pilot, servo motors and Esc,
which would help in controlling and Brushless DC motor & rechargeable battery for moving the
propeller.
5. 4
6. BASIC ALGORITHM
A clockwise rotation of the propeller causes the entire UAV to rotate anti-clockwise, as per the
angular momentum conservation law. To balance this unwanted rotation, we deflect our control
surfaces by a certain specified angle. The vertically incident air from the propeller is deflected by the
specified angle. This gives rise to a force, and the consequent torque generated balances the rotation of
the UAV.
Figure 1: Basic Control Algorithm
In fact, this same force is responsible for the motion of the UAV. As evident from the figure, the vertical
component balances the weight of the UAV while its horizontal component provides forward thrust.
6. 5
7. SPECIFICATIONS
7.1. SKELETON
The bot is spherical in shape with a radius of 20cm. The skeleton consists of two longitudinal and
two latitudinal rings. The longitudinal rings are both perpendicular to each other. As for the latitudinal
ones, they are placed equidistant from the equator on either side of the plane of equator.
Figure 2: Skeleton
Each ring is made of styrofoam coated with composite. Though this substantially increases
weight of the model, it provides enough additional strength to withstand high falls.
7. 6
7.2 INTERNAL DESIGN
The central structure comprises of a truncated square pyramid. We have used a composite of
balsa and glass fiber for the platforms. This composite is light and hard and well suited for our needs.
Hollow carbon rods connect the two platforms and are joined to platforms by screws and bond-tite. The
top platform supports the motor and the bottom one supports the battery and receiver.
Four fins are attached to the four corners of the top platform with their lengths along the
diagonals of the square. The fins are made of balsa wood. This material is light and weaker than the
composite. The control surfaces made of balsa ply are connected to the fins by light weight steel rods.
We have used an 11x5.5 propeller. This size is the most optimal for our given DC motor rating.
This optimum value was reached through test flights using various propeller sizes. Also, the
manufacturer’s rating claimed that it can provide the desired thrust using the given DC motor.
7.3 SERVO CONNECTION
Four rectangular slots are cut in the fins and servos are securely fitted in these slots. Horns are fixed to
control surfaces by pins and fevi-quick. The servo and the horns are connected by a light weight rod via
four point linkage.
Figure 3: Fins and Servo Connection
8. 7
7.4 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
We have used a brushless DC Motor capable of providing a thrust of 1.7kgf with a 11 x 4.7 and uses an
ESC for its control. This is powered by a Li-Po rechargeable battery. For stability we have used 6 DOF
IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit). This is connected to arduino-uno board to complete the circuit.
8. FIRST TEST FLIGHT
8.1 VENUE
Airstrip, IIT Kanpur
8.2 PURPOSE
To check the thrust required for the model to hover and whether the model is strong enough to
sustain that thrust.
8.3 FIRST TEST MODEL
Figure 4: First Test Model
9. 8
Figure 5: Cg Testing During First Test
8.4 PROBLEMS FACES IN FIRST FLIGHT
With fins made up of choroplast, they fluttered a lot in the air flow from the propeller.
This destabilized the model.
Servo mounting was a big problem. In this model, servos we not stable at their place.
The fins could be moved by hand as servos were not fixed rigidly.
Fins were mounted too near to the top of the propeller.
8.5 CHANGES IN THE MODEL
We designed fins in which the static part was made up of 8 mm balsa and moving part
was made up of 3mm balsa ply.
We fixed servos in slots made in balsa, which restricted their movement.
Fins were given airfoil shape to ensure the smooth flow of air.
10. 9
8.6 INFERENCE
The model hovers at 70% thrust with 9×6 propeller. Also, this model is strong enough to bear all
the forces.
9. SECOND TEST FLIGHT
9.1 VENUE
Rooftop of New SAC, IIT Kanpur
9.2 PURPOSE
To test if the fins are able to balance the anti-torque.
9.3 FLIGHT SET-UP
The model was tethered to ground at four equiangular points on the equator with loose ropes.
This gave it rotational freedom about its central vertical axis but restricted its free movement in space.
9.4 SECOND TEST MODEL
Figure 6: Second Test Model
11. 10
9.5 PROBLEMS FACED IN SECOND FLIGHT
It was windy, and our two control surfaces were free i.e. with no servos connected. So they
fluttered a lot in the wind.
9.6 CHANGES IN THE MODEL
We increased the size and changed the shape of Fins.
We increased length of stators, which cancels the destabilizing torque.
9.7 INFERENCE
Once the wind stopped, control surfaces also stopped fluttering and then the model was stable.
So the initial wobbling was due to the wind. Thus, our model was stable in static conditions but failed in
strong winds.
10. CONCLUSION
As of now, our UAV “Hawk Eye” has achieved hover stability, that is, it can hover without
wobbling about its central axis. This is the first step towards making a completely autonomous remote
controlled aircraft. Our next step is to work on the navigation and control system. We can either
program the entire micro-processor, or can use the pre-programmed ardu-pilot and simply calibrate the
controls by several test flights. We will be working on the first approach, as it offers better
customization opportunities.
11. REFERENCES
1. http://www.arduino.cc/
2. http://students.iitk.ac.in/roboclub/tutorials.php
3. http://www.ultraligero.net/Cursos/mecanica/fundamentos_de_la_mecanica_de_vuelo.pdf
4. http://www.theuav.com/
5. http://www.mae.buffalo.edu/research/laboratories/combustionlab/Thrust%20vectoring/Thrust
%20vectoring.htm
6. http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/Thrust_Vectoring.html
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_rotors
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_vectoring
9. http://www.aerostudents.com/files/aircraftPerformance/flightMechanics.pdf
10. http://science.howstuffworks.com/predator.htm
11. http://www.insidegnss.com/auto/janfeb08-wp.pdf
12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pF0uLnMoQZA
13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mUNIvlgYKk
12. 11
RESPONSES TO THE REVIEWERS REMARKS
1. Page no: 4
Remark: Write “Basic Idea” instead of “Basic Algorithm”
Response: This is not a paper on computer science. In most of the branches of engineering,
there is not much distinction between idea and algorithm. Moreover, the section describes the
basic control system of the UAV. It explains the “algorithm” implemented to ensure that the
UAV remains stable in flight and performs other maneuvers. Algorithm is more word and hence
this change has not been included.
2. Page no: 5
Remark: Description of the skeleton of the UAV does not match figure.
Response: The description included is for the unfinished model. The correct description for the
finished model has been incorporated.
3. Page no: 5
Remark: Chloroplast has been mentioned as a building material for rings, which seems out of
context, chloroplast being plant pigment.
Response: It was an auto-correct error. Composite was replaced by chloroplast by MS-Word.
The correct word has been included.
4. Page no: 6
Remark: Claim for the components being optimal should be mentioned.
Response: The claims were made on the basis of several test flights. Moreover, each DC motor
tabulates the thrusts it can produce with different propeller sizes. All these were used to reach
the optimum level. This has now been mentioned in the paper.