The subject invention pertains to an apparatus and method for collecting 2-D data slices of a specimen. Embodiments can incorporate a lapidary platen and an image recording system to image a specimen. The lapidary wheel platen can provide an imaging plane such that an image can be taken as the lapidary wheel platen abrades a surface of the specimen. A specimen mount can maintain the surface of the specimen properly aligned in the image plane. The imaging system can be a continuous recording system such as a video camera, a discrete recording system such as a flatbed scanner, or combinations of continuous and discrete recording systems to simultaneously collect two distinct data sets. The 2-D data set(s) can then be processed to create intricate 3-D color models.
Calit2: a SoCal UC Infrastructure for InnovationLarry Smarr
Calit2 is a research institute comprised of over 350 faculty across 24 departments at UC San Diego and UC Irvine working collaboratively on multidisciplinary projects. Calit2 has two new buildings providing state-of-the-art laboratory facilities for over 1000 researchers. Calit2 seeks to increase entrepreneurship and has over $93 million in funding from industrial partners. Key areas of research include machine learning, robotics, wireless technologies, photonics, and bioinformatics.
3 d printing in orthopaedics seminar_mukul jain_12.10.2019MukulJain81
3D printing has applications in orthopaedics such as creating anatomical models for surgical planning, custom cutting guides and implants. There are various 3D printing technologies like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA) and selective laser sintering (SLS) that use materials like plastics, metals and ceramics. 3D printed models and custom guides help improve surgical accuracy and reduce time. Metal 3D printing allows customized implants. Tissue engineering aims to 3D print cartilage and bone grafts but remains a research area. 3D printing is revolutionizing orthopaedics by enabling personalized surgical tools and implants.
Empowering active teaching and experimental research apr 2010Thorsten MAYER
Explore how you, as researcher and teacher, can leverage LabVIEW Graphical System Design for hands-on engineering education as well as advanced research.
The document discusses the future of technology and outlines different paradigms of growth including linear, exponential, and discontinuous change. It argues that a general framework is needed to understand technological change as growth is not just linear or exponential, but can also be discontinuous. The realm of technology is immersing other areas in exponential and discontinuous change. Over the next fifty years, linear, exponential and possibly discontinuous technological changes may have an even greater impact than the Internet.
This document discusses the history and technology of digital images. It begins by defining pixels and describing the two main types of digital images: black and white and color. It then provides a timeline of key developments in digital photography from the 1950s to the 2000s. These developments include the first digital camera in 1975 and the introduction of megapixel sensors and digital cameras for consumers in the 1990s. The document also describes the two main image sensors, CMOS and CCD, and provides examples of how digital image technology is used in fields like medicine, security, and the military. It focuses on the use of infrared technology in construction for detecting moisture, describing how infrared cameras work and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
Tish Shute (Huawei): The Age of Light: From an Electronic to a Photonic SocietyAugmentedWorldExpo
A talk from the Inspire Track at AWE USA 2018 - the World's #1 XR Conference & Expo in Santa Clara, California May 30- June 1, 2018.
Tish Shute (Huawei): The Age of Light: From an Electronic to a Photonic Society
This talk will look at the future of AR/VR and photonics. Can we bring AR/VR superpowers to everyone? How will the shift to spatial, experiential communications transform our ideas of imagination, intelligence, and reality?
http://AugmentedWorldExpo.com
Content:
Applications of digital human models
Objectives of the use of digital human models
Description dimensions of digital human models
Literature and organisations
Norms, guidelines, committees
Results of the World Café „Digital Human Models“: chances, driving forces and challenges sorted by different domains
3D Bio-Printing; Becoming Economically FeasibleJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of bio-printing. Due to a lack of available kidney and other organ donors for organ transplants, 3D printing has emerged as an important alternative for many people. Bioprinting is done by using a computer model of an individual’s body to generate a data set for an organ that can be printed with a 3D printer and grown in a bio-reactor. The falling cost of materials and 3D printers is improving their economic feasibility.
Calit2: a SoCal UC Infrastructure for InnovationLarry Smarr
Calit2 is a research institute comprised of over 350 faculty across 24 departments at UC San Diego and UC Irvine working collaboratively on multidisciplinary projects. Calit2 has two new buildings providing state-of-the-art laboratory facilities for over 1000 researchers. Calit2 seeks to increase entrepreneurship and has over $93 million in funding from industrial partners. Key areas of research include machine learning, robotics, wireless technologies, photonics, and bioinformatics.
3 d printing in orthopaedics seminar_mukul jain_12.10.2019MukulJain81
3D printing has applications in orthopaedics such as creating anatomical models for surgical planning, custom cutting guides and implants. There are various 3D printing technologies like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA) and selective laser sintering (SLS) that use materials like plastics, metals and ceramics. 3D printed models and custom guides help improve surgical accuracy and reduce time. Metal 3D printing allows customized implants. Tissue engineering aims to 3D print cartilage and bone grafts but remains a research area. 3D printing is revolutionizing orthopaedics by enabling personalized surgical tools and implants.
Empowering active teaching and experimental research apr 2010Thorsten MAYER
Explore how you, as researcher and teacher, can leverage LabVIEW Graphical System Design for hands-on engineering education as well as advanced research.
The document discusses the future of technology and outlines different paradigms of growth including linear, exponential, and discontinuous change. It argues that a general framework is needed to understand technological change as growth is not just linear or exponential, but can also be discontinuous. The realm of technology is immersing other areas in exponential and discontinuous change. Over the next fifty years, linear, exponential and possibly discontinuous technological changes may have an even greater impact than the Internet.
This document discusses the history and technology of digital images. It begins by defining pixels and describing the two main types of digital images: black and white and color. It then provides a timeline of key developments in digital photography from the 1950s to the 2000s. These developments include the first digital camera in 1975 and the introduction of megapixel sensors and digital cameras for consumers in the 1990s. The document also describes the two main image sensors, CMOS and CCD, and provides examples of how digital image technology is used in fields like medicine, security, and the military. It focuses on the use of infrared technology in construction for detecting moisture, describing how infrared cameras work and the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
Tish Shute (Huawei): The Age of Light: From an Electronic to a Photonic SocietyAugmentedWorldExpo
A talk from the Inspire Track at AWE USA 2018 - the World's #1 XR Conference & Expo in Santa Clara, California May 30- June 1, 2018.
Tish Shute (Huawei): The Age of Light: From an Electronic to a Photonic Society
This talk will look at the future of AR/VR and photonics. Can we bring AR/VR superpowers to everyone? How will the shift to spatial, experiential communications transform our ideas of imagination, intelligence, and reality?
http://AugmentedWorldExpo.com
Content:
Applications of digital human models
Objectives of the use of digital human models
Description dimensions of digital human models
Literature and organisations
Norms, guidelines, committees
Results of the World Café „Digital Human Models“: chances, driving forces and challenges sorted by different domains
3D Bio-Printing; Becoming Economically FeasibleJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of bio-printing. Due to a lack of available kidney and other organ donors for organ transplants, 3D printing has emerged as an important alternative for many people. Bioprinting is done by using a computer model of an individual’s body to generate a data set for an organ that can be printed with a 3D printer and grown in a bio-reactor. The falling cost of materials and 3D printers is improving their economic feasibility.
Communication presented at: United Nations / Economic Commission for Africa - Youth Innovation Bootcamp on Emerging Technologies 2021
Author and presenter: Francisco Curado Teixeira
Brazaville, 23 Feb 2021
This document provides an overview of 3D body scanning technologies used in the fashion and apparel industry. It discusses laser scanning, projection of light patterns, and image processing/modeling as the main methods. Laser scanning uses lasers and sensors to digitize the body surface through triangulation, while light pattern projection projects patterns to scan larger areas more quickly. Image-based methods extract measurements from 2D images. The document outlines examples of commercial full body and partial body scanners that use these various technologies.
The document discusses the use of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques for designing and manufacturing customized anatomical implants. It provides an overview of various RP technologies such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document then reviews several case studies on applications of RP in medicine, including the fabrication of custom implants and scaffolds, models for pre-operative surgical planning, and anatomical models for testing implants and techniques. Finally, it discusses how computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data can be converted into 3D models using software, before being manufactured using RP.
Technical inovation in mechanical fieldKrishna Raj
ALL THE EXAMPLES OF RECENT INVENTION IN MECHANICAL FIELD .
BETTER DISCRIPTION WITH EXAMPLES AND THEIR IMAGES.
BEST EVER PPT OF TECHNICAL INOVATION IN MECHANICAL FIELD TOPIC.
U CAN EXPLORE IT
Future of Technology - Nov 2008 updateMelanie Swan
The status of key contemporary science and technology research areas that could potentially have an Internet-level impact and a guide to how we think about growth and change.
Sarah Frisken received her Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1991. She has over 25 years of experience in research, teaching, and software development. Currently, she is a Research Associate at Brigham and Women's Hospital working on technologies to improve surgical outcomes for brain cancer patients. Her past experience includes founding two software companies and holding professor and research positions at several universities and research labs where she worked on medical imaging, computer graphics, and haptics.
The document discusses frameworks for understanding technological change, noting that growth is not just linear or exponential but can also be discontinuous. It argues that a general framework is needed and that technology is immersing other areas in exponential and discontinuous change. Over the next 50 years, there may be changes greater than the Internet that combine linear, exponential, and discontinuous growth patterns.
3D scanning technologies have advanced significantly over time. Early laser scanners produced large polygon files that were difficult to work with due to data size constraints. Octree representation was developed to spatially sort 3D data in a hierarchical tree structure, enabling more efficient processing and multi-resolution representation. Advancements in time-of-flight scanning increased scanning speeds to over a million points per second. 3D scanning technologies are poised to infiltrate many new industries and applications as costs decrease, including 3D biometrics, manufacturing, and virtual/augmented reality. These technologies may fundamentally change how physical objects are captured, represented, and interacted with.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process that builds 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material. There are three main types of 3D printing: stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. 3D printing offers advantages like rapid prototyping and the ability to create complex shapes. Applications include product design, medical devices, architecture, and more. While the technology provides opportunities, challenges remain around cost, material limitations, and potential misuse. The future of 3D printing may include widespread home use and printing of human organs.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing, including its history, technologies, applications, effects, and challenges. It describes how 3D printing works by using computer-aided design to create a 3D model that is built up in layers, with different methods using materials like plastic, powder, or resin. Applications discussed include fashion, entertainment, medicine, and space exploration. Challenges addressed are intellectual property issues and potential misuse, though advantages are noted as flexibility, rapid prototyping, and cost effectiveness. The conclusion discusses the technology's promising future in areas like medicine, arts, and manufacturing.
3DPrinting Technologies
echnologiesthatbuild3Dobjectsbyaddinglayer-upon-layerofmaterial,whetherthematerialisplastic,metal,concreteoranycompositematerials. There are three types of Printer.
1.Stereo lithography (SLA)
2.Selective laser sintering (SLS)
3.Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file by successively depositing material layer by layer under computer control. It was invented in the 1980s and has since evolved to use a variety of materials such as plastics, metals, food, and concrete. 3D printing offers advantages over traditional manufacturing like reduced time and costs to produce prototypes and customized products in small batches. It has applications in many industries including aerospace, automotive, medical, art, architecture, and more.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing including its definition, history, materials used, mechanism, applications in dentistry, and comparisons to CAD/CAM. It discusses the development of 3D printing from its origins in 1984 to current uses like dental modeling and surgical guides. Applications in maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics and endodontics are also covered. The document concludes by discussing emerging technologies like bioprinting, where living cells are used as "bioinks" to print tissues, and 4D printing, where printed objects can change shape over time in response to environmental conditions.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing technology. It discusses what 3D printing is, how the process works by creating a virtual design and then layering materials, and some common methods and technologies used like selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling. Applications mentioned include rapid prototyping to save time and costs as well as personal printing. The document also notes the industry is growing and will change manufacturing and commerce, while challenges include costs, limited materials per machine, standard file formats, and printing speed.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates physical objects from digital designs by adding material layer by layer. It allows for complex shapes to be produced with less waste than traditional manufacturing methods. While 3D printing currently relies heavily on plastic materials and uses more energy than some other processes, advances in recycling technologies have the potential to make it more environmentally friendly over time by enabling widespread recycling and reducing fossil fuel use and waste from shipping.
Role of 3D printing & 3D model in Complex Total Hip Replacement Queen Mary Hospital
Role of 3D printing & 3D model in Complex Total Hip Replacement
Dr. Kalaivanan Kanniyan
for queries - drkkbriyan@gmail.com / drkkbriyan@outlook.com
Asian Joint Reconstruction Institute
AJRI
chennai
India
Tamil nadu
complex hip replacement , knee replacment, knee navigation
A brief presentation on 3D Printing technology.
3D printing is the technology to print layout of any design to check the accuracy of the design before implementing the same on a large scale design in order to save time and money. The procedure of the same is quite easy and can be carried out with great efficiency. Almost all designs can be formed using this technique unless it is too complex.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process where objects are created by laying down successive layers of material, such as plastics, metals, or living cells. There are several common 3D printing methods that differ in how the layers are bonded, such as selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (STL), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The document discusses the history and development of 3D printing, provides examples of how it can be used to print complex structures like batteries and human tissues, and highlights advantages like rapid prototyping but also challenges like cost and limited strength.
Advanced MicroCT for Non-Destructive 3D Multiscale AnalysisInsideScientific
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is becoming an increasingly important tool for the non-destructive characterization and inspection of the three-dimensional microstructure of various materials, products and sample types. The technique creates a three-dimensional representation of a sample/material by reconstructing cross-sectional images or ‘virtual slices’ through a sample.
In this webinar, Robert Williams, PhD, and Mark Riccio will highlight the versatility of the Thermo Scientific™ HeliScan™ microCT, demonstrating the wide breadth of sample types and sizes that the instrument can characterize, such as: polymers, metals, manufactured parts, batteries, rock/porous media, electronics, bone and soft tissue (plants, insects, brain, etc). The HeliScan™ microCT creates valuable solutions by leveraging a helical scanning technique (found in clinical CT scanners) for large volume data acquisition and features a Lab6 X-ray filament for high resolution (400nm) capability.
The ease of use and high throughput of this system makes it ideal for investigations that need to identify and quantify a sample’s 3D internal structure (e.g. voids, cracks, pore networks, coatings, etc.) non-destructively. 4D structural dynamics can be studied by acquiring multiple 3D microCT datasets. Additionally, HeliScan™ microCT is an integral component of a multi-modal macro-scale to atomic-scale workflow involving focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes.
The document discusses the future of imaging and cameras. It notes that cameras are now ubiquitous due to camera phones. It outlines a wish list for future camera capabilities including super human vision, seeing inside the body, and automatically finding relevant photos. Computational photography is presented as a way to achieve these goals using techniques like computational illumination. The document discusses using cameras for applications in healthcare, entertainment, interfaces and industry. It outlines the work of the MIT Media Lab and Ramesh Raskar in developing new camera and imaging technologies.
Communication presented at: United Nations / Economic Commission for Africa - Youth Innovation Bootcamp on Emerging Technologies 2021
Author and presenter: Francisco Curado Teixeira
Brazaville, 23 Feb 2021
This document provides an overview of 3D body scanning technologies used in the fashion and apparel industry. It discusses laser scanning, projection of light patterns, and image processing/modeling as the main methods. Laser scanning uses lasers and sensors to digitize the body surface through triangulation, while light pattern projection projects patterns to scan larger areas more quickly. Image-based methods extract measurements from 2D images. The document outlines examples of commercial full body and partial body scanners that use these various technologies.
The document discusses the use of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques for designing and manufacturing customized anatomical implants. It provides an overview of various RP technologies such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document then reviews several case studies on applications of RP in medicine, including the fabrication of custom implants and scaffolds, models for pre-operative surgical planning, and anatomical models for testing implants and techniques. Finally, it discusses how computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data can be converted into 3D models using software, before being manufactured using RP.
Technical inovation in mechanical fieldKrishna Raj
ALL THE EXAMPLES OF RECENT INVENTION IN MECHANICAL FIELD .
BETTER DISCRIPTION WITH EXAMPLES AND THEIR IMAGES.
BEST EVER PPT OF TECHNICAL INOVATION IN MECHANICAL FIELD TOPIC.
U CAN EXPLORE IT
Future of Technology - Nov 2008 updateMelanie Swan
The status of key contemporary science and technology research areas that could potentially have an Internet-level impact and a guide to how we think about growth and change.
Sarah Frisken received her Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1991. She has over 25 years of experience in research, teaching, and software development. Currently, she is a Research Associate at Brigham and Women's Hospital working on technologies to improve surgical outcomes for brain cancer patients. Her past experience includes founding two software companies and holding professor and research positions at several universities and research labs where she worked on medical imaging, computer graphics, and haptics.
The document discusses frameworks for understanding technological change, noting that growth is not just linear or exponential but can also be discontinuous. It argues that a general framework is needed and that technology is immersing other areas in exponential and discontinuous change. Over the next 50 years, there may be changes greater than the Internet that combine linear, exponential, and discontinuous growth patterns.
3D scanning technologies have advanced significantly over time. Early laser scanners produced large polygon files that were difficult to work with due to data size constraints. Octree representation was developed to spatially sort 3D data in a hierarchical tree structure, enabling more efficient processing and multi-resolution representation. Advancements in time-of-flight scanning increased scanning speeds to over a million points per second. 3D scanning technologies are poised to infiltrate many new industries and applications as costs decrease, including 3D biometrics, manufacturing, and virtual/augmented reality. These technologies may fundamentally change how physical objects are captured, represented, and interacted with.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process that builds 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material. There are three main types of 3D printing: stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. 3D printing offers advantages like rapid prototyping and the ability to create complex shapes. Applications include product design, medical devices, architecture, and more. While the technology provides opportunities, challenges remain around cost, material limitations, and potential misuse. The future of 3D printing may include widespread home use and printing of human organs.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing, including its history, technologies, applications, effects, and challenges. It describes how 3D printing works by using computer-aided design to create a 3D model that is built up in layers, with different methods using materials like plastic, powder, or resin. Applications discussed include fashion, entertainment, medicine, and space exploration. Challenges addressed are intellectual property issues and potential misuse, though advantages are noted as flexibility, rapid prototyping, and cost effectiveness. The conclusion discusses the technology's promising future in areas like medicine, arts, and manufacturing.
3DPrinting Technologies
echnologiesthatbuild3Dobjectsbyaddinglayer-upon-layerofmaterial,whetherthematerialisplastic,metal,concreteoranycompositematerials. There are three types of Printer.
1.Stereo lithography (SLA)
2.Selective laser sintering (SLS)
3.Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file by successively depositing material layer by layer under computer control. It was invented in the 1980s and has since evolved to use a variety of materials such as plastics, metals, food, and concrete. 3D printing offers advantages over traditional manufacturing like reduced time and costs to produce prototypes and customized products in small batches. It has applications in many industries including aerospace, automotive, medical, art, architecture, and more.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing including its definition, history, materials used, mechanism, applications in dentistry, and comparisons to CAD/CAM. It discusses the development of 3D printing from its origins in 1984 to current uses like dental modeling and surgical guides. Applications in maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics and endodontics are also covered. The document concludes by discussing emerging technologies like bioprinting, where living cells are used as "bioinks" to print tissues, and 4D printing, where printed objects can change shape over time in response to environmental conditions.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing technology. It discusses what 3D printing is, how the process works by creating a virtual design and then layering materials, and some common methods and technologies used like selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling. Applications mentioned include rapid prototyping to save time and costs as well as personal printing. The document also notes the industry is growing and will change manufacturing and commerce, while challenges include costs, limited materials per machine, standard file formats, and printing speed.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates physical objects from digital designs by adding material layer by layer. It allows for complex shapes to be produced with less waste than traditional manufacturing methods. While 3D printing currently relies heavily on plastic materials and uses more energy than some other processes, advances in recycling technologies have the potential to make it more environmentally friendly over time by enabling widespread recycling and reducing fossil fuel use and waste from shipping.
Role of 3D printing & 3D model in Complex Total Hip Replacement Queen Mary Hospital
Role of 3D printing & 3D model in Complex Total Hip Replacement
Dr. Kalaivanan Kanniyan
for queries - drkkbriyan@gmail.com / drkkbriyan@outlook.com
Asian Joint Reconstruction Institute
AJRI
chennai
India
Tamil nadu
complex hip replacement , knee replacment, knee navigation
A brief presentation on 3D Printing technology.
3D printing is the technology to print layout of any design to check the accuracy of the design before implementing the same on a large scale design in order to save time and money. The procedure of the same is quite easy and can be carried out with great efficiency. Almost all designs can be formed using this technique unless it is too complex.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process where objects are created by laying down successive layers of material, such as plastics, metals, or living cells. There are several common 3D printing methods that differ in how the layers are bonded, such as selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (STL), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The document discusses the history and development of 3D printing, provides examples of how it can be used to print complex structures like batteries and human tissues, and highlights advantages like rapid prototyping but also challenges like cost and limited strength.
Advanced MicroCT for Non-Destructive 3D Multiscale AnalysisInsideScientific
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is becoming an increasingly important tool for the non-destructive characterization and inspection of the three-dimensional microstructure of various materials, products and sample types. The technique creates a three-dimensional representation of a sample/material by reconstructing cross-sectional images or ‘virtual slices’ through a sample.
In this webinar, Robert Williams, PhD, and Mark Riccio will highlight the versatility of the Thermo Scientific™ HeliScan™ microCT, demonstrating the wide breadth of sample types and sizes that the instrument can characterize, such as: polymers, metals, manufactured parts, batteries, rock/porous media, electronics, bone and soft tissue (plants, insects, brain, etc). The HeliScan™ microCT creates valuable solutions by leveraging a helical scanning technique (found in clinical CT scanners) for large volume data acquisition and features a Lab6 X-ray filament for high resolution (400nm) capability.
The ease of use and high throughput of this system makes it ideal for investigations that need to identify and quantify a sample’s 3D internal structure (e.g. voids, cracks, pore networks, coatings, etc.) non-destructively. 4D structural dynamics can be studied by acquiring multiple 3D microCT datasets. Additionally, HeliScan™ microCT is an integral component of a multi-modal macro-scale to atomic-scale workflow involving focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes.
The document discusses the future of imaging and cameras. It notes that cameras are now ubiquitous due to camera phones. It outlines a wish list for future camera capabilities including super human vision, seeing inside the body, and automatically finding relevant photos. Computational photography is presented as a way to achieve these goals using techniques like computational illumination. The document discusses using cameras for applications in healthcare, entertainment, interfaces and industry. It outlines the work of the MIT Media Lab and Ramesh Raskar in developing new camera and imaging technologies.
Morpheus Co., Ltd. is a 3D medical imaging solutions provider based in Korea that develops structured light 3D scanners and simulation software. Over the past 7 years, it has expanded from providing dental solutions to also providing solutions for oriental medicine, aesthetics, and various B2B customers. It aims to further expand into cosmetics, glasses, and other accessory markets using its core 3D scanning and simulation technologies. Morpheus attributes its success to its advanced 3D scanning hardware and software, network of clinical partners, marketing efforts, ability to provide integrated hard and soft tissue solutions, and scalable business model of using one scanner for multiple medical applications.
1. The document discusses camera culture and computational photography led by Ramesh Raskar at the MIT Media Lab.
2. It outlines Raskar's vision of using emerging technologies to better capture and share visual information through new imaging platforms.
3. Some goals include giving consumers superhuman vision, seeing inside the body for health, and putting the photographer back in the photo.
In this presentation, Victor Gramm describes what he's learned as a 3D Print enthusiast. Victor mentions free mentions free, low-cost, and open-source , as well as commercially available solutions for 3D Scanning, photogrammetry, and 3D Modeling. While not an expert on the topic, Victor employs his enthusiasm in an effort to gather consensus on the level of interest in these domains in his area, share what he's learned, and to elicit further dialogue on the topic.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process where a 3D object is created by laying down successive layers of material under computer control. It allows customized manufacturing and the creation of 3D models without needing to design, print, and assemble separate parts. Common 3D printing techniques include stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and multi-jet modeling. 3D printing offers advantages for product development, medical applications like bone grafts and organ printing, architecture, and art. It provides an efficient way to save time and costs compared to traditional manufacturing.
This document summarizes a seminar on 3D printing of pharmaceuticals. 3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, is the process of making 3D objects from a digital file by laying down successive layers of material. There are several methods of 3D printing including selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography (SLA). 3D printing offers advantages like reduced costs, customization, and increased productivity through constant prototyping. However, it also faces challenges like high costs, limited materials, and slow printing speeds. The seminar discusses the various applications, growth, and challenges of 3D printing in the pharmaceutical industry.
Similar to University of florida 3 d lapidary scanner 110614 (20)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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University of florida 3 d lapidary scanner 110614
1. UF Inventor seeks partner to license:
3D Image Scanner for Full Spectral
Computer Solid Models Beyond CT
or MRI. UF Ref.# 12009 & 15416
2. Contents
UF- Rising … The Gator
Nation
Digital Imaging
State of the Art 3D
Scanners
The 3D Imagining
Triumvirate
Lapidary Methods
Lapidary 3D Scanning
Surface Imaging
Microscopy (SIM) 3D
The Acclaimed Visible
Human Project
Dr. R. Kerschmann
Commercialized (SIM) 3D
3D Lapidary Scanner
How The Technology
Works
3D Lapidary Scanner
Applications
Highest Market Value
Q&A
3. UF: Dedicated to Education, Research & Service
UF is a Leader Among Public Research Universities:
UF is Top 10 caliber … Number 1 is our goal.
AAU member; Distinguished Alumni, Strong faculty & Fantastic students with a long history and
tradition of WINNING!
Research Leader: Multiple Medical Advances, Magnet Lab, Next Generation Space Shuttle
Consortia Leader, Micro-Kelvin Lab … too many to list.
UF is Very Large:
The State of Florida’s pre-eminent flagship land grant university.
~50,000 students; ~15,000 faculty & staff, 16 colleges, hundreds of departments, 30+ Centers of
Excellence and 67 Counties and ~2000 Lab spaces statewide.
UF is Nimble an Flexible:
Streamlined Enterprise: 21st century networking and Hi-End computational solutions to match
the new demands of the future.
Businesslike: Structurally able to make quick decisions. Purchasing is faster allowing quicker
project progress..
Strong Partner:
Cooperative Research And Development Agreements (CRADA): Form a large part of our
research enterprise that allow shared risks and rewards. Our faculty & staff generate ~$3/4
Billion/year in varied grants and is more than all other Florida public universities combined.
$Multi-Million Commercial Technology Transfer Successes: The Gatorade Franchise,
Sentricon Termite Products, LINAC Scalpel and many more in work.
Credibility: UF’s top faculty reputation gives partners credibility in the marketplace.
Our Office of Technology Licensing (OTL) is Number One: We are #1 for public universities
and 5th compared to all universities according the prestigious Millikan Institute.
It is our mission to share the fruits of our labors through attractive technology transfer
mechanisms.
4. Digital Imaging
Reaching New Frontiers Once Held Only by Film stock
Digital Imaging: Getting denser and denser
10-33 MP Electronic sensors: Common and relatively cheap.
111 MP CCD!: Dalsa (Waterloo, Ontario), a division of Teledyne
Corp. broke the 100MP Barrier. Others soon to follow and prices
should descend.
Intelligent Digital Cameras: Internet ready built to the IEEE 802
GigE Standard ► Big Data … Large file sets.
Photographic high grain emulsions may still be an excellent choice
but likely soon to be surpassed by electronic methods. Would
require post process digital scanning and can be an economical
solution.
Digital Imaging/Sensing is a KEY Core Technology
5. State of the Art 3D Scanners or Digitizers
Computerized Tomography (Volume Capture):
Medical Tomography $multibillion international industry. Generic term that defines
the reconstruction of 3D volume from slice data through computational methods. CT,
MRI, PET all depend on Tomography. They are generally not harmful.
Models generated through state of the art CT & MRI use “smoothing” algorithms to
produce apparent high resolutions that the data do not support. Inter-slice information
is interpolated.
Dozens of mature tomography software methods are directly applicable to our process.
Microtome Tomography: Produces amazing 3D volumes yet is limited by high
maintenance costs, inability to handle hard samples (untreated teeth & bone) and likely
has reached the limits of z-axis resolution yet it is the highest resolution method.
Machine Tool 1st Article Scanner: Machine tool cuts the object layers, moves the object to
be photographed & repeats the process. Used to produce the famous Illustrated man and
Illustrated woman data sets. (Man .5mm Woman .33 mm z-axis resolution … much higher xy)
These last 2 public domain methods closely related except our novel innovations.
Surface 3D scanners (Shape Capture):
Operate on a number of principles from direct contact, laser, photogrammetry and they
too are generally non destructive. These range in price from very low to expensive but
most lack the ability to produce internal structure.
6. The 3D Imagining Triumvirate:
Science & Medicine, Engineering & Architecture & Commercial Arts,
Science & Medicine:
Scientists & Engineers working in university, government and military labs
developed core technologies.
Medical investigators were quick to move forward and for many years 3D
was out of reach for most.
Cutting edge research continues – Computational Fluid Dynamics and etc.
Engineers and Architects:
The next generation developments CA 1990 allowed engineers and architects to
render mesh models into stunning presentations by the development of light ray
tracing and surface texturing technologies.
CA 1995 Parametric solid modeling became the buzzword for engineers and
some architects.
Computer aided design (CAD) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Rapid
Prototyping (RP) Full solutions exist to surface scan 1st article objects and print
parts.
Architectural robotic printing of houses has been demonstrated. Extensive use
of 3D digitizers and scanners to move hand modeled articles into particular
design packages.
Commercial Arts:
Many of the early pioneers who worked in government labs moved to the visual
arts and here is where the most advanced work is being done in photo-realistic
virtual reality generation.
Distinctions Blur When Applied To Products:
Many Commercial artists are using scientific tools. Scientist find themselves
using studio tools and engineers and architects are forced to collect esoteric
scientific products to prove their designs. Multi $Billion industry.
8. The Acclaimed Visible Human Project
Joseph Jernigan: Donated his body to science; Image data collected using cryo-section microtome
and/or machine tool technology were reconstructed into 3d computer models. Envisioned by working
groups in the NIH National Library of Medicine 1986 (2) , 1988 (3), 1990 (4)
Surprisingly:
Very close to 100% image data were lost!
Could be improved with confocal techniques
for semi-transparent tissues.
Slice thickness was necessarily large:
Cost of maintaining large files were high at
the time.
Difficult to maintain the precise
instrumentation & alignment
Tool replacement and sharpening issues
were obstacles.
Did not have the GigE data standard so data
volumes were obstacles.
Digital Cameras were dumb, slow, expensive
and low resolution.
To maintain cubic voxels slice thickness was
set to the width x-y pixel width
Did not expand much in non-
science/medical areas:
Many other areas were satisfied with
surface scanning solutions.
One Company built microtome small
scanners (out of business)
One company built machine tool solution:
Quite Healthy.
Science & Medical Spinoffs :
Many University of Maryland Human-
Computer Interaction Lab (5)
Melt-Through-Visible-Human-Project
9. Dr. Russell Kerschmann
3D Pioneer, Researcher and Businessman(6)
Collapse of a fantastic opportunity when Resolution Sciences Corp. went out of business.
Produced first commercially
available microtome based
3D scanner.
Company Fell Victim to:
Under-Capitalization
Dot-Com Bust – Bad
Timing
Kerschmann US Patents (7):
6,409,774 Electrophoresis-
assisted staining of materials
6,372,512 Combined en bloc
staining and embedding process
6,330,348 Method and apparatus
for measurement of microtome
performance
6,195,451 Transformation of
digital images
4,960,330 Image recording
apparatus
3D Model of Velcro ™
scanned with a Resolution
Sciences scanner.
10. Lapidary Methods
Lapidary or “Lap” methods predate human history:
Lap stones use hard polishing surfaces with lubricants or
abrasive slurries.
Lap wheels are spinning Lap surfaces: Force applied
to an object onto the Lap wheel will remove material
depending upon the force, polishing medium, lap surface
characteristics and speed of the wheel. Results can be
exquisitely controlled by human art craft or automated
methods.
All known materials can be sharpened or polished up to and
including diamonds. Most Gemstone faceting is done on
spinning Lap wheels
Lap Techniques - diverse disciplines; Optics,
Astronomy, Mining, Geology, Semiconductors and
Optoelectronics. Used to form the finest instruments and
devices held to the highest tolerances.
Lapidary techniques are Core Technologies: Most nano-
technical methods require Lap processes.
12. 3D Lapidary Scanner
Volumetric results: Most other 3D scans create HOLLOW surface
models represented by; dense point clouds, vector graphics, polygons
or Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) . Ours is a sample
DESTRUCTIVE reverse engineering method that records volumes and
can yield multi-surface models of internal structures.
Multiple Sensors: Virtually any sensor that can be placed in either
direct or indirect contact with the Lap specimen to create a 2D image of
that layer. The 2D images are stored and later reassembled using
known computer methods to produce 3D models beyond all known
technology.
Extremely Thin Layers: As the layers are worn away the surface
“images” are stored in media until the entire sample or region of
interest is destroyed. The “movies” are then processed by software to
create matched solid voxelated 3D solids or more simply segmented
concentric 3D mesh files.
The z axis is perpendicular to the image plane: Because the
abrasion between layers is exquisitely controllable, micrometer realm
resolutions are easily attained in all three xyz dimensions.
13. How The Technology Works
Exquisite Control: Layer (z) thickness is entirely controllable from
macro-scale micro-scale nano-scale. The layer->layer abrasion
between layers is exquisitely controllable, micrometer realm resolutions
are easily attained in all three xyz dimensions.
Synchronized Parallel Sensors: Placed in either direct or indirect
contact with the Lap specimen. These can be stored in multiple
channels to create multi sensor 2D images of the SAME layer.
Most All Data Can Be Saved: Materials may be automatically
collected and stored for other physical or chemical analysis registered
to a specific layer. Even more complex systems can be envisioned
that collect the actual volume at specified points through volume. The
2D images are stored and later reassembled using known computer
tomography methods to produce results beyond all known technology.
Multiple sensors can be used simultaneously to create concurrent data
ex:
Optical, IR, Fluorescence and dye or probe tagged molecules.
Surface profilometry
14. Early Prototype Lapidary Scanner:
DC Motor; USB2 Video; radial back light; (wiring hidden for clarity)
17. First Successful 3D Scan
3D Tomography File 8 of and insect leg scanned with the
prototype USB scanner (grayscale mode)
18. 3D Lapidary Scanner Applications:
These applications would have little regulatory compliance issues
Scan any real world specimen and store it digitally for later study or
reassembly into any scale actual reality models using direct digital
solid printing processes.
Pure science
Physics, Chemistry: Bulk analysis of nano-scale objects.
Paleontology: Fossilized species such as insects, invertebrates,
trilobites can be brought to life digitally to show internal structures
otherwise difficult or impossible to discern.
Geology: Direct drill core metrology, physical parameter mapping 3D
models. Would not require pulling cores as long as sensors can exist
in the well hole.
Engineering R & D
Reverse Engineering and Quality Assurance
Integrated circuit failure analysis.
Bulk analysis of micro-scale and some nano-scale objects and
depositions.
Bulk 1st article measurements of production line samples.
19. More Applications:
Regulatory hurdles involved, likely require multiple peer reviewed studies
but is a high value market place.
Medical/Pharma R & D
Allograft & Xenograft Matrix Pastes: Create 2 Products from a
single donor. Valuable 3D volume files created during processing.
Enhanced live animal model studies: Leading to numerical
reductions of study animal populations with wise future leadership.
Reduce costs of trials: Sick animal subjects are scanned and
their disease processes are identified earlier.
Clinical Human Trials: Autopsies would remove critical organs,
scan them quickly to determine microscopic disease processes.
Dental R & D
Dentistry biomaterial applications: Bonding verification
modeling and of testing of the hardest samples & etc. Analysis of
both removed dental tissue and biomaterials. Diamond abrasive
systems could scan titanium implants.
20. Library & Archival Applications
Library books that have been water
damaged can be scanned and transferred
into digital versions. This otherwise is a
painstaking process that takes an archivist
sometimes weeks to preserve one volume.
Old degraded film stock might one day be
scanned as a whole. Later reconstructed
into usable video.
21. Mass Market Applications
May be the top revenue center!
Education
Make education fun! Creating entertaining datasets that explore
dimensions of reality now too expensive or impossible to explore.
Educational appliances: Toys and hobby products with
inexpensive USB sensors can be built to mount on most
microscope stages.
Educational Software Providers: Immersive multimedia software
requires content. Young people have been for years immersed in
quality High-end Computer Graphics (CG). In education it looses
entertainment value if the content is not vibrant and true to life …
Many internal (solids) 3D graphics solutions are not because it is
costly to produce them so many are cartoonish caricatures of real
life.
Anti-Vivisection Movement: The trend is toward software
solutions vs. lab animal dissections for all but those in higher
education and research settings.
Higher Education: Extremely microscopically exquisite exact
models from cadavers and lab animals would be excellent
amplifiers to the education experience for those who must learn
surgical techniques.
22. Entertainment
Edu-tainment: People thirst for knowledge!
Science and education in cable, broadcast,
satellite and internet spaces are filled now with
vibrant new content. Much of it is Computer
Graphics (CG).
Industrial Light and Magic: The Lucas Arts
empire dwarfs many large universities. ILM will
likely be entirely CG and they and studios like
them will want the newest technologies to
develop their fantasy worlds.
24. How Can It Be Marketed?
Direct Sales/Maintenance Contracts:
Instruments Sales
Parts, consumables and maintenance.
Closely Held Franchise Arrangements:
Franchise, Partner & Affiliate Opportunities
3D Copy Centers both Academic & Commercial:
Clients select between this, and several other 3D scan
solutions.
Parent Corp. receives revenue.
Subcontract to Other Manufacturers:
New sectors sure to arise as the enterprise gains
momentum.
25. Who are we looking for as partners?
Established 3D Scanner Instrument Companies
This device would be an impressive addition to established
solutions.
Medical Implant Makers
These technologies have potential to produce 3D bone models
beyond known science.
Diseased bones can be scanned, “healed” digitally using
engineering methods, then be replicated in bio-materials, allografts
or xenografts to be re-implanted later.
Cadaver ear bones, heart valves, and other delicate human tissue
can be scanned and subsequent 3D models used to develop
prosthetic or cybernetic analogs.
Histologic Processing labs
Fast scan data sets can be recorded as layers and reassembled
into models to show physicians much more detail.
26. Other Partner Prospects:
Destructive 1st Article Inspection
National Defense (DOD): Integrated circuits can be scanned and
materially mapped to produce electronic analogs of adversary devices
found. Does not preclude using non-destructive methods first but all
other destructive methods are too cumbersome and requires destruction
of several exemplars to produce useable 3D results.
Factory QC: Qualify as is vs. as designed components throughout the
manufacturing line.
Complement Design Groups
Use Cues From Nature: Natures forms are often the most efficient.
Boutique Niche Service Providers: Small business service labs can
service the needs of all the above users who might not otherwise be able
to justify resources for limited projects. A publisher would only want the
data but perhaps only of a specific species frog.
Hardware Piracy Protection:
Trade & Customs agencies: Enforcement and litigant investigations.
Scan pirated, watches, cell phones, microprocessors to create
signatures and more easily prosecute & convict the criminals.
28. Bibliography
1) ANDREW J. EWALD,1 HELEN MCBRIDE,1 MARK REDDINGTON,2 SCOTT E. FRASER,1*AND RUSSELL KERSCHMANN2, 2002
,Surface Imaging Microscopy, An Automated Method for Visualizing Whole Embryo Samples in Three Dimensions at High Resolution,
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 225:369–375 (2002)
2) National Library of Medicine (US) Board of Regents. “Annual Report". US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1986: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/nlmarchives/annualreport/1986.pdf
3) National Library of Medicine (US) Board of Regents. “Annual Report”. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1988; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/nlmarchives/annualreport/1988.pdf
4) National Library of Medicine (US) Board of Regents. "Electronic Imaging: Report of the Board of Regents". US Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1990. NIH Publication 90-2197
5) Lorensen, W. E. and Cline, H. E., "Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Construction Algorithm," Computer Graphics, vol. 21,
no. 3, pp. 163-169, July 1987
6) Gunjan Sinha, “Secrets of The Very Small”, Popular Science, December 2001
7) Kershmann, Russell, US Patents; 6,409,774 Electrophoresis-assisted staining of materials,6,372,512 Combined en bloc staining and
embedding process,6,330,348 Method and apparatus for measurement of microtome performance ,6,195,451 Transformation of digital
images 4,960,330 Image recording apparatus US Patent and trademark Office, www.uspto.gov
8) "This result is obtained by using 3DMed software developed by Medical Image Processing Group, Institute of Automation, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences (www.3dmed.net).” To use 3DMed in commercial purpose, please contact Professor Jie Tian at tian@doctor.com.