The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, playing a vital role in basic bodily functions like respiration, circulation, and digestion. The medulla regulates vital functions such as breathing and heart rate, the pons facilitates communication between brain parts and regulates breathing and sleep, while the midbrain is involved in sensory and motor regulation. Key structures like the substantia nigra within the midbrain are crucial for movement control and processing sensory information.

1. The Brainstem
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BY: MR. VISHAL SINGH (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, KIPS- KANPUR)

2. The Brainstem
The brainstem is the lower part of the
brain that connects the brain to the spinal
cord.
It contains several structures, including the
medulla oblongata, the pons, and the
midbrain.
plays a crucial role in maintaining many of
the body's basic functions, including
respiration, circulation, and digestion.

3. The medulla oblongata: functions
The medulla oblongata is the lowest
part of the brainstem and is
responsible for controlling many of the
body's vital functions, such as
breathing, heart rate, and blood
pressure.
It also regulates reflexes such as
coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

4. The Pons
The pons is located above the medulla
oblongata and is responsible for transmitting
information between different parts of the
brain, including the cerebellum and the
cerebral cortex.
It also helps to regulate breathing and plays a
role in the control of sleep and arousal.

5. The Midbrain: functions
The midbrain is the uppermost part of the
brainstem and is involved in the regulation of
sensory and motor functions.
It contains several important structures,
including the substantia nigra, which produces
dopamine and is involved in the control of
movement, and the superior and inferior colliculi,
which are involved in the processing of visual and
auditory information.

6. Thank You