This document discusses engineering as social experimentation. It begins by explaining how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design and product development. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various stages of the design process to evaluate designs and make modifications. While engineering projects share some similarities to scientific experiments, such as uncertainty and continuous monitoring, they also have important differences. Engineering experiments involve human subjects and consequences, requiring concepts like informed consent. The document also discusses codes of ethics for engineers and the need for a balanced approach to law and regulations regarding engineering work.
This document provides information about engineering as social experimentation. It discusses how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various design stages to evaluate products. Engineering projects involve some uncertainty like standard experiments but lack experimental control and informed consent. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters to protect safety, provide relevant information, ensure moral autonomy, and accept accountability. Codes of ethics provide guidance for engineers but have limitations. Laws and standards also influence engineering while balancing various factors. The document uses the Challenger disaster as a case study of engineering ethics issues.
The document discusses similarities and differences between engineering experiments and general experiments, as well as the moral responsibilities of engineers. It addresses several questions:
1) Engineering experiments and general experiments both have uncertainties and require monitoring, but engineering experiments generally do not have a control group due to human subjects being outside the experimenter's control.
2) Engineers must obtain informed consent when experiments involve humans and properly assess information to understand wider implications of their work and mitigate harm.
3) However, it can be difficult for engineers to develop a comprehensive perspective and exercise moral commitment due to constraints like workplace pressures prioritizing employer obligations over public welfare.
This document discusses engineering experiments and projects, highlighting some key similarities and differences compared to standard experiments. It notes that engineering projects and experiments involve uncertainty and require continuous monitoring. However, engineers do not always adequately learn from past failures due to various factors like lack of communication. The document also discusses informed consent requirements for engineering experiments that involve human subjects, as well as engineers' responsibilities as experimenters to act conscientiously and be accountable. It concludes by examining the role and limitations of professional codes of ethics in guiding engineers' conduct.
Engineers face similarities and contrasts between engineering projects and standard experiments. Both involve partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. However, engineering experiments involve human needs and informed consent from customers. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters, including moral commitment, comprehensive perspective, autonomy, and accountability. While codes of ethics provide guidance, they have limitations and engineers require a balanced outlook considering responsible experimentation over rigid rules.
This document provides information about engineering as social experimentation. It discusses how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various design stages to evaluate products. Engineering projects involve some uncertainty like standard experiments but lack experimental control and informed consent. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters to protect safety, provide relevant information, ensure moral autonomy, and accept accountability. Codes of ethics provide guidance for engineers but have limitations. Laws and standards also influence engineering while balancing various factors. The document uses the Challenger disaster as a case study of engineering ethics issues.
The document discusses similarities and differences between engineering experiments and general experiments, as well as the moral responsibilities of engineers. It addresses several questions:
1) Engineering experiments and general experiments both have uncertainties and require monitoring, but engineering experiments generally do not have a control group due to human subjects being outside the experimenter's control.
2) Engineers must obtain informed consent when experiments involve humans and properly assess information to understand wider implications of their work and mitigate harm.
3) However, it can be difficult for engineers to develop a comprehensive perspective and exercise moral commitment due to constraints like workplace pressures prioritizing employer obligations over public welfare.
This document discusses engineering experiments and projects, highlighting some key similarities and differences compared to standard experiments. It notes that engineering projects and experiments involve uncertainty and require continuous monitoring. However, engineers do not always adequately learn from past failures due to various factors like lack of communication. The document also discusses informed consent requirements for engineering experiments that involve human subjects, as well as engineers' responsibilities as experimenters to act conscientiously and be accountable. It concludes by examining the role and limitations of professional codes of ethics in guiding engineers' conduct.
Engineers face similarities and contrasts between engineering projects and standard experiments. Both involve partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. However, engineering experiments involve human needs and informed consent from customers. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters, including moral commitment, comprehensive perspective, autonomy, and accountability. While codes of ethics provide guidance, they have limitations and engineers require a balanced outlook considering responsible experimentation over rigid rules.
Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.SelvaganesanDr. SELVAGANESAN S
1. Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments that involve uncertainty and risks to human lives, requiring engineers to act with moral responsibility as experimenters.
2. As responsible experimenters, engineers must have a conscientious commitment to moral values, a comprehensive perspective, moral autonomy in decision making, and accountability for results.
3. Research ethics involves applying fundamental ethical principles to scientific research, including aspects like human experimentation, academic integrity, and responsible conduct of research through honesty, objectivity and respect for others.
Leadership Theories - Types and different styles of Leader - The New Reality ...RAJESHSKR
Engineers have a responsibility to consider engineering projects as social experiments. While preliminary tests and simulations are conducted, the entire project should also be viewed as an experiment that could pose risks. Engineers must protect safety, obtain informed consent, consider all possible impacts, and take accountability for results. However, codes of ethics only provide general guidance, and professionals still face dilemmas when social and technical factors conflict.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and engineers as responsible experimenters. It begins by defining experimentation and noting how engineering projects can be viewed as experiments with uncertainties. It then compares engineering projects to standard scientific experiments, noting similarities around partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. Key contrasts discussed include the lack of experimental control groups in engineering, the involvement of human subjects, and differences in the goal of gaining knowledge. The document stresses that engineers must be conscientious experimenters who consider safety, health, human rights and informed consent when developing new technologies.
Engineering involves experimentation to improve products through trial and error. Engineers test preliminary simulations and conduct formal experiments on materials and processes to develop the final product. While experiments may have unexpected outcomes and involve risks, engineers must maintain safety, obtain consent, monitor results, accept accountability, and consider moral standards. Engineering work can narrow moral vision but engineers should remain conscious of unexpected adverse impacts and responsible to the public.
Unit 3-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
- Engineering involves social experimentation through innovation that has uncertainties and risks for human life. It should be viewed as an experimental process that provides stakeholders an opportunity for informed consent.
- Problems can arise from a lack of a control group in experiments, corporate pressures like tight budgets and deadlines, difficulty identifying all affected stakeholders, and uncertainties that cannot be eliminated.
- Engineers have a responsibility as experimenters to protect human subjects, foresee potential impacts, monitor outcomes, and ensure stakeholders can make reasonable decisions based on sufficient information.
GE6075 - Unit 2 ppt for final year studentsJesudassI
Engineering ethics involves studying the moral issues that engineers face. It examines the character, policies and relationships of those involved in technological activities. Engineering ethics considers issues like workplace relationships, product safety, and codes of conduct dealing with public safety, honesty and responsibility. Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories discuss the development of moral reasoning and emphasize developing moral autonomy to independently evaluate ethical issues. While autonomy allows for diverse viewpoints, some consensus is important for ethical decision making in engineering.
Engineering as social experimentation 17 18rajeshvbe
This document discusses professional ethics in engineering. It provides an overview of an engineering ethics course, including its objectives and outcomes. It then discusses key concepts like engineering as experimentation, codes of ethics, and the roles and responsibilities of engineers. Engineers are described as responsible experimenters who must consider safety, learn from past failures, and obtain informed consent. Codes of ethics provide guidance for engineers but have limitations. Engineering involves social experimentation, so engineers must have a comprehensive perspective and be accountable. A balanced approach is needed between rules, codes, and professional autonomy.
1. Engineering projects can be considered a form of social experimentation due to their innovative nature and potential unintended consequences. This results in uncertainty and risks for various stakeholders.
2. Engineers have a responsibility to monitor projects for risks, provide information to allow stakeholders to make informed decisions, and accept accountability for project outcomes.
3. Ethical codes can provide guidance for engineers and help balance responsibilities to stakeholders, but challenges remain with issues like diffusion of accountability in large organizations.
This document discusses engineering ethics and research. It provides guidelines for ethical research, including obtaining informed consent and protecting participants' anonymity. Engineering ethics require prioritizing public safety above all else. Research should be supported by evidence through experiments, theory, or comparison to previous work. Novice researchers must understand basic principles and validate findings through peer review. The goal of engineering research is to create new knowledge to benefit humanity while following scientific principles and ethical codes of conduct.
This document provides an overview of Engineering Ethics. It discusses what engineering ethics is, its scope, the variety of moral issues that can arise, types of inquiries used to study ethics, and theories of moral development. Engineering ethics concerns rules and standards that guide ethical conduct. It addresses issues at both the micro level of individuals and companies, and macro level of society. Moral dilemmas can occur when obligations conflict. Studying ethics aims to develop moral autonomy and skills like recognizing ethical problems. Theories by Kohlberg and Gilligan examine how reasoning about ethics changes with age and experience.
Unit II Engineering Ethics (GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering)Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document provides an overview of Engineering Ethics. It discusses:
- The definition and scope of Engineering Ethics, which is concerned with rules and standards guiding engineers professionally.
- Variety of moral issues engineers may face, such as those related to their organization, clients, competitors, laws/regulations, and society/environment.
- Three types of inquiries in Engineering Ethics: normative inquiries identify values guiding decisions; conceptual inquiries describe meanings; and factual inquiries establish facts.
- Key concepts like morality, professionalism, and the variety of bodies that establish codes of ethics for engineers.
Engineers Who Kill Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of.docxYASHU40
Engineers Who Kill: Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of Public Safety
Author(s): Kenneth Kipnis
Source: Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 77-91
Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733 .
Accessed: 29/03/2014 23:17
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Philosophy Documentation Center is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Business &Professional Ethics Journal.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 129.68.65.223 on Sat, 29 Mar 2014 23:17:20 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=pdc
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Engineers Who Kill: Professional
Ethics and the Paramountcy of
Public Safety
Kenneth Kipnis
Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus, Chapter 20.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers' Council for
Professional Development,
Code of Ethics.
The codes of ethics of a number of engineering professional societies1 begin with
language that states that engineers are required in their professional work to hold
paramount the safety of the public. It is not difficult to appreciate why those in
engineering should feel obligated to endorse such a statement nor is it hard to
understand why it is generally placed first in the codes. For whenever we drive a car,
or fly in an airplane, or take an elevator, or use a toaster, or cross a bridge, or do
The work upon which this paper was based was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grant
Number OSS-7906980. Some of the ideas here were developed during participation in
the National Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics (at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute), funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. For comments and
encouragement, I am indebted to Stephen H. Unger, David Davis, Sandra Ward, Robert
Bruder, Vivian Weil, Patricia Werhane, T. Paul Torda, Andrew G. Oldenquist, Victor
Paschkis, Edward E. Slowter, Win Nagley, Frank Tillman, Eliot Deutsch, Edward D.
Harter, Fred Bender, Deborah Johnson, and Sara Lyn Smith. Earlier versions of this
paper have been read at the American Society of Mechanical Eng ...
The document discusses engineering ethics and provides information on various related topics in 3 sections.
Section 1 defines engineering ethics as concerning the rules and standards governing engineer conduct professionally. It also discusses various engineering bodies and codes of ethics.
Section 2 explains the scope of engineering ethics, approaches to studying ethics, and the variety of moral issues that can arise for engineers related to their work, organizations, customers, laws and more.
Section 3 describes the types of inquiries in engineering ethics including normative, conceptual and factual to help identify values, understand concepts and gather information to resolve moral dilemmas.
The document discusses engineering ethics and provides information on various related topics in 3 sections.
Section 1 defines engineering ethics as concerning the rules and standards governing engineer conduct professionally. It also discusses various engineering bodies and codes of ethics.
Section 2 explains the scope of engineering ethics, approaches to studying ethics, and the variety of moral issues that can arise for engineers related to their work, organizations, customers, laws and more.
Section 3 describes the types of inquiries in engineering ethics including normative, conceptual and factual to help identify values, understand concepts and gather information to resolve moral dilemmas.
Mi 291 chapter 7 (engineering ethics & team work)(1)varun teja G.V.V
The document discusses engineering ethics and teamwork, outlining key principles of professional ethics including prioritizing public safety, competence, honesty, and advancing the engineering profession. It also examines characteristics of effective teams such as interdependence, accountability, and interaction, and stages of team development including forming, storming, norming, and performing. The document provides guidance on roles, meetings, and conflict resolution to support strong team dynamics.
This document discusses ethical issues engineers may face and provides guidance on addressing them. It outlines engineers' key ethical obligations like being truthful, protecting public health and safety, and acting loyally for employers. It also notes potential conflicts between ethical and personal/organizational goals. The document then describes characteristics of a profession and the purpose of codes of ethics. It introduces the IPP method for systematically identifying facts, stakeholders, standards, and more to prepare and plan solutions when facing ethical problems in engineering.
Ethics in EngineeringLecture #2 Ethical Dilemmas, ChoBetseyCalderon89
Ethics in EngineeringLecture #2: Ethical Dilemmas, Choices, and Codes of Ethics
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
1. Moral clarity
· Need to know something is wrong! Do not ignore problems!
· Loyalty to employer, responsibilities to public and environment
(and complex relations between these)
2. Know the facts
· Get hard, documented facts, discuss with others
· Competence matters in gathering technical facts
3. Consider options
· Diversity of actions to take? Evaluate/discuss.
· Long-term, short-term perspectives, repercussions?
· “Creative middle solution”?
4. Make a reasonable decision
· Weigh all factors, recognize “gray areas”/compromises
· An engineering design problem?
NSPE, BER Case 96-4
· Engineer A is employed by a software company and is involved in the design of specialized software in connection with the operations of facilities affecting the public health and safety (i.e., nuclear, air quality control, water quality control). As the part of the design of a particular software system, Engineer A conducts extensive testing and although the tests demonstrate…
· that the software is safe to use under existing standards, Engineer A is aware of new draft standards that are about to be released by a standard setting organization-standards which the newly designed software may not meet. Testing is extremely costly and the company’s clients are eager to begin to move forward. The software company is eager to satisfy its clients, protect the software company’s finances, and protect…
· …existing jobs; but at the same time, the management of the software company wants to be sure that the software is safe to use. A series of tests proposed by Engineer A will likely result in a decision whether to move forward with the use of the software. The tests are costly and will delay the use of the software by at least six months, which will put the company at a competitive…
·
· …disadvantage and cost the company a significant amount of money. Also, delaying implementation will mean the state public service commission utility rates will rise significantly during this time. The company requests Engineer A’s recommendation concerning the need for additional software testing.
Question: Should Engineer A design the software to meet the new standards?
Analyzing the case…
· Moral clarity:
· What is wrong? What is the core issue/ question?
· Will the software meet the new standards? – Why are there new standards?
· Experience shows new failure modes
· New tests designed to test new failure modes – Engineer’s role in new standards?
· Development of new standards
· Following new standards
Analyzing the case, continued…
• Know the facts
· It is critical software (health/safety of public)
· New standards to test new failure modes (that you need to understand)
· Testing is costly, company finances at stake
· Need to protect existing jobs
· Testing will delay ...
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Low power VLSI aims to minimize individual component power consumption by reducing activity, frequency, transition time, capacitive load, voltage, leakage current, and peak current to decrease total power used. These factors all relate to the value of each power component and by lowering them the total power consumption can be reduced.
This document discusses optical sources including LEDs such as superluminescent LEDs (SLEDS) and edge-emitting LEDs (ELEDs), as well as lasers. It covers the basic principles, construction and operation, properties, comparisons of these sources, and their applications.
Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.SelvaganesanDr. SELVAGANESAN S
1. Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments that involve uncertainty and risks to human lives, requiring engineers to act with moral responsibility as experimenters.
2. As responsible experimenters, engineers must have a conscientious commitment to moral values, a comprehensive perspective, moral autonomy in decision making, and accountability for results.
3. Research ethics involves applying fundamental ethical principles to scientific research, including aspects like human experimentation, academic integrity, and responsible conduct of research through honesty, objectivity and respect for others.
Leadership Theories - Types and different styles of Leader - The New Reality ...RAJESHSKR
Engineers have a responsibility to consider engineering projects as social experiments. While preliminary tests and simulations are conducted, the entire project should also be viewed as an experiment that could pose risks. Engineers must protect safety, obtain informed consent, consider all possible impacts, and take accountability for results. However, codes of ethics only provide general guidance, and professionals still face dilemmas when social and technical factors conflict.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and engineers as responsible experimenters. It begins by defining experimentation and noting how engineering projects can be viewed as experiments with uncertainties. It then compares engineering projects to standard scientific experiments, noting similarities around partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. Key contrasts discussed include the lack of experimental control groups in engineering, the involvement of human subjects, and differences in the goal of gaining knowledge. The document stresses that engineers must be conscientious experimenters who consider safety, health, human rights and informed consent when developing new technologies.
Engineering involves experimentation to improve products through trial and error. Engineers test preliminary simulations and conduct formal experiments on materials and processes to develop the final product. While experiments may have unexpected outcomes and involve risks, engineers must maintain safety, obtain consent, monitor results, accept accountability, and consider moral standards. Engineering work can narrow moral vision but engineers should remain conscious of unexpected adverse impacts and responsible to the public.
Unit 3-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
- Engineering involves social experimentation through innovation that has uncertainties and risks for human life. It should be viewed as an experimental process that provides stakeholders an opportunity for informed consent.
- Problems can arise from a lack of a control group in experiments, corporate pressures like tight budgets and deadlines, difficulty identifying all affected stakeholders, and uncertainties that cannot be eliminated.
- Engineers have a responsibility as experimenters to protect human subjects, foresee potential impacts, monitor outcomes, and ensure stakeholders can make reasonable decisions based on sufficient information.
GE6075 - Unit 2 ppt for final year studentsJesudassI
Engineering ethics involves studying the moral issues that engineers face. It examines the character, policies and relationships of those involved in technological activities. Engineering ethics considers issues like workplace relationships, product safety, and codes of conduct dealing with public safety, honesty and responsibility. Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories discuss the development of moral reasoning and emphasize developing moral autonomy to independently evaluate ethical issues. While autonomy allows for diverse viewpoints, some consensus is important for ethical decision making in engineering.
Engineering as social experimentation 17 18rajeshvbe
This document discusses professional ethics in engineering. It provides an overview of an engineering ethics course, including its objectives and outcomes. It then discusses key concepts like engineering as experimentation, codes of ethics, and the roles and responsibilities of engineers. Engineers are described as responsible experimenters who must consider safety, learn from past failures, and obtain informed consent. Codes of ethics provide guidance for engineers but have limitations. Engineering involves social experimentation, so engineers must have a comprehensive perspective and be accountable. A balanced approach is needed between rules, codes, and professional autonomy.
1. Engineering projects can be considered a form of social experimentation due to their innovative nature and potential unintended consequences. This results in uncertainty and risks for various stakeholders.
2. Engineers have a responsibility to monitor projects for risks, provide information to allow stakeholders to make informed decisions, and accept accountability for project outcomes.
3. Ethical codes can provide guidance for engineers and help balance responsibilities to stakeholders, but challenges remain with issues like diffusion of accountability in large organizations.
This document discusses engineering ethics and research. It provides guidelines for ethical research, including obtaining informed consent and protecting participants' anonymity. Engineering ethics require prioritizing public safety above all else. Research should be supported by evidence through experiments, theory, or comparison to previous work. Novice researchers must understand basic principles and validate findings through peer review. The goal of engineering research is to create new knowledge to benefit humanity while following scientific principles and ethical codes of conduct.
This document provides an overview of Engineering Ethics. It discusses what engineering ethics is, its scope, the variety of moral issues that can arise, types of inquiries used to study ethics, and theories of moral development. Engineering ethics concerns rules and standards that guide ethical conduct. It addresses issues at both the micro level of individuals and companies, and macro level of society. Moral dilemmas can occur when obligations conflict. Studying ethics aims to develop moral autonomy and skills like recognizing ethical problems. Theories by Kohlberg and Gilligan examine how reasoning about ethics changes with age and experience.
Unit II Engineering Ethics (GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering)Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document provides an overview of Engineering Ethics. It discusses:
- The definition and scope of Engineering Ethics, which is concerned with rules and standards guiding engineers professionally.
- Variety of moral issues engineers may face, such as those related to their organization, clients, competitors, laws/regulations, and society/environment.
- Three types of inquiries in Engineering Ethics: normative inquiries identify values guiding decisions; conceptual inquiries describe meanings; and factual inquiries establish facts.
- Key concepts like morality, professionalism, and the variety of bodies that establish codes of ethics for engineers.
Engineers Who Kill Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of.docxYASHU40
Engineers Who Kill: Professional Ethics and the Paramountcy of Public Safety
Author(s): Kenneth Kipnis
Source: Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 77-91
Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733 .
Accessed: 29/03/2014 23:17
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Philosophy Documentation Center is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Business &Professional Ethics Journal.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 129.68.65.223 on Sat, 29 Mar 2014 23:17:20 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=pdc
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27799733?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Engineers Who Kill: Professional
Ethics and the Paramountcy of
Public Safety
Kenneth Kipnis
Thou shalt not kill.
Exodus, Chapter 20.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
Engineers' Council for
Professional Development,
Code of Ethics.
The codes of ethics of a number of engineering professional societies1 begin with
language that states that engineers are required in their professional work to hold
paramount the safety of the public. It is not difficult to appreciate why those in
engineering should feel obligated to endorse such a statement nor is it hard to
understand why it is generally placed first in the codes. For whenever we drive a car,
or fly in an airplane, or take an elevator, or use a toaster, or cross a bridge, or do
The work upon which this paper was based was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grant
Number OSS-7906980. Some of the ideas here were developed during participation in
the National Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics (at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute), funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. For comments and
encouragement, I am indebted to Stephen H. Unger, David Davis, Sandra Ward, Robert
Bruder, Vivian Weil, Patricia Werhane, T. Paul Torda, Andrew G. Oldenquist, Victor
Paschkis, Edward E. Slowter, Win Nagley, Frank Tillman, Eliot Deutsch, Edward D.
Harter, Fred Bender, Deborah Johnson, and Sara Lyn Smith. Earlier versions of this
paper have been read at the American Society of Mechanical Eng ...
The document discusses engineering ethics and provides information on various related topics in 3 sections.
Section 1 defines engineering ethics as concerning the rules and standards governing engineer conduct professionally. It also discusses various engineering bodies and codes of ethics.
Section 2 explains the scope of engineering ethics, approaches to studying ethics, and the variety of moral issues that can arise for engineers related to their work, organizations, customers, laws and more.
Section 3 describes the types of inquiries in engineering ethics including normative, conceptual and factual to help identify values, understand concepts and gather information to resolve moral dilemmas.
The document discusses engineering ethics and provides information on various related topics in 3 sections.
Section 1 defines engineering ethics as concerning the rules and standards governing engineer conduct professionally. It also discusses various engineering bodies and codes of ethics.
Section 2 explains the scope of engineering ethics, approaches to studying ethics, and the variety of moral issues that can arise for engineers related to their work, organizations, customers, laws and more.
Section 3 describes the types of inquiries in engineering ethics including normative, conceptual and factual to help identify values, understand concepts and gather information to resolve moral dilemmas.
Mi 291 chapter 7 (engineering ethics & team work)(1)varun teja G.V.V
The document discusses engineering ethics and teamwork, outlining key principles of professional ethics including prioritizing public safety, competence, honesty, and advancing the engineering profession. It also examines characteristics of effective teams such as interdependence, accountability, and interaction, and stages of team development including forming, storming, norming, and performing. The document provides guidance on roles, meetings, and conflict resolution to support strong team dynamics.
This document discusses ethical issues engineers may face and provides guidance on addressing them. It outlines engineers' key ethical obligations like being truthful, protecting public health and safety, and acting loyally for employers. It also notes potential conflicts between ethical and personal/organizational goals. The document then describes characteristics of a profession and the purpose of codes of ethics. It introduces the IPP method for systematically identifying facts, stakeholders, standards, and more to prepare and plan solutions when facing ethical problems in engineering.
Ethics in EngineeringLecture #2 Ethical Dilemmas, ChoBetseyCalderon89
Ethics in EngineeringLecture #2: Ethical Dilemmas, Choices, and Codes of Ethics
Resolving Moral Dilemmas
1. Moral clarity
· Need to know something is wrong! Do not ignore problems!
· Loyalty to employer, responsibilities to public and environment
(and complex relations between these)
2. Know the facts
· Get hard, documented facts, discuss with others
· Competence matters in gathering technical facts
3. Consider options
· Diversity of actions to take? Evaluate/discuss.
· Long-term, short-term perspectives, repercussions?
· “Creative middle solution”?
4. Make a reasonable decision
· Weigh all factors, recognize “gray areas”/compromises
· An engineering design problem?
NSPE, BER Case 96-4
· Engineer A is employed by a software company and is involved in the design of specialized software in connection with the operations of facilities affecting the public health and safety (i.e., nuclear, air quality control, water quality control). As the part of the design of a particular software system, Engineer A conducts extensive testing and although the tests demonstrate…
· that the software is safe to use under existing standards, Engineer A is aware of new draft standards that are about to be released by a standard setting organization-standards which the newly designed software may not meet. Testing is extremely costly and the company’s clients are eager to begin to move forward. The software company is eager to satisfy its clients, protect the software company’s finances, and protect…
· …existing jobs; but at the same time, the management of the software company wants to be sure that the software is safe to use. A series of tests proposed by Engineer A will likely result in a decision whether to move forward with the use of the software. The tests are costly and will delay the use of the software by at least six months, which will put the company at a competitive…
·
· …disadvantage and cost the company a significant amount of money. Also, delaying implementation will mean the state public service commission utility rates will rise significantly during this time. The company requests Engineer A’s recommendation concerning the need for additional software testing.
Question: Should Engineer A design the software to meet the new standards?
Analyzing the case…
· Moral clarity:
· What is wrong? What is the core issue/ question?
· Will the software meet the new standards? – Why are there new standards?
· Experience shows new failure modes
· New tests designed to test new failure modes – Engineer’s role in new standards?
· Development of new standards
· Following new standards
Analyzing the case, continued…
• Know the facts
· It is critical software (health/safety of public)
· New standards to test new failure modes (that you need to understand)
· Testing is costly, company finances at stake
· Need to protect existing jobs
· Testing will delay ...
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
Low power VLSI aims to minimize individual component power consumption by reducing activity, frequency, transition time, capacitive load, voltage, leakage current, and peak current to decrease total power used. These factors all relate to the value of each power component and by lowering them the total power consumption can be reduced.
This document discusses optical sources including LEDs such as superluminescent LEDs (SLEDS) and edge-emitting LEDs (ELEDs), as well as lasers. It covers the basic principles, construction and operation, properties, comparisons of these sources, and their applications.
The document discusses the characteristics of embedded systems. Embedded systems require real-time performance, high availability, and reliability. They are developed around a real-time operating system and usually have easy diskless operation and ROM boot. Embedded systems are designed for one specific task.
Satellites provide three types of communication services: telecommunications, broadcasting, and data communications. Telecommunication services include telephone calls and services provided to telephone companies as well as wireless, mobile, and cellular network providers.
A fiber-optic cable contains one or more optical fibers that carry light signals for communication. Each optical fiber is coated with plastic and contained in a protective tube. Different types of fiber-optic cables are used for various communication applications such as long-distance telecommunication or providing high-speed data connections within buildings.
The document discusses computation flow for reconfigurable systems at both run-time and compile-time. It may be necessary to iterate some steps for certain applications. Synchronization is usually used between the processor and reconfigurable device (RD), and blocking access is used for memory access. Devices like Xilinx FPGAs feature soft or hard processors that allow complete system integration. Reconfiguration can be full, reconfiguring the entire device, or partial, reconfiguring only a part of the device. The document also discusses design flows, placement and routing challenges, and references reconfigurable computing architectures.
The document discusses memory and programmable logic devices. It begins by defining random access memory (RAM) and simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs) such as programmable read-only memory (PROM), programmable array logic (PAL), and programmable logic array (PLA). RAM can be static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM). SPLDs allow implementing logic functions through configurable AND/OR arrays. PALs have a programmable AND array and fixed OR array, while PLAs have configurable AND and OR arrays.
This one sentence document appears to be a website URL, www.Vidyarthiplus.com, repeated four times. The URL www.Vidyarthiplus.com is mentioned four consecutive times without any other context or information provided.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, privacy, and resolving conflicts as managers.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
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- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
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# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
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- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
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AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
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2. ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL
EXPERIMENTATION
Engineering as Experimentation
Engineers as responsible Experimenters
Codes of Ethics
A Balanced Outlook on Law.
3. ENGINEERING AS
EXPERIMENTATION
Experimentation (Preliminary tests or Simulations) plays a
important role in the design of a product or process.
Experimentation refers the activity, process or practice of making
experiments
In all stages of converting a new engineering concept into a
design like, First rough cut design,
Usage of different types of materials and processes,
Detailed design,
Further stages of work design and
The finished product,
Experiments and tests are conducted to evaluate the product.
Modifications are made based on the outcome of these
experiments.
4.
5. Engineering Projects VS. Standard Experiments
SIMILARITIES TO STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
Partial ignorance
The project is usually executed in partial ignorance.
Uncertainties exist in the model assumed.
The behavior of materials purchased is uncertain and not
constant
Uncertainty
The final outcomes of projects are also uncertain, as in
experiments. Some times unintended results, side effects (bye-
products), and unsafe operation have also occurred.
Continuous monitoring
Monitoring continually the progress and gaining new knowledge
are needed before, during, and after execution of project as in the
case of experimentation.
6. SIMILARITIES TO
STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
Learning from the past
Engineers normally learn from their own prior designs and infer
from the analysis of operation and results
The absence of interest and channels of communication, ego in
not seeking information, guilty upon the failure, fear of legal
actions, and mere negligence have caused many a failure
Eg: Titanic lacked sufficient number of life boats—it had only 825
boats for the actual passengers of 2227, the capacity of the ship
being 3547!
In the emergent situation, all the existing life boats could not be
launched. Forty years back, another steamship Arctic met with
same tragedy due to the same problem in the same region. But
the lesson was learned
7. Experimental Control
Members for two groups should be selected in a standard
experimental control ie.,Group A and Group B.
The members of the group ‘A’ should be given the
special experimental treatment.
The group ‘B’ do not receive the same though they are in the
same environment. This group is called the ‘control group’
Though it is not possible in engineering but for the projects
which are confirmed to laboratory experiments.
Because, in engineering the experimental subjects are human
beings who are out of the control of the experimenter
So An engineer has to work only with the past data available
with various groups who use the products.
DISIMILARITIES TO STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
8. DISIMILARITIES TO
STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
Humane touch
Engineering experiments involve human souls,
their needs, views, expectations, and creative use
as in case of social experimentation
9. Informed Consent
Engineering experimentation is viewed as Societal Experiment
since the subject and the beneficiary are human beings
When new medicines have been tested, it should be
informed to the persons who undergo the test.
They have moral and legal rights to know about the fact which
is based on “informed consent” before take part in the
experiment. Engineering must also recognize these rights.
Informed consent has two main principles such as knowledge
and voluntariness
Knowledge: The persons who are put under the
experiment has to be given all the needed information to
make an appropriate decision
Voluntariness: they must enter into the experiment without
any force, fraud and deception
DISIMILARITIES TO STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
10. Valid informed consent
The consent must be given voluntarily and not by any
force.
All relevant information shall be presented/stated in a
clearly understandable form
The consenter must be capable of processing the
information and to make rational decisions in a quick
manner.
The information needed by a rational person must be
stated in a form to understand without any difficulty and
has to be spread widely.
The experimenter’s consent has to be offered in
absentia of the experimenter by a group which
represents many experiments.
11. Informed consent - Engineering
the knowledge about the product
risks and benefits of using the product
all relevant information on the product
12. Knowledge Gain:
Scientific experiments have been conducted to acquire
new knowledge. Whereas engineering projects are conducted
as experiments not for getting new knowledge
Suppose the outcomes of the experiment is best, it tells us
nothing new.
Mean while, the unexpected outcomes put us search for
new knowledge.
Engineering experiments at the most help us to
verify the adequacy of the design
to check the stability of the design parameters
prepare for the unexpected outcomes
DISIMILARITIES TO STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
13. Responsible engineers in social
experimentation
The engineers have so many responsibilities for serving
society
Conscientiousness: A primary obligation to protect the safety
of human subjects and respect their right of consent.
Relevant information: A constant awareness of the
experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of
its possible side effects and a reasonable effort to monitor
them.
Moral autonomy: Autonomous, personal involvement in all
steps of the project.
Accountability: Accepting accountability for the results of the
project.
14. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (sense
of awareness)
Conscientious means showing that one cares about the doing
things well and thoroughly
It means commitment to live according to certain values
Engineers have to be sensitive to range of moral values and
responsibilities
Willingness to develop the skill and expend the effort needed
to reach the best balance possible among various
considerations.
Conscientiousness means consciousness because mere intent
is not sufficient.
Respect foremost the safety and health of the affected, while
they seek to enrich their knowledge, rush for the profit, follow
the rules, or care for only the beneficiary
15. RELEVANT INFORMATION:
Conscientiousness is impossible without
relevant factual information.
Engineers have to show the commitment to
obtain and properly gauge all the information
related to meeting one’s moral obligations.
Moral concern involves a commitment to
obtain and assess all available pertinent
information.
16. Comprehensive Perspective
The engineer should grasp the context of his
work and ensure that the work involved
results in only moral ends.
Not to Accept Design :-A product has a built-
in obsolete or redundant component to boost
sales with a false claim
17. Moral Autonomy
Viewing engineering as social
experimentation, and anticipating unknown
consequences should promote an attitude of
questioning about the adequacy of the
existing economic and safety standards.
18. Accountablility
Means - The capacity to understand and act
on moral reasons
Means being responsible, liable, answerable
or obligated.
Morally responsible peoples are expected to
accept morally responsibility for their actions
According to standley milgram, people are
not willing to accept personal accountability
when placed under authority
19. CODES OF ETHICS
Engineering Codes of Ethics have evolved over time
Codes of ethics are propagated by various professional societies
These codes of conduct are guidelines for specific group of
professionals to help them to perform their role
What are codes of ethics:
it is also referred as codes of conduct.
It express the commitment to the ethical conduct shared by
members of a profession.
It also define the roles and responsibilities of professions
This is used to help the professionals to apply moral & ethical
principles to the specific situations encountered in professional
practice
The codes are based on 5canons- principles of ethics-integrity,
competence, individual responsibilities , professional responsibilities
and human concerns
It is also noticed that ethical codes do not establish new ethical
principles
20. Positive Roles of codes of ethics
1. Inspiration
It provides +ve inspiration for the professional to
exercises their duties effectively
2. Guidance
It provide the guidelines for achieving the duties of
professionals
3. Support for Responsible Conduct
It offers +ve and potential support to engineers to
perform their duties in ethical manner
4. discourage and disciplining professional
conduct
These codes can be used to discouraging &
punishing unethical professional conduct
21. Positive Roles of codes of ethics
5. Education and promotion of mutual
understanding
The ethical codes can be used in educational
institutions and other places for highlighting the
importance of moral issues and values
6. Contributing to positive image of the profession
It discuss a positive image to the public of an
ethically committed professions
7. Protecting the status quo(current situations)
and destroying disagreement within the
profession
8. Promoting business interests through limit of
trade
22. Some of engineering societies
ASME- American society of Mechanical
Engineers
IE- The Institution of Engineers
NSPE- National Society of professional
Engineers
IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
23. Limitations of Codes of ethics
The codes are not remedy for all evils. They have many limitations, namely
1. Codes are restricted to general and vague wording.
They cannot be straightaway applied to all situations.
2. It have internal conflicts, which may result in morel dilemma
3. The codes cant serve as the moral authority for professional
conduct
4. The circulation of codes of ethics for different branches of
engineering gives a feeling that ethical codes are relative
5. Not applicable to all situations
6. Even as members of the professional society, many are
unaware of the codes
7. Different societies have different codes
24. Balanced Outlook of Law
•A balanced outlook of laws emphasizes the
necessity of laws and regulations and their
limitations in governing engineering practice
•What is Law?
• It is a body of rules of action prescribed by controlling legal
authority and having binding legal force
• In general laws means all the rules established by authority or
custom for regulating the behavior of members of a
community or country
•Relationship between Laws and ethics:
• Ethics- what is ought to do, what is not
• Law – standard behavior required for individual
• 1969- Santa Barbara (offshore Spril)- 235000 gallon
crude oil
• 1758- babylons Building Code
• 1852 US Streamboat Code
• Baby Cribs
25. Balanced Outlook of Law
Laws with respect to social implementation
Laws are necessary because
People are not fully responsible
The companies are not encouraged to have moral
initiative due to competition
Engineers are expected to play vital role in
framing implementing and propagating the
rules of engineering. Strictly follow rules
Laws lag in technological development
Industries feel that laws are imposing
excessive restrictions on engineering
applications
26. Proper Role of Laws
The rules which govern engineering practice
should be construed as of responsible
experimentation rather than rules of a game.
In situations where the experimentation is
large and time consuming, the rules must not
try to cover all possible outcomes, and they
should not compel the engineers to follow
inflexible courses of action.
The regulation should be broad, but make
engineers accountable for their decisions,
27. Industrial Standards
Standardization primarily means setting up standards by which level,
quality, quantity, value performance or service may be evaluated
Simply, It is the process of defining and applying conditions required to
ensure that a given range of requirements can be easily met with minimum
changes in an economical and reproducible manner by the latest technique.
What are standards?
They are formed by companies for their in-house use and by professional
associations and trade associations for industry-wide use.
Some times standards are parts of laws and official regulations
ISO 9000-2000 series are typical examples in this direction
• The financial industry has given us countless scandals and front-page news stories about
financial professionals who have defrauded investors, employers and their peers.
• There is no doubt that greed is a powerful emotion, but sometimes unethical behavior
boils down to a lack of education on basic principles of financial standards
30. Benefits of standards
It helps manufacturers, clients and public
It maintain a steady and balanced
competition among industries
It ensure a measure of quality
31. Negative aspects of standards
Reduce choice for customers
It reduce initiative and interests of workers
32. Problems with law in engineering
Minimal compliance
Technological development
Many laws are ‘nolaws’ (without enforceable
sanctions)
Influential powerful persons violate the laws
33. The Challenger Disaster
A Case-study in Engineering Ethics
Shuttle Components
Orbiter
Liquid Rocket
Booster
Solid Rocket Booster
35. Chronology of the Related Events
1974
NASA contracts Morton Thiokol
1976
NASA accepts the design based on the Titan
missiles
The joints are sealed by
Two synthetic rubber O-rings,
177 clevis pins,
Heat shield putty
37. Early Problems
1977
Tests at Thiokol show O-ring leakage
Joint is made stronger by changing sizes
1981
Post-launch investigation showed O-ring erosion
due to hot gages.
38. Early Problems
January of 1985 launch
First cold-weather launch
Post-launch investigation showed joint failure
Tests showed O-rings inability to fill the gap due to
joint rotation at lower temperatures
39. Early Problems
July 1985
Thiokol redesigns the joints w/o O-rings – The
design was not ready for Challenger launch
40. Political Climate
Congress is unhappy with NASA
Competition with Russians to be the first to
observe Halley’s comet.
Pressure to launch before President
Reagan’s State of the Union Address
41. Days before Launch
First launch attempt postponed
The next launch date was set and was to be
attended by Vice President Bush.
The temperature at launch: 29 degrees F.
42. Days Before Launch
NASA starts an investigation of the effect of
low temperatures on the O-ring seals
Organization involved
NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center
Morton Thiokol
43. Engineering Investigation Before
Launch
Players at NASA
Larry Mulloy: SRB Project Manager at Marshall
Players at Thiokol
Roger Boisjoly: A SRB engineer
Arnie Johnson: A SRB engineer
Joe Kilminster: SRB engineering manager
Alan McDonald: SRB engineering director
Bob Lund: Vice president for engineering
Jerald Mason: General manager
44. Engineering Investigation Before
Launch
Boisjoly and Johnson recommend the launch
to be postponed.
Bob Lund, the VP for engineering agrees and
makes a similar recommendation.
45. Investigation Before Launch
Larry Mulloy, the NASA manager of SRB
asks Joe Kilminister, the SRB manager at
Thiokol, for his opinion.
Kilminister agrees with other Thiokol
engineers and recommends a launch
delay.
46. Investigation Before Launch
After discussion with Mason
Lund reverses his decision regarding launch!
Thiokol recommend the launch to proceed
47. The Launch in January 1986
The overnight temperatures drop to 8 F
The temperature of SRB at launch is 28 F
There is an immediate blow-by of hot gas at
launch. The seal fails quickly over an arc of
70 degrees.
48. The Launch in January 1986
The by-products of combustion forms a
glassy oxide that reseals the joint.
The brittle oxide is shattered
Hot gases quickly burn through the liquid
rocket booster
49. The Aftermath
Causes of the accident are attributed to
Inability of the O-rings to expand and seal at low
temperatures.
Heat shield putty did not perform at low
temperatures
Fits and seating of the O-ring was affected by low
temperature.
50. The Aftermath
After all the testimonials
Biosjoly is taken off the project and subtly
harassed by Thiokol management.