This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and engineers as responsible experimenters. It begins by defining experimentation and noting how engineering projects can be viewed as experiments with uncertainties. It then compares engineering projects to standard scientific experiments, noting similarities around partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. Key contrasts discussed include the lack of experimental control groups in engineering, the involvement of human subjects, and differences in the goal of gaining knowledge. The document stresses that engineers must be conscientious experimenters who consider safety, health, human rights and informed consent when developing new technologies.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers and consultants, and engineers serving as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these roles. Specifically, it examines the impacts of globalization and multinational corporations, the importance of environmental protection and sustainability, moral issues related to computer and weapons technologies, managing conflicts as an engineer-manager, and the duties of consulting engineers including ethical advertising, bidding, and prioritizing client safety.
The document discusses engineering ethics and responsibilities to employers. It covers topics like organizational culture, dimensions of culture, managerial ethos, virtues like collegiality and loyalty. It emphasizes that engineers have dual responsibilities - to their employer as well as to the public. Professional responsibilities to ensure safety and welfare of the public should take precedence over loyalty to employers if there is a conflict. Identification loyalty to employers is desirable only if they treat employees fairly and as partners in progress.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and the responsibilities of engineers. It describes how engineering projects involve iterative design, testing and redesign similar to experiments. However, engineering projects differ from experiments in that they have less experimental control, involve humans, and may not gain significant new knowledge. As experimenters, engineers must have a commitment to moral values, be aware of project impacts, be accountable, and consider the perspectives of all stakeholders. They are responsible for identifying risks and informing the public of project details and outcomes.
Engineering ethics is the study of moral issues and decisions that engineers face in their professional work. An engineering ethics course aims to increase students' ability to responsibly address moral problems raised by technology. Key issues discussed include public safety, conflicts of interest, environmental protection, honesty in research, and questionable practices like data manipulation. The goal is to sensitize students to important ethical considerations so they can think critically about moral issues and apply that thinking to make ethical decisions in their future engineering careers.
This document discusses engineering ethics and provides background information. It covers several key points:
1. Engineering ethics examines engineers' obligations to the public, clients, employers, and the profession. Codes of ethics vary by discipline and jurisdiction.
2. In the US, licensed Professional Engineers are governed by statute and generally consistent codes, while industry engineers rely more on business ethics.
3. A primary principle of engineering ethics codes is to hold paramount public safety, health and welfare. Whistleblowing is also discussed as an important ethical issue.
4. Other common ethical issues include relationships with clients/others, ensuring legal compliance, conflicts of interest, and confidentiality. Business ethics also informs engineering ethics
Unit 4-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses responsibilities like respecting authority, engaging in collective bargaining, and maintaining confidentiality to avoid conflicts of interest. The document then covers rights in the workplace, including occupational health and safety rights, employee rights, and professional rights and ethics for engineers.
The document discusses professional ethics and the balanced outlook on laws in engineering practice. It provides examples of historical codes from 1758 BC, 1852 AD, and 1871 that established regulations for builders, steamboats, and ship safety inspections. The document also summarizes the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and investigations that found NASA managers disregarded engineer warnings about low launch temperatures, violating established procedures. Overall it emphasizes that laws should establish minimum standards while allowing for responsible experimentation, with engineers prioritizing public safety above all else.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers and consultants, and engineers serving as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these roles. Specifically, it examines the impacts of globalization and multinational corporations, the importance of environmental protection and sustainability, moral issues related to computer and weapons technologies, managing conflicts as an engineer-manager, and the duties of consulting engineers including ethical advertising, bidding, and prioritizing client safety.
The document discusses engineering ethics and responsibilities to employers. It covers topics like organizational culture, dimensions of culture, managerial ethos, virtues like collegiality and loyalty. It emphasizes that engineers have dual responsibilities - to their employer as well as to the public. Professional responsibilities to ensure safety and welfare of the public should take precedence over loyalty to employers if there is a conflict. Identification loyalty to employers is desirable only if they treat employees fairly and as partners in progress.
Senses of Engineering Ethics– Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and the responsibilities of engineers. It describes how engineering projects involve iterative design, testing and redesign similar to experiments. However, engineering projects differ from experiments in that they have less experimental control, involve humans, and may not gain significant new knowledge. As experimenters, engineers must have a commitment to moral values, be aware of project impacts, be accountable, and consider the perspectives of all stakeholders. They are responsible for identifying risks and informing the public of project details and outcomes.
Engineering ethics is the study of moral issues and decisions that engineers face in their professional work. An engineering ethics course aims to increase students' ability to responsibly address moral problems raised by technology. Key issues discussed include public safety, conflicts of interest, environmental protection, honesty in research, and questionable practices like data manipulation. The goal is to sensitize students to important ethical considerations so they can think critically about moral issues and apply that thinking to make ethical decisions in their future engineering careers.
This document discusses engineering ethics and provides background information. It covers several key points:
1. Engineering ethics examines engineers' obligations to the public, clients, employers, and the profession. Codes of ethics vary by discipline and jurisdiction.
2. In the US, licensed Professional Engineers are governed by statute and generally consistent codes, while industry engineers rely more on business ethics.
3. A primary principle of engineering ethics codes is to hold paramount public safety, health and welfare. Whistleblowing is also discussed as an important ethical issue.
4. Other common ethical issues include relationships with clients/others, ensuring legal compliance, conflicts of interest, and confidentiality. Business ethics also informs engineering ethics
Unit 4-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses responsibilities like respecting authority, engaging in collective bargaining, and maintaining confidentiality to avoid conflicts of interest. The document then covers rights in the workplace, including occupational health and safety rights, employee rights, and professional rights and ethics for engineers.
The document discusses professional ethics and the balanced outlook on laws in engineering practice. It provides examples of historical codes from 1758 BC, 1852 AD, and 1871 that established regulations for builders, steamboats, and ship safety inspections. The document also summarizes the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and investigations that found NASA managers disregarded engineer warnings about low launch temperatures, violating established procedures. Overall it emphasizes that laws should establish minimum standards while allowing for responsible experimentation, with engineers prioritizing public safety above all else.
The document discusses engineering ethics and why it is important for engineers to consider ethics in their professional work. It covers several key topics:
- Engineering ethics refers to the rules and standards that govern how engineers should conduct themselves. It aims to provide guidance on balancing responsibilities to clients, costs, and risks.
- Notable engineering failures in the past have increased awareness of the far-reaching impacts of engineering on society and the need for professional responsibility.
- Questionable practices include forging data, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest while clearly wrong practices are lying, deception, and revealing confidential information.
- The goal of engineering ethics is to help engineers think critically about moral issues and apply ethical reasoning to professional situations
This document outlines several theories about what constitutes right action, including consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories. Consequentialist theories, such as ethical egoism, ethical altruism, and utilitarianism, argue that the morality of an action depends solely on its consequences. Non-consequentialist theories, such as deontological and virtue ethics theories, argue that consequences do not determine morality and that actions should be based on duty or developing good character. The document provides examples to illustrate each theory.
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
This document discusses safety and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and examines factors that influence risk perception such as voluntarism, control, and information. It also discusses techniques for assessing and reducing risk, including fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and scenario analysis. The document concludes with case studies on the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and emphasizes the importance of disaster planning, training, and ensuring safe exits in product design.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering ethics including:
- The different senses and types of inquiries in engineering ethics such as normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
- Moral dilemmas and how they can be addressed through identifying relevant moral factors, collecting facts, ranking considerations, and considering alternative actions.
- Theories of moral development including Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and Gilligan's model of an ethic of care.
- The relationship between consensus and controversy in engineering ethics issues and the need for both autonomy and authority.
- Characteristics of professions including knowledge, organization, and serving the public good.
This document discusses moral autonomy and the relationship between consensus and controversy. It defines moral autonomy as the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues. It notes that while exercising moral autonomy, individuals may arrive at different conclusions on moral issues, leading to controversy. However, some consensus is still needed. Consensus provides a framework for learning and tolerance. The document gives examples of moral dilemmas where principles conflict and no clear consensus or solution exists. It argues that authority and autonomy can be compatible if there is consensus on the role of authority.
Engineers responsibility for safety and riskStudent
This document discusses engineers' responsibility for safety and risk. It defines safety as risks being judged acceptable. Risk is potential for unwanted consequences. There are various types of risks like voluntary vs involuntary. Engineers must ensure designs comply with laws, accepted practices, and explore safer alternatives. Designing for safety involves defining problems, generating solutions, analyzing pros and cons, testing, and selecting the best solution. Risk-benefit analysis is used to determine if a project's risks are acceptable given its benefits. Accidents can be procedural from not following procedures, from design flaws, or systemic in complex technologies.
This document discusses safety, risk, and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and explains how they are related but different. Safety is when risks are known and judged as acceptable, while risk is the potential for something harmful to occur. There are various types of risks, including acceptable risks, voluntary risks, job-related risks, and public risks. Properly assessing safety and risk is important for engineers. It involves understanding uncertainties, testing for safety, and analyzing how safety, risk, and costs are interrelated for different types of products and projects. The overall goal of risk assessment is to evaluate hazards and minimize risks through added control measures to create a safer environment.
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
GE6075 - Professional Ethics in Engineering Unit V global issuesNathiyadevi K
This document discusses several topics related to engineering ethics, including multinational corporations, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consultants, expert witnesses, advisors, moral leadership, and corporate social responsibility. Multinational corporations provide benefits like jobs and technology transfer but can also raise human rights issues. Environmental ethics concerns moral issues around waste disposal, resource depletion, and climate change. Computer ethics examines the social impacts and ethical uses of technology. Engineers face challenges in roles involving weapons development, management, consulting, serving as expert witnesses, advising, and demonstrating moral leadership.
Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.SelvaganesanDr. SELVAGANESAN S
1. Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments that involve uncertainty and risks to human lives, requiring engineers to act with moral responsibility as experimenters.
2. As responsible experimenters, engineers must have a conscientious commitment to moral values, a comprehensive perspective, moral autonomy in decision making, and accountability for results.
3. Research ethics involves applying fundamental ethical principles to scientific research, including aspects like human experimentation, academic integrity, and responsible conduct of research through honesty, objectivity and respect for others.
This document discusses safety, responsibilities, and rights in engineering. It covers topics like safety and risk assessment, reducing risk, respect for authority, and employee rights. Safety is defined as risks that are known and judged acceptable. Risk is the probability of an unwanted event occurring multiplied by its consequences. Engineers must design for safety by considering legal standards, alternative safer designs, and preventing misuse. Testing prototypes is important to thoroughly ensure a product's safety.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering ethics, including:
1. Engineering ethics deals with moral issues and problems in engineering practice and seeks to understand values that should guide engineers.
2. Moral dilemmas in engineering arise from conflicts between moral reasons or values. They can be addressed through normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
3. Theories of moral development like Kohlberg's and Gilligan's help explain how individuals' reasoning about ethics changes over time. Autonomy, balancing self-interest and duties to others, is important for ethical decision making.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on professional ethics in engineering. It covers 5 units: human values, engineering ethics, engineering as social experimentation, safety responsibilities and rights, and global issues. Unit 1 discusses human values like integrity, work ethic, service learning, and caring. It also introduces concepts like morals, values, and ethics.
Engineers have a shared responsibility with managers, marketers, and the public to act as responsible experimenters. To fulfill this obligation, engineers must protect safety, consider possible risks and side effects, be personally involved in projects, and accept accountability for results. As technology professionals working within large organizations, engineers can emphasize obligations to their employers over broader duties. However, conceiving of their work as social experimentation helps restore their vision as guardians of public interests through practices like forecasting impacts, defensive design, and respecting informed consent. Acting with moral autonomy, relevant information gathering, and accountability are key features of responsible engineering.
The document discusses risk-benefit analysis and its importance. It notes that risk-benefit analysis is used unconsciously in everyday decision making to weigh risks against benefits. For products, informative risk-benefit analysis is essential for commercial success by demonstrating the level of risk patients are willing to accept to achieve benefits. However, risk-benefit analysis depends on the individual assessor and perceived risks may differ from statistical risks. The document recommends using risk-benefit analysis in project management to ensure quality and build client trust, but notes perception of risk can vary.
Why study engineering ethics and moral dilemmasEzhil Arasi
The document discusses engineering ethics and moral dilemmas. It provides an introduction to ethics and explains why engineering ethics is important to study. It discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development and uses examples like the Heinz dilemma to illustrate the stages. The document also outlines procedures for facing moral dilemmas, such as assessing situations, discussing with others, and determining the best course of action. Overall, the document aims to introduce key concepts around engineering ethics and provide guidance for addressing moral dilemmas.
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Unit 2-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various aspects of engineering ethics. It begins by defining engineering ethics as the study of related moral questions about people and organizations involved in technical activities. It then discusses the variety of moral issues engineers may face, including safety-related disasters. It also covers types of ethical inquiries, moral dilemmas, moral autonomy, and theories related to developing moral reasoning skills. The document outlines different perspectives on professional roles and responsibilities. Finally, it discusses some key theories for determining right action, including utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty-based ethics.
The document discusses similarities and differences between engineering experiments and general experiments, as well as the moral responsibilities of engineers. It addresses several questions:
1) Engineering experiments and general experiments both have uncertainties and require monitoring, but engineering experiments generally do not have a control group due to human subjects being outside the experimenter's control.
2) Engineers must obtain informed consent when experiments involve humans and properly assess information to understand wider implications of their work and mitigate harm.
3) However, it can be difficult for engineers to develop a comprehensive perspective and exercise moral commitment due to constraints like workplace pressures prioritizing employer obligations over public welfare.
The document discusses engineering ethics and why it is important for engineers to consider ethics in their professional work. It covers several key topics:
- Engineering ethics refers to the rules and standards that govern how engineers should conduct themselves. It aims to provide guidance on balancing responsibilities to clients, costs, and risks.
- Notable engineering failures in the past have increased awareness of the far-reaching impacts of engineering on society and the need for professional responsibility.
- Questionable practices include forging data, plagiarism, and conflicts of interest while clearly wrong practices are lying, deception, and revealing confidential information.
- The goal of engineering ethics is to help engineers think critically about moral issues and apply ethical reasoning to professional situations
This document outlines several theories about what constitutes right action, including consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories. Consequentialist theories, such as ethical egoism, ethical altruism, and utilitarianism, argue that the morality of an action depends solely on its consequences. Non-consequentialist theories, such as deontological and virtue ethics theories, argue that consequences do not determine morality and that actions should be based on duty or developing good character. The document provides examples to illustrate each theory.
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
This document discusses safety and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and examines factors that influence risk perception such as voluntarism, control, and information. It also discusses techniques for assessing and reducing risk, including fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and scenario analysis. The document concludes with case studies on the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and emphasizes the importance of disaster planning, training, and ensuring safe exits in product design.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering ethics including:
- The different senses and types of inquiries in engineering ethics such as normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
- Moral dilemmas and how they can be addressed through identifying relevant moral factors, collecting facts, ranking considerations, and considering alternative actions.
- Theories of moral development including Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and Gilligan's model of an ethic of care.
- The relationship between consensus and controversy in engineering ethics issues and the need for both autonomy and authority.
- Characteristics of professions including knowledge, organization, and serving the public good.
This document discusses moral autonomy and the relationship between consensus and controversy. It defines moral autonomy as the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues. It notes that while exercising moral autonomy, individuals may arrive at different conclusions on moral issues, leading to controversy. However, some consensus is still needed. Consensus provides a framework for learning and tolerance. The document gives examples of moral dilemmas where principles conflict and no clear consensus or solution exists. It argues that authority and autonomy can be compatible if there is consensus on the role of authority.
Engineers responsibility for safety and riskStudent
This document discusses engineers' responsibility for safety and risk. It defines safety as risks being judged acceptable. Risk is potential for unwanted consequences. There are various types of risks like voluntary vs involuntary. Engineers must ensure designs comply with laws, accepted practices, and explore safer alternatives. Designing for safety involves defining problems, generating solutions, analyzing pros and cons, testing, and selecting the best solution. Risk-benefit analysis is used to determine if a project's risks are acceptable given its benefits. Accidents can be procedural from not following procedures, from design flaws, or systemic in complex technologies.
This document discusses safety, risk, and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and explains how they are related but different. Safety is when risks are known and judged as acceptable, while risk is the potential for something harmful to occur. There are various types of risks, including acceptable risks, voluntary risks, job-related risks, and public risks. Properly assessing safety and risk is important for engineers. It involves understanding uncertainties, testing for safety, and analyzing how safety, risk, and costs are interrelated for different types of products and projects. The overall goal of risk assessment is to evaluate hazards and minimize risks through added control measures to create a safer environment.
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
GE6075 - Professional Ethics in Engineering Unit V global issuesNathiyadevi K
This document discusses several topics related to engineering ethics, including multinational corporations, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consultants, expert witnesses, advisors, moral leadership, and corporate social responsibility. Multinational corporations provide benefits like jobs and technology transfer but can also raise human rights issues. Environmental ethics concerns moral issues around waste disposal, resource depletion, and climate change. Computer ethics examines the social impacts and ethical uses of technology. Engineers face challenges in roles involving weapons development, management, consulting, serving as expert witnesses, advising, and demonstrating moral leadership.
Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.SelvaganesanDr. SELVAGANESAN S
1. Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments that involve uncertainty and risks to human lives, requiring engineers to act with moral responsibility as experimenters.
2. As responsible experimenters, engineers must have a conscientious commitment to moral values, a comprehensive perspective, moral autonomy in decision making, and accountability for results.
3. Research ethics involves applying fundamental ethical principles to scientific research, including aspects like human experimentation, academic integrity, and responsible conduct of research through honesty, objectivity and respect for others.
This document discusses safety, responsibilities, and rights in engineering. It covers topics like safety and risk assessment, reducing risk, respect for authority, and employee rights. Safety is defined as risks that are known and judged acceptable. Risk is the probability of an unwanted event occurring multiplied by its consequences. Engineers must design for safety by considering legal standards, alternative safer designs, and preventing misuse. Testing prototypes is important to thoroughly ensure a product's safety.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering ethics, including:
1. Engineering ethics deals with moral issues and problems in engineering practice and seeks to understand values that should guide engineers.
2. Moral dilemmas in engineering arise from conflicts between moral reasons or values. They can be addressed through normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
3. Theories of moral development like Kohlberg's and Gilligan's help explain how individuals' reasoning about ethics changes over time. Autonomy, balancing self-interest and duties to others, is important for ethical decision making.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on professional ethics in engineering. It covers 5 units: human values, engineering ethics, engineering as social experimentation, safety responsibilities and rights, and global issues. Unit 1 discusses human values like integrity, work ethic, service learning, and caring. It also introduces concepts like morals, values, and ethics.
Engineers have a shared responsibility with managers, marketers, and the public to act as responsible experimenters. To fulfill this obligation, engineers must protect safety, consider possible risks and side effects, be personally involved in projects, and accept accountability for results. As technology professionals working within large organizations, engineers can emphasize obligations to their employers over broader duties. However, conceiving of their work as social experimentation helps restore their vision as guardians of public interests through practices like forecasting impacts, defensive design, and respecting informed consent. Acting with moral autonomy, relevant information gathering, and accountability are key features of responsible engineering.
The document discusses risk-benefit analysis and its importance. It notes that risk-benefit analysis is used unconsciously in everyday decision making to weigh risks against benefits. For products, informative risk-benefit analysis is essential for commercial success by demonstrating the level of risk patients are willing to accept to achieve benefits. However, risk-benefit analysis depends on the individual assessor and perceived risks may differ from statistical risks. The document recommends using risk-benefit analysis in project management to ensure quality and build client trust, but notes perception of risk can vary.
Why study engineering ethics and moral dilemmasEzhil Arasi
The document discusses engineering ethics and moral dilemmas. It provides an introduction to ethics and explains why engineering ethics is important to study. It discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development and uses examples like the Heinz dilemma to illustrate the stages. The document also outlines procedures for facing moral dilemmas, such as assessing situations, discussing with others, and determining the best course of action. Overall, the document aims to introduce key concepts around engineering ethics and provide guidance for addressing moral dilemmas.
Senses of “Engineering Ethics” – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‟s theory – Gilligan‟s theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories
Unit 2-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various aspects of engineering ethics. It begins by defining engineering ethics as the study of related moral questions about people and organizations involved in technical activities. It then discusses the variety of moral issues engineers may face, including safety-related disasters. It also covers types of ethical inquiries, moral dilemmas, moral autonomy, and theories related to developing moral reasoning skills. The document outlines different perspectives on professional roles and responsibilities. Finally, it discusses some key theories for determining right action, including utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty-based ethics.
The document discusses similarities and differences between engineering experiments and general experiments, as well as the moral responsibilities of engineers. It addresses several questions:
1) Engineering experiments and general experiments both have uncertainties and require monitoring, but engineering experiments generally do not have a control group due to human subjects being outside the experimenter's control.
2) Engineers must obtain informed consent when experiments involve humans and properly assess information to understand wider implications of their work and mitigate harm.
3) However, it can be difficult for engineers to develop a comprehensive perspective and exercise moral commitment due to constraints like workplace pressures prioritizing employer obligations over public welfare.
This document provides information about engineering as social experimentation. It discusses how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various design stages to evaluate products. Engineering projects involve some uncertainty like standard experiments but lack experimental control and informed consent. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters to protect safety, provide relevant information, ensure moral autonomy, and accept accountability. Codes of ethics provide guidance for engineers but have limitations. Laws and standards also influence engineering while balancing various factors. The document uses the Challenger disaster as a case study of engineering ethics issues.
This document discusses engineering experiments and projects, highlighting some key similarities and differences compared to standard experiments. It notes that engineering projects and experiments involve uncertainty and require continuous monitoring. However, engineers do not always adequately learn from past failures due to various factors like lack of communication. The document also discusses informed consent requirements for engineering experiments that involve human subjects, as well as engineers' responsibilities as experimenters to act conscientiously and be accountable. It concludes by examining the role and limitations of professional codes of ethics in guiding engineers' conduct.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation. It begins by explaining how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design and product development. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various stages of the design process to evaluate designs and make modifications. While engineering projects share some similarities to scientific experiments, such as uncertainty and continuous monitoring, they also have important differences. Engineering experiments involve human subjects and consequences, requiring concepts like informed consent. The document also discusses codes of ethics for engineers and the need for a balanced approach to law and regulations regarding engineering work.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation. It begins by explaining how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design and product development. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various stages to evaluate designs and products, making modifications based on the results. While engineering projects share some similarities to standard experiments, such as uncertainty and continuous monitoring, they also have important differences. Engineering experiments involve human subjects rather than being confined to a laboratory. They must also obtain informed consent and consider human factors. The document then discusses the responsibilities of engineers as experimenters and the role of codes of ethics. It concludes by examining the proper role of laws and regulations in governing engineering practice.
Engineers face similarities and contrasts between engineering projects and standard experiments. Both involve partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. However, engineering experiments involve human needs and informed consent from customers. Engineers have responsibilities as experimenters, including moral commitment, comprehensive perspective, autonomy, and accountability. While codes of ethics provide guidance, they have limitations and engineers require a balanced outlook considering responsible experimentation over rigid rules.
Leadership Theories - Types and different styles of Leader - The New Reality ...RAJESHSKR
Engineers have a responsibility to consider engineering projects as social experiments. While preliminary tests and simulations are conducted, the entire project should also be viewed as an experiment that could pose risks. Engineers must protect safety, obtain informed consent, consider all possible impacts, and take accountability for results. However, codes of ethics only provide general guidance, and professionals still face dilemmas when social and technical factors conflict.
Engineering projects that develop new technologies can be considered social experiments, as they involve unknown outcomes and are carried out without full knowledge of how humans and the environment may impact or be impacted by the new systems. Engineers must take a responsible approach to experimental design and recognize their role in monitoring projects, identifying risks, and ensuring informed consent from the public when new technologies are tested and deployed. Laws provide minimum standards for engineering work, but true responsibility requires engineers to go beyond minimal compliance and proactively ensure new systems are thoroughly tested before being used by the public.
Engineering involves experimentation to improve products through trial and error. Engineers test preliminary simulations and conduct formal experiments on materials and processes to develop the final product. While experiments may have unexpected outcomes and involve risks, engineers must maintain safety, obtain consent, monitor results, accept accountability, and consider moral standards. Engineering work can narrow moral vision but engineers should remain conscious of unexpected adverse impacts and responsible to the public.
This document discusses engineering ethics and research. It provides guidelines for ethical research, including obtaining informed consent and protecting participants' anonymity. Engineering ethics require prioritizing public safety above all else. Research should be supported by evidence through experiments, theory, or comparison to previous work. Novice researchers must understand basic principles and validate findings through peer review. The goal of engineering research is to create new knowledge to benefit humanity while following scientific principles and ethical codes of conduct.
Professional ethics in engineering requires managing safety and risk. Engineers have a responsibility to consider how their designs may impact people and to make products as safe as reasonably possible. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. Risk is the potential for something harmful to occur, and risk acceptance varies between individuals based on factors like age, experience, and physical condition. Engineers use various methods like testing and simulation to identify risks, analyze them, and find ways to reduce risks to acceptable levels given technical limitations and costs.
Engineers have a responsibility to ensure safety and manage risk. They must consider how their designs could harm people and work to make their products safe based on an acceptable level of risk. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, assessing consequences, and controlling risks. Engineers must balance safety and cost. They also face uncertainties in design and changing conditions that require risk assessments. Regarding the environment, engineers should aim to minimize harm and promote sustainability based on approaches like utilitarianism or environmental ethics. Computer ethics similarly focuses on policies for technology's social impact and unethical uses of computers.
This document discusses the social responsibilities of engineers. It begins by exploring what having social responsibilities means for engineers, which includes prioritizing public safety and considering how their work impacts society. It then provides examples of social responsibilities, such as ensuring public safety and contributing expertise to non-profit causes. The document considers arguments against engineers having social responsibilities and counters that as creators of technology that can harm people, engineers must exercise care. It discusses models of professionalism and how engineers have a implicit social contract to serve public interests in exchange for professional privileges.
Engineering projects can be viewed as social experiments because they involve technology development and testing with human subjects. It is important to protect safety, obtain informed consent, and monitor for unintended consequences through iterative testing and design improvements. Effective engineering relies on knowledge gained both before and after releasing products to clients and consumers, who exercise most control over experiments through their purchasing decisions.
The document discusses engineering projects as social experiments, noting that they involve technology development and humans. It emphasizes the importance of protecting human subjects, obtaining informed consent, gaining knowledge from tests and experiments, and learning lessons to improve future designs. Engineers are encouraged to take a conscientious, comprehensive perspective that is aware of the experimental nature and uncertainties of projects.
The document discusses engineering projects as social experiments, noting that they involve technology development and humans. It emphasizes the importance of protecting human subjects, obtaining informed consent, gaining knowledge from tests and experiments, and learning lessons to improve future designs. Engineers are encouraged to take a conscientious, comprehensive perspective that is aware of the experimental nature and uncertainties of projects.
et up.pptx Concepts of socialinformal groups on health and sickness.SangeethaShobi
Engineering projects involve experimentation through iterative design, testing, and redesign based on feedback. While similar to scientific experiments in aspects like partial ignorance, uncertainty, and continuous monitoring, engineering experiments differ in their lack of experimental control, inclusion of human factors, and limited new knowledge gained. Informed consent is also not commonly obtained as in medical experiments. Overall, engineering can be viewed as societal experimentation.
The document describes a system that implements homomorphic encryption for pharmaceutical data. It aims to design a web application that allows employees to update sensitive data stored on the cloud or database server homomorphically. Literature on homomorphic encryption and similar systems is surveyed. The system architecture involves modules for admin, managers and employees. The application allows updating encrypted data without decrypting it first, securing the keys used for homomorphic operations. The project implements homomorphic operations and adds security through unique login credentials and encrypted key storage.
The document proposes the development of a home security system using computer vision and deep learning techniques. The system uses web cameras to detect unfamiliar persons and send alerts to homeowners. It trains a convolutional neural network (CNN) on images of authorized residents to recognize familiar faces. For unfamiliar faces that are detected for a period of time, an email alert is sent to the homeowner along with the captured image of the intruder. The system aims to help homeowners monitor their properties and receive notifications about potential threats.
This document presents a paper on fake alert detection in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The paper was presented by three students from Loyola-ICAM College of Engineering and Technology in Chennai, India. The paper proposes using Particle Swarm Optimization and Dijkstra's algorithms to identify fake nodes, find the shortest path for messages, and detect fake alerts in VANETs to enhance safety. The goal is to optimize the broadcast procedure to prevent the spread of wrong information and reduce broadcast storms.
This document proposes a cricket batsman analysis system using a single smartphone camera. It utilizes computer vision and machine learning techniques to detect the type of ball bowled and predict the optimal shot selection. The system works by detecting the pitch, tracking the ball trajectory to determine the bowling length, and then using that information to predict the shot the batsman should play. The results found the system could accurately analyze shot selection using only a smartphone camera.
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3. UNIT III
Engineering as Social Experimentation
UNIT III
Engineering as Experimentation –
Engineers as responsible Experimenters –
Codes of Ethics – A Balanced Outlook on
Law
4. Engineering as Experimentation
What is Experimentation?
• Experiment means a scientific test done carefully
to study what happens and to gain new knowledge.
• Experimentation refers to activity, process or
practice of making experiments.
5. Engineering as Experimentation
• During the course of engineer’s career, he/she is
involved in Research, Experimentation or testing
of new products.
• During the design phase, one needs to apply
various experimental procedures (which is called
experimentation).
6. Engineering as Experimentation
• In engineering, each and every stage of product or
process development, experiments are conducted.
• In each stage, there may be uncertainty.
• Engineers cannot afford to delay projects until all
information is received.
• Thus the final outcome of an experiment could be
uncertain.
• Therefore, one can view each engineering
work/project/activity as an experiment.
7. Engineering as Experimentation
Engineering as a Social Experimentation
• Engineering is not an experiment solely in a lab
under controlled conditions.
• It is an experiment on society involving lives of
human beings.
• So, engineering can be referred as a Social
Experimentation.
• It involves design, implementation, testing & re-
designing, re-testing, and many other activities.
10. Similarities
1. Partial Ignorance
• The project is usually executed in partial ignorance.
• Uncertainties exist in the model assumed. The behavior of materials
purchased is uncertain and not constant (that is certain!).
• They may vary with the suppliers, processed lot, time, and the process
used in shaping the materials (e.g., sheet or plate, rod or wire, forged or
cast or welded).
• There may be variations in the grain structure and its resulting
failure stress. It is not possible to collect data on all variations.
• In some cases, extrapolation, interpolation, assumptions of linear
behavior over the range of parameters, accelerated testing,
simulations, and virtual testing are resorted.
• Uncertainties in
• Design Calculations
• Exact properties of raw materials used
• Nature of working of final product
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
11. Similarities
2. Uncertainty
• The final outcome of projects
experiments.
are also uncertain as in
• Sometimes, unintended results, side effects (bye-
products) and unsafe operations have also occurred.
• Unexpected risks, such as
• undue seepage in a storage dam,
• leakage of nuclear radiation from an atomic power plant,
• presence of pesticides in food or soft drink bottle,
• an new irrigation canal spreading water-borne diseases, and
• an unsuspecting hair dryer causing lung cancer on the user
from the asbestos gasket used in the product
have been reported.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
12. Uncertainties occurred in the model
designs:
Model used for the design calculations.
Exact characteristics of the materials
purchased.
Constancies of materials used for
processing and fabrication.
Nature of the pressure, the finished
product will encounter.
13. Similarities
3. Continuous Monitoring
• In case of experimentation, monitoring is a
continuous process that helps in progress and
gaining new knowledge.
• Monitoring is the activity of periodical observations.
• Performance of a product is to be monitored even
during the use of the product by end user.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
14. Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
Similarities
4. Learning from the past
• Engineers normally learn from their own previous
designs and infer from the analysis of operation and
results, and sometimes from the reports of other
engineers.
• It does not happen frequently. Many failures have
been caused due to the following reasons.
• Absence of interest
• Mere Negligence
• Ego in not seeking information
• Fear of legal actions
• Guilty upon failure
18. Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
Contrasts
1. Experimental Control
• In standard experiments, members for study are selected into
two groups namely A and B at random.
• Group A are given special treatment. Group B is given no
treatment and is called the ‘Controlled Group’.
• They are placed in the same environment as the other group A.
• This process is called the Experimental Control. (adopted in the field
of medicine).
• In engineering, this does not happen except when the project
is confined to laboratory.
• This is because it is the clients or consumers who choose the product,
exercise the control.
• It is not possible to make a random selection of participants from various
groups. In Engineering, through random sampling, the survey is made
from among the users, to assess the results on the product.
19. Contrasts
2. Humane touch
• Engineering experiments involve human souls, their
needs, views, expectations and creative use as in case
of social experimentation.
• This point of view is not agreed by many of the
engineers.
• But now the quality engineers and managers have
fully realized this humane aspect.
• For example, testing of drugs on human being violates the act of
humane.
• This should be completely banned and people have to recognize
what is happening to them.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
20. experimentation.
• Informed consent in medical
not there in
experimentation. Such
is practiced
a practice is
scientific laboratory experiments.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
Contrasts
3. Informed Consent
• Informed Consent refers to the agreement or the
permission to conduct an engineering experiment.
• Engineering Experimentation is viewed as social
experiment. In medical practice, moral and legal rights
have been recognized while planning for
21. Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
Contrasts
3. Informed Consent (contd.)
• Informed consent is said to have two basic elements.
1. Knowledge
2. Voluntariness
• Knowledge: Subject should be given all information
to make the decision whether to participate in the
experiment or not.
• Voluntariness: Subject should take part in the
experiment without force, fraud or deception. Respect
for rights of minorities to dissent and compensation
for harmful effect are assumed here.
22. Contrasts
3. Informed Consent (contd.)
• For a valid consent, the following four conditions are
to be fulfilled.
1. Consent must be voluntary.
2. All relevant information should be presented in a clearly
understandable form.
3. Consenter should be capable of processing the
information and make rational decisions.
4. Subject’s consent may be offered in proxy by a group that
represents many subjects of like-interests.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
23. Contrasts
3. Informed Consent (contd.)
• When bringing an engineering product to market,
‘Informed Consent’ helps the customer to know the
following:
1. Knowledge about the product
2. Risks and benefits of using the product and
3. All relevant information on the product
• Voluntary and Involuntary risks
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
24. Contrasts
4. Knowledge gained
• Scientific experiments are conducted with an intention to gain
new knowledge, but ‘engineering experiments’ are not designed
to produce much knowledge.
• From the models tested in the laboratory to the pilot plant tested
in the field, there are differences in performance as well as other
outcomes.
1. Engineering experiments help us
2. To verify the acceptability of the design
3. To check the stability of the design parameters
4. To prepare for the unexpected outcomes in the actual field
environment.
• From the models tested in the laboratory to the pilot plant tested
in the field, there are differences in performance as well as other
outcomes.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments
25. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
• Engineers are not alone in the field.
• Their responsibility is shared with organizations, people,
government and others.
• No doubt the engineers share a greater responsibility while
monitoring the projects, identifying the risks, and informing the
clients and the public with facts. Based on this, they can take
decisions to participate or protest or promote.
• Engineer, as an experimenter, owe several responsibilities to the
society, namely,
• Conscientiousness
• Comprehensive Perspective
• Moral Autonomy
• Accountability
26. Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness implies consciousness (sense of awareness).
Conscientiousness implies a desire to do a task well. Conscientious
people are efficient and organized as opposed to easy-going and
disorderly. –
As holding the responsible profession with maintaining full range moral
ethics and values which are relevant to the situation.
People must be conscientious about their responsibilities and moral
values. (Conscientious moral commitment).
In short, engineers must possess open eyes, open ears, and an open
mind (i.e., moral vision, moral listening, and moral reasoning).
This makes the engineers as social experimenters, respect foremost the
safety and health of the affected, while they seek to enrich their
knowledge, rush for the profit, follow the rules, or care for only the
beneficiary.
The human rights of the participant should be protected through
voluntary and informed consent.
27. Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Conscientiousness
• Engineers should have open eyes, open ears and open mind. –
One who thinks of oneself and one’s benefits alone cannot be
moral agents.
• Example: Engineers should not involve in the negative duties
such as altering data by fraud, violating patent right and
breaking confidentiality.
• Conscientious moral commitment means
• Being sensitive to full range of responsibilities and moral
values
• Willingness to develop skills and expend energy needed to
reach the balance possible among those considerations.
28. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Conscientiousness
Replicable Facets of conscientiousness
• Researchers have revealed 5 replicable facets of
conscientiousness (on the lower-order structure of
conscientiousness)
• Orderliness
• Self-control
• Industriousness
• Responsibility
• Traditionality
31. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Comprehensive Perspective
• Engineers should grasp the context of his work and ensure that the
work results in only moral ends. One should not ignore his
conscience if the product or project that he is involved will result in
damaging the nervous system of the people.
• A product has been built using obsolete or redundant components to
boost sales with a false claim.
• In possessing of the perspective of factual information, the engineer
should exhibit a moral concern and not agree for this design.
Sometimes, the guilt is transferred to the government or the
competitors. Some organizations think that they will let the
government find the fault or let the fraudulent competitor be caught
first.
• A full scale environmental or social impact study of a
product/project by individual engineers is useful (but not possible in
practice).
32. Moral Autonomy
Autonomy means ‘Self-determining’ or ‘Independent’
Moral Autonomy is the ability to think critically and
independently about moral
thinking to situations that
issues and apply this normal
arise during the professional
engineering practice.
• In other words, moral autonomy means the skill and habit of
thinking rationality on ethical issues based on moral concern.
• i.e., it is concerned with the independent attitude of an
individual related to ethical issues.
• It is the ability to arrive at reasoned moral views based on the
responsiveness to human values.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
33. Moral Autonomy
Factors influencing the Moral Concern (of a person)
• Atmosphere in which the person is brought up in his childhood.
• One’s relationship with friends and relatives.
• One’s interaction with neighbors.
• One’s family structure and family’s economy.
• Influence of religious institutions such as temples, churches,
mosques etc.
• Influence of educational institutions such as schools, colleges etc.
• Influence of teachers and other mentors.
• Influence of media like newspapers, novels, movies, television etc.
• Influence of some social events.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
34. Moral Autonomy
Skills required to improve Moral Autonomy (given by Mike Martin and
Roland Schinizinger)
• Proficiency in recognizing moral problems and issues in
engineering.
• Skill in understanding, clarifying, and critically evaluating the
arguments, which are against the moral issues.
• Ability to form consistent and complete perspectives on the basis of
relevant facts.
• Ability to make imaginative and creative alternative solutions
under difficult situations.
• Sensitivity to valid difficulties and delicacies. (i.e. sensitivity to
others’ views, problems, and sufferings.)
• Adequate knowledge to use the common ethical language so as to
support or defend one’s moral views with others.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
35. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Accountability
• Accountability refers to the act of being willing to
be open
situations.
• Engineers
and responsive to the appropriate
should be aware of their personal
responsibilities for their work and co-operate in a
risky enterprise in which they practice their
personal expertise and lead towards goal.
38. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
1. A conscientious commitment is necessary to
live by moral values.
2. A comprehensive perspective on relevant
information.
3. Unrestricted free-personal involvement in all
steps of the project/product development
(autonomy).
4. Be accountable for the results of the projects
(accountability).
39. Ethics in Research
• Research Ethics involves the application of
fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics
involving scientific research.
• These include
• Design and Implementation of research involving
human experimentation.
• Animal Experimentation
• Various aspects of academic scandal
• Scientific misconduct (fraud, fabrication of data)
• Whistleblowing; Regulation of research etc.
40. Integrity (Unit 1)
4. Academic Integrity
Honesty
honesty
engineer.
as an engineer
in studying to
begins with
become an
Academic integrity is the importance of
an institution’s reputation.
Integrity in research is about promoting
excellence in pursuing truth.
41. Integrity (Unit 1)
5. Research Integrity
Research should be guided by what
Richard Feynman calls a kind of utter
honesty.
Integrity in research is about promoting
excellence in pursuing truth.
For example, if we’re doing an
experiment, we should report everything.
42.
43.
44. Ethics in Research
• Research Ethics is most developed as a concept in
medical research.
• Research in the social sciences presents a different
set of issues than those in medical research.
• Many ethical issues to be considered;
• Sociologists need to have responsibility to get the
permission of all those involved in the study.
• There is a duty to protect the rights of people and their
privacy.
• Confidentiality of those involved in the observation
must be carried out.
45. Ethics in Research
Research – Cost and Benefits - Analysis
Ethics in research are very important when persons are going
to conduct an experiment.
• Ethics should be applied on all stages of research (planning,
conducting and evaluating research project).
• The first thing to do before designing a study is to consider the
potential cost and benefits of the research.
46. Ethics in Research
Ethical Standards
Researchers should do the following as per the standard of
research ethics
• Avoid any risk of considerably harming people, environment or
property unnecessarily.
• Obtain informed consent from all involved in the study.
• Preserve privacy and confidentiality whenever possible.
• Not offer big rewards or enforce binding contracts for the study.
• Not skew their conclusions based on funding.
• Not commit science fraud, falsify research data
• Not use the position as a peer reviewer to give sham peer
reviews to punish or damage fellow scientists.
47. Ethics in Research
Codes and Policies for Research Ethics
Many government agencies such as
• National Institute of Health (NIH)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
•US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
have ethics rules for funded researchers.
48. Ethics in Research
The following is a general summary of some ethical principles.
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible Publication
9. Responsible Mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues
11. Social Responsibility
12. Non-Discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Animal Care
16. Human Subjects Protection
50. A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help
professionals (Engineers) conduct business honestly and
with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the
mission and values of the business or organization, how
professionals are supposed to approach problems, the
ethical principles based on the organization's core values,
and the standards to which the professional is held.
A code of ethics, is also referred to as an "ethical code“.
A code of ethics is a guiding set of principles intended to
instruct professionals to act in a manner that is honest and
that is beneficial to all stakeholders involved. A code of
ethics is drafted by a business and tailored made to the
specific industry at hand, requiring all employees of that
business to adhere to the code.
Codes of Ethics
51. A code of ethics in business is a set of guiding principles
intended to ensure a business and its employees act with
honesty and integrity in all facets of its day-to-day
operations and to only engage in acts that promote a
benefit to society.
Codes of Ethics
52. Codes of Ethics
• Engineering is an important and learned profession.
• Engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards
of honesty and integrity.
• Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality
of life for all people.
• Accordingly, services provided by engineers require
honesty, impartiality, fairness and equity, and must be
dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety
and welfare.
• Engineers must perform under a standard of
professional behavior .
53. Codes of Ethics
Purpose of Code of Ethics
• It provides a framework for ethical judgment for a
professional.
• It also expresses the commitment to ethical conducts
by a professional.
• It does not establish new ethical principles and
standards, but re-implement them.
• It defines roles, and responsibilities of professionals.
• It serves as a guide, and strengthens a professional by
his correct behavior.
54. Codes of Ethics
Features of Engineering Code of Ethics
• The highest ethical obligation of engineers is to the
“safety, health and welfare of the public”.
• Engineers must also act for clients or employers as
faithful agents or trustees.
• Engineers must practice only in their areas of
competence.
• Engineers must act objectively, truthfully and in a
way that avoids deception and misrepresentation,
especially to the public.
55. Codes of Ethics
National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)
• Engineers, as the fulfillment of their professional
duties, shall do the following:
• Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the
public.
• Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
• Perform services only in areas of their competence.
• Avoid deceptive acts.
• Issue public statement only in an objective and truthful
manner.
56. Codes of Ethics
Professional Obligations
The following points are to be kept in mind, while
following ethical codes,
• Engineers shall be guided in all their relations, by the highest
standards of honesty and integrity.
• Engineers shall be ready at all times to serve the public interest.
• Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by
conflicting interests.
• Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely,
directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects,
practice, or employment of other engineers.
• Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their
professional activities provided.
57. Codes of Ethics
Other types of Codes
Some organizations that provides codes for engineers
are given below.
• Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
58. CODES OF ETHICS
- ROLE OF CODES
ROLE OF CODES (Advantages)
(The ‘codes of ethics’ exhibit, rights, duties, and obligations of
the members of a profession and a professional society. The codes
exhibit the following essential roles:
1. Inspiration and guidance. The codes express the collective
commitment of the profession to ethical conduct and public good
and thus inspire the individuals. They identify primary
responsibilities and provide statements and guidelines on
interpretations for the professionals and the professional societies.
2. Support to engineers. The codes give positive support to
professionals for taking stands on moral issues. Further they serve
as potential legal support to discharge professional obligations.
59. CODES OF ETHICS
- ROLE OF CODES
3. Deterrence (discourage to act immorally) and discipline
(regulate to act morally). The codes serve as the basis for
investigating unethical actions. The professional societies
sometimes revoke membership or suspend/expel the
members, when proved to have acted unethical. This
sanction along with loss of respect from the colleagues and
the society are bound to act as deterrent
4. Education and mutual understanding. Codes are used to
prompt discussion and reflection on moral issues. They
develop a shared understanding by the professionals,
public, and the government on the moral responsibilities of
the engineers. The Board of Review of the professional
societies encourages moral discussion for educational
purposes.
60. CODES OF ETHICS
- ROLE OF CODES
5) Create good public image. The codes present positive image of
the committed profession to the public, help the engineers to
serve the public effectively. They promote more of self regulation
and lessen the government regulations. This is bound to raise the
reputation of the profession and the organization, in establishing
the trust of the public.
6) Protect the status quo. They create minimum level of ethical
conduct and promotes agreement within the profession. Primary
obligation namely the safety, health, and welfare of the public,
declared by the codes serves and protects the public.
7) Promotes business interests. The codes offer inspiration to the
entrepreneurs, establish shared standards, healthy competition,
and maximize profit to investors, employees, and consumers.
61. Limitations of codes
The codes are not remedy for all evils. They have many
limitations, namely:
1) General and vague wordings. Many statements are general in
nature and hence unable to solve all problems.
2) Not applicable to all situations. Codes are not sacred, and need
not be accepted without criticism. Tolerance for criticisms of the
codes themselves should be allowed.
3) Often have internal conflicts. Many times, the priorities are
clearly spelt out, e.g., codes forbid public remarks critical of
colleagues (engineers), but they actually discovered a major
bribery, which might have caused a huge loss to the exchequer.
4) They cannot be treated as final moral authority for
professional conduct. Codes have flaws by commission and
omission. There are still some grey areas undefined by codes.
They cannot be equated to laws. After all, even laws have
loopholes and they invoke creativity in the legal practitioners.
62. Limitations of codes….
5) Only a few enroll as members in professional society
and non-members cannot be compelled.
6) even as members of the professional society, many are
unaware of the codes
7) Different societies have different codes. The codes
cannot be uniform or same! Unifying the codes may
not necessarily solve the problems prevailing various
professions, but attempts are still made towards these
unified codes.
8) Codes are said to be coercive. They are sometimes
claimed to be threatening and forceful.
63. A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW
The ‘balanced outlook on law’
practice stresses the necessity
in engineering
of laws and
regulations and also their limitations in directing and
controlling the engineering practice.
In order to live, work and play together in harmony
as a society, there must be a balance between
individual needs and desires against collective needs
and desires.
Only ethical conduct can provide such a balance.
So the codes must be enforced with the help of laws.
64. Laws are necessary because,
people are not fully responsible by themselves
and because of the competitive nature of the
free enterprise, which does not encourage moral
initiatives.
Laws are needed to provide a minimum level of
compliance.
A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. The following codes are typical examples of
how they were enforced in the past:
Code for Builders by Hammurabi
Hammurabi the king of Babylon in 1758
framed the following code for the builders:
A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW
70. A Balanced Outlook on Law
Code for Builders by Hammurabi
Hammurabi, the King of Babylon in 1758 frame the following code for the
builders.
•If a builder has built a house for a man and has not made his work sound , and
the house which he has built has fallen down and caused death of the
householder , that builder shall be put to death.
•If it causes the death of the householder’s son, they shall put that builder’s son
to death.
• If it causes the death of the householder’s slave, he shall give slave for slave to
the house holder.
•If it destroys property, he shall replace anything it has destroyed; and because
he has not made the house sound which he has built and it has fallen down, he
shall rebuild the house which has fallen down from his own property.
•If a builder has built a house for a man and does not make his work perfect and
a wall bulges, that builder shall pout that wall in sound condition at his own
cost.
• This code was expected to put in self-regulation seriously in those years.
71. A Balanced Outlook on Law
Steam Boat Code in USA
•Whenever there is a crisis, we claim that there ought to be law to
control this.
• Whenever there is a fire accident in a factory or fire cracker’s store
house or boat capsize, we make this claim, and soon forget.
•Laws are meant to be interpreted for minimal compliance. On the
other hand, laws when amended or updated continuously would be
counterproductive.
•Laws will always lag behind the technological development. The
regulatory or inspection agencies such Environmental Authority of India
can play a major role by framing rules and enforcing compliance.
• In the early 19th century, a law as passed in USA to provide for
inspection of the safety of boilers and engines in ships.
•It was amended many times and now the standards formulated by
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers are followed.
72. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Industrial Standards:
• The optimum criteria for any industry to function and
carry out operation in their respective fields of
production.
• Industrial standards envisage the regulated, lawful,
logical usage in the segment of the economy dealing
with industrialization.
• E.g. size of the tire (automobile industry)
• The global economy is also affected by industrial
standard.
73. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Roles of Industrial Standards:
• Administration and legislative bodies are also benefited by
the Industrial standards.
• Standardization facilitates a healthy competition and
designing of new concepts.
• Industrial standards ascertain the rank of an industry in the
economic set up of a country.
• Optimum standards facilitate the creation of political as
well as business related advantages.
Two major factors of Industrial Standards:
• Specification
• Standardization
74. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Pros and Cons of Standardization
Advantages:
• Cost Reduction
• Improved Quality
• Enhanced Customer Preference
• Global Customer
• Global Segments
• Time to Market
Disadvantages:
• Lack of Uniqueness
• Vulnerability to trade barriers
• Strong Local Competitors
75. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Table 1 Industrial Standards
Aspects Purpose Examples
1. Quality Value appropriate to
price
Surface finish of a
plate, life of motor…
2. Quality of Service Assurance of product
to ISO procedures
Quality of degrees,
according to
institutions
3. Safety To safeguard against
injury/damage to
property
Methods of waste
disposal…
4. Uniformity of
physical properties
and functions
Interchangeability, case
of assembly
Standard bolts, nits and
standard time…
76. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
International Standards Organization (ISO)
ISO 9000 Quality management
ISO 14000 Environmental management
ISO 3166 Country codes
ISO 26000 Social responsibility
ISO 50001 Energy management
ISO 31000 Risk management
ISO 22000 Food safety management
ISO 27001 Information security management
ISO 45001 Occupational health and safety
ISO 37001 Anti bribery management systems
77. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) specifies the standards
used for industrial activities in Japan.
Old Symbol New Symbol
78. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) - Standards classification and numbering
Standards are named like "JIS X 0208:1997", where X denotes area division, followed by
four digits (or five digits for some of the standards corresponding ISO standards), and the
revision release year. Divisions of JIS and significant standards are:
A – Civil Engineering and Architecture
B – Mechanical Engineering
JIS B 7021-1989 – Classification and Water Resistibility of Water Resistant Watches for
General Use
JIS B 7512-1993 – Steel tape measures
JIS B 7516-1987 – Metal Rules
C – Electronic and Electrical Engineering
JIS C 0920:2003 – Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
JIS C 7012 Type designation system for discrete semiconductor devices
JIS C 8800 Glossary of terms for fuel cell power systems
D – Automotive Engineering
E – Railway Engineering
F – Ship building
G – Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy
H – Nonferrous materials and metallurgy