This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, privacy, and resolving conflicts as managers.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers and consultants, and engineers serving as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these roles. Specifically, it examines the impacts of globalization and multinational corporations, the importance of environmental protection and sustainability, moral issues related to computer and weapons technologies, managing conflicts as an engineer-manager, and the duties of consulting engineers including ethical advertising, bidding, and prioritizing client safety.
professional ethics chapter 5- global issues, business and environmental ethi...05AkshithaaMP
Global issues are problems that affect the entire planet and potentially all people living on it, such as climate change. Globalization integrates countries through commerce, technology transfer, and cultural exchange. Multinational corporations operate in multiple countries and can benefit both host and home economies but also cause social and environmental problems. Business ethics principles for multinational corporations include respecting human rights and cultures in host countries and providing fair compensation. Environmental ethics concerns the moral issues around protecting the environment from harm caused by industry, technology, and human activities like waste disposal. Major global environmental issues include plastic waste, e-waste, pollution from industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This PPT is about Environmental ethics, engineering, ecology and economics of environmental ethics. Sustainable development, Our common future, Government role in maintaining environment, market mechanisms for sustainable environment, communities and environment, social activism.
5 - Anthology on the Ethical Issues in Engineering Practice (presented in a M...Youness Lahdili
This document discusses three key ethical issues in engineering practice: environmental ethics, computer ethics, and ethics in research. For environmental ethics, it discusses engineers' responsibility to consider the environmental impacts of the technologies they design and to follow principles of sustainable design. For computer ethics, it discusses issues like intellectual property, privacy, and how computers impact society. Engineers must ensure ethical use of computers. For research ethics, it discusses the importance of conducting research ethically and avoiding falsifying data. Engineers have a duty to protect participants and keep data accurate.
This document discusses environmental ethics, including its key features and different approaches. It provides definitions and discusses the following main points:
1. Environmental ethics aims to provide ethical justification for environmental protection and considers extending ethics to include non-human entities. It is interdisciplinary and global in scope.
2. The modern construction of environmental ethics emerged in response to environmental crises in the 1960s-1970s.
3. There are different schools of environmental ethics that take varying approaches such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism.
4. Aldo Leopold's land ethic argues that the appropriate unit for moral concern is the ecosystem and its integrity and stability
The document discusses the role of science in pursuing sustainable development and the values of teaching science. Regarding sustainable development, it states that science should provide information to help formulate environmental and development policies and enhance understanding of issues. It also discusses how science can help in areas like energy use, closing substance cycles, environmentally friendly transportation, green chemistry, biotechnology, and sustainability. Regarding values of teaching science, it outlines intellectual, social, practical, disciplinary, recreational, moral, and aesthetic values gained from learning science.
This document discusses the role of science in pursuing sustainable development and the values of teaching science. Regarding sustainable development, it states that science should provide information to help formulate environmental and development policies and enhance understanding of long-term impacts. It identifies several areas where science can contribute, including new energy technologies, closed-loop production processes, environmentally-friendly transportation, green chemistry, biotechnology, and optimizing interactions between nature, society and the economy. Regarding values of teaching science, it discusses the intellectual, social, practical/utilitarian, disciplinary, and recreational benefits of learning science, such as developing critical thinking, understanding societal impacts, applying knowledge to daily life, fostering scientific habits, and enjoyment.
The document discusses upcoming lectures and events related to environmental science and sustainability. It provides an overview of discussion groups for an IB105 class. It also announces upcoming talks on animal law, the origins of species, Yellowstone volcano activity, floods in Brazil, and sustainability. Key concepts around sustainable development, renewable and nonrenewable resources, and individual, corporate, and economic approaches to environmental ethics are summarized.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers and consultants, and engineers serving as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these roles. Specifically, it examines the impacts of globalization and multinational corporations, the importance of environmental protection and sustainability, moral issues related to computer and weapons technologies, managing conflicts as an engineer-manager, and the duties of consulting engineers including ethical advertising, bidding, and prioritizing client safety.
professional ethics chapter 5- global issues, business and environmental ethi...05AkshithaaMP
Global issues are problems that affect the entire planet and potentially all people living on it, such as climate change. Globalization integrates countries through commerce, technology transfer, and cultural exchange. Multinational corporations operate in multiple countries and can benefit both host and home economies but also cause social and environmental problems. Business ethics principles for multinational corporations include respecting human rights and cultures in host countries and providing fair compensation. Environmental ethics concerns the moral issues around protecting the environment from harm caused by industry, technology, and human activities like waste disposal. Major global environmental issues include plastic waste, e-waste, pollution from industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This PPT is about Environmental ethics, engineering, ecology and economics of environmental ethics. Sustainable development, Our common future, Government role in maintaining environment, market mechanisms for sustainable environment, communities and environment, social activism.
5 - Anthology on the Ethical Issues in Engineering Practice (presented in a M...Youness Lahdili
This document discusses three key ethical issues in engineering practice: environmental ethics, computer ethics, and ethics in research. For environmental ethics, it discusses engineers' responsibility to consider the environmental impacts of the technologies they design and to follow principles of sustainable design. For computer ethics, it discusses issues like intellectual property, privacy, and how computers impact society. Engineers must ensure ethical use of computers. For research ethics, it discusses the importance of conducting research ethically and avoiding falsifying data. Engineers have a duty to protect participants and keep data accurate.
This document discusses environmental ethics, including its key features and different approaches. It provides definitions and discusses the following main points:
1. Environmental ethics aims to provide ethical justification for environmental protection and considers extending ethics to include non-human entities. It is interdisciplinary and global in scope.
2. The modern construction of environmental ethics emerged in response to environmental crises in the 1960s-1970s.
3. There are different schools of environmental ethics that take varying approaches such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism.
4. Aldo Leopold's land ethic argues that the appropriate unit for moral concern is the ecosystem and its integrity and stability
The document discusses the role of science in pursuing sustainable development and the values of teaching science. Regarding sustainable development, it states that science should provide information to help formulate environmental and development policies and enhance understanding of issues. It also discusses how science can help in areas like energy use, closing substance cycles, environmentally friendly transportation, green chemistry, biotechnology, and sustainability. Regarding values of teaching science, it outlines intellectual, social, practical, disciplinary, recreational, moral, and aesthetic values gained from learning science.
This document discusses the role of science in pursuing sustainable development and the values of teaching science. Regarding sustainable development, it states that science should provide information to help formulate environmental and development policies and enhance understanding of long-term impacts. It identifies several areas where science can contribute, including new energy technologies, closed-loop production processes, environmentally-friendly transportation, green chemistry, biotechnology, and optimizing interactions between nature, society and the economy. Regarding values of teaching science, it discusses the intellectual, social, practical/utilitarian, disciplinary, and recreational benefits of learning science, such as developing critical thinking, understanding societal impacts, applying knowledge to daily life, fostering scientific habits, and enjoyment.
The document discusses upcoming lectures and events related to environmental science and sustainability. It provides an overview of discussion groups for an IB105 class. It also announces upcoming talks on animal law, the origins of species, Yellowstone volcano activity, floods in Brazil, and sustainability. Key concepts around sustainable development, renewable and nonrenewable resources, and individual, corporate, and economic approaches to environmental ethics are summarized.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on applying research results ethically. The presentation was given by 5 students and covered topics like environmental impacts, ethics, copyright, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism. It emphasizes that research results should not harm the environment or violate ethics. Researchers must properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism. Environmental impacts of concern include plastic waste, e-waste, depletion of the ozone layer, industrial waste, and global warming. The presentation also discusses data protection, informed consent, research on embryos/fetuses, dual use of technology, animal research, and research involving developing countries.
The document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, and technology transfer. It addresses the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in host countries, including respecting basic human rights and adopting appropriate technology. Environmental ethics for engineers are also covered, emphasizing sustainable development and environmental protection. Some specific environmental issues discussed include plastic waste, e-waste, industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This document discusses several global issues related to engineering, including multinational corporations, globalization, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, and engineers as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these contexts.
environmental ethics approaches and theories.pptxSehrishSarfraz2
The document discusses environmental ethics and its core principles. It defines environmental ethics as the study of human moral obligations toward the environment. The core principles discussed are intrinsic value, interconnectedness, stewardship, and sustainability. The document also outlines several theories of environmental ethics, including anthropocentrism, biocentrism, ecocentrism, deep ecology, and ecofeminism. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of critically engaging with these theories to guide ethical human-environment interactions and promote well-being for all species.
This chapter examines business and environmental ethics, including:
1) The meaning of ecology and ecosystems, and how business impacts the environment.
2) Traditional business views of the environment as unlimited and views of pollution costs.
3) The ethics of environmental protection and debates around who should pay pollution costs.
4) Approaches to environmental goals like regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.
5) Deeper questions around obligations to future generations and animal welfare.
The document discusses ethics trends that have changed business expectations and developments in response. It covers stakeholders, factors affecting expectations like environmental concerns, and issues like environmental ethics, pesticides, air pollution, and climate change. It also discusses moral sensitivity, fairness, discrimination, activist stakeholders, economic pressures, financial scandals, and governance failures. The high-level purpose is to explore how ethics trends have shaped business expectations and the responses that have emerged.
14.02, Wennersten — Lecture intro to industrial ecologyWDC_Ukraine
The document discusses the concept of industrial ecology and outlines several key topics:
1. It defines industrial ecology as the study of technological systems and their interactions with the natural world to enable global sustainability.
2. It provides examples of tools used in industrial ecology like life cycle analysis and material flow accounting.
3. It discusses the dimensions of industrial ecology including its scientific, temporal, spatial, sectoral aspects as well as development in different regions.
4. Specific cases like the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark and the Hammarby Model of an urban residential area with reduced environmental load are examined.
This document discusses several issues related to business ethics and the environment. It describes how businesses can harm the environment through resource extraction and waste disposal, damaging ecosystems. It also discusses how traditional business attitudes ignored environmental protection. Pressure from groups and consumers is increasing scrutiny of business practices. There are arguments that acting ethically is both good for business through customer support and higher costs of ethical practices. The document examines different approaches to allocating the costs of environmental protection, such as regulations, incentives, pricing mechanisms, and pollution permits.
This document discusses several topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues faced by engineers. It covers multinational corporations and their environmental and social responsibilities. It also discusses environmental ethics, noting engineers' duties to assess environmental impacts, establish pollution standards, implement countermeasures, and increase environmental awareness. Specific global environmental issues covered include plastic waste disposal, e-waste disposal, industrial waste disposal, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
Environmental Ethics and social responsibility / Ethics and social responsibi...Samir (G. Husain)
1) Environmental ethics studies the moral relationship between humans and the natural environment, including non-human individuals. It provides a framework for protecting the environment through various approaches like ecocentrism, anthropocentrism, and technocentrism.
2) Principles of environmental ethics include preserving biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, avoiding harm, and conducting environmental impact assessments before altering nature.
3) Social responsibility means individuals are accountable for fulfilling civic duties, balancing economic growth with environmental welfare, and preserving resources for future generations through efforts like conservation, pollution control, and sustainable practices.
This document provides an introduction to environmental science and environmental education. It discusses how humans now have the power to impact the environment through resource extraction, waste production, and modification of the natural world in ways that threaten both human and other species' existence. It also notes that while solutions to environmental problems are understood, implementing them faces social, economic, and political challenges. The document defines key terms like environment, environmental science, ecology, and sustainable civilization. It also outlines the scientific method and different levels of ecological organization.
The speaker, Hazel Henderson, is the founder of Ethical Markets Media, LLC and the creator and co-executive Producer of its TV series. She is a world renowned futurist, evolutionary economist, a worldwide syndicated columnist, consultant on sustainable development, and author of The Axiom and Nautilus award-winning book Ethical Markets: Growing the Green Economy (2006) and eight other books. She co-edited, with Harlan Cleveland and Inge Kaul, The UN: Policy and Financing Alternatives, Elsevier Scientific, UK 1995 (US edition, 1996).
This chapter discusses the nature of environmental science and interrelationships. It covers key topics including:
- Environmental science is interdisciplinary and includes both scientific and social aspects of human impacts.
- Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is considered part of its environment.
- There are interrelationships among seemingly unrelated factors, and tugging on one part can impact the whole universe.
- The reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone led to changes in water flow, vegetation, and other species populations, showing these interconnections.
The City Sustains ItselfEnvironmental StudiesWe have.docxmehek4
The City Sustains Itself
Environmental Studies
We have to care about the natural environment. It impacts our well-being as a species. We cannot exist without:
Air
Water
Land
Each place is composed of a different collection of natural assets, so each place requires a different set of solutions.
There may be resulting best practices though that demonstrate successful approaches.
The Urban Environment
The components of the physical environment are man-made structures and natural features.
The resulting quality of life is a result of interaction between these components.
What are some of Cleveland’s natural assets?
What are they worth to us?
Urban Outdoors
Air pollution is of special significance for cities.
Point sources of urban pollutants:
Motor vehicles
Industrial smokestacks
Landfills
Construction sites
Regulation has been the primary way to address air quality.
The availability of open spaces offers natural filter systems.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The U.S. EPA was established on December 2, 1970 as a consolidation of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection.
The agency was created to oversee implementation of The Clean Air Act of 1970. The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions.
This law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.
Urban Indoors
Household contaminants include lead and radon.
Lead is found in deteriorating urban infrastructure: water pipes (pre-1978) and paint (pre-1986).
Health risks for lead are particularly acute for children aged 6 and under. Impairs physical and mental development.
Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas which comes from the natural breakdown (radioactive decay) of radium, which is itself a decay product of uranium. Uranium and radium are both common elements in the soil.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, causing thousands of deaths each year in the United States. It is the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers.
Where are concentrations of older homes?
Urban Service Systems
Transportation, waste management, and utilities.
Utilities include:
Electricity,
Natural gas/oil for heating,
Water.
Service systems involve complex technologies that are costly to implement, operate and maintain.
Because of the high cost, maintenance is often deferred until a crisis occurs.
Sustainable
Solution
s
The Future of Energy
Global Environmental Issues
In some cases, pollution created in one place affects another (transfrontier pollution).
Acid rain
Chemical fires
Discharge of pollutants into natural waters
Hole in the ozone.
Global (and local) climate change.
Wicked Problems
Urban environmental problems are “wicked problems”.
A wicked problem is a social or cultural problem that is difficult or i ...
This document discusses environmental ethics and provides definitions of key concepts. It begins by stating that ethics are important for development and societies without ethical principles can experience moral decay. It then defines concepts like values, morals, environment, ecology, ecosystem, and different perspectives on environmental ethics like anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. The document examines environmental ethics as the application of ethical standards to human relationships with the environment and poses example ethical dilemmas. It explores expanding ethical consideration to include animals, communities, and nature. In closing, it recommends developing a holistic perspective that preserves ecological connections.
This document discusses environmental ethics and different approaches to valuing the natural environment. It presents three general ethical approaches that have emerged over the last 40 years: libertarian extension, the ecologic extension, and conservation ethics. It also discusses anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism as different perspectives on human interactions with the environment.
Unit 1. Introduction to environmental studies.pdfAvniChawla1
Unit 1 provides an introduction to environmental studies. It discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, drawing on fields like zoology, botany, ecology, geology, chemistry, social sciences, philosophy and more. It examines the key components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Finally, it discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development, giving the Brundtland definition, and provides a brief history of environmentalism, highlighting international conferences and key Indian environmentalists.
This document outlines the key objectives and content of Chapter 9, which discusses business and environmental sustainability. It provides background on the historical context of environmentalism and perspectives on the natural environment. It also describes two major approaches to conceptualizing business' environmental responsibilities - the market approach and regulatory approach. The market approach argues that environmental problems can be addressed through efficient markets, while the regulatory approach argues that government regulation is needed to address issues like externalities. Both approaches are also outlined and their inadequacies discussed.
This lecture will help you understandThe meaning of the t.docxchristalgrieg
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science, including:
1) It defines the environment and natural resources, and explains that environmental science studies human interactions with the natural world.
2) It discusses pressures on the global environment like population growth and resource consumption, and frameworks for understanding these issues like ecological footprints and the tragedy of the commons.
3) It outlines the scientific method and how science aims to increase understanding through observation, hypothesis testing, and building theories supported by evidence.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to assess the potential environmental consequences of planned projects to inform decision making, though definitions vary, with EIA serving as an organized means to gather and analyze information to predict likely impacts on the biophysical and human environments, which often depends on individual values and judgements, and EIA is also viewed as an environmental management tool by recommending mitigation measures if a project is approved to manage impacts. EIA has become an important decision-making process that involves predicting impacts through interpreting available information, and it provides recommendations for managing impacts if a project moves forward in order to implement mitigation based on predicted impacts.
Low power VLSI aims to minimize individual component power consumption by reducing activity, frequency, transition time, capacitive load, voltage, leakage current, and peak current to decrease total power used. These factors all relate to the value of each power component and by lowering them the total power consumption can be reduced.
This document discusses optical sources including LEDs such as superluminescent LEDs (SLEDS) and edge-emitting LEDs (ELEDs), as well as lasers. It covers the basic principles, construction and operation, properties, comparisons of these sources, and their applications.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on applying research results ethically. The presentation was given by 5 students and covered topics like environmental impacts, ethics, copyright, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism. It emphasizes that research results should not harm the environment or violate ethics. Researchers must properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism. Environmental impacts of concern include plastic waste, e-waste, depletion of the ozone layer, industrial waste, and global warming. The presentation also discusses data protection, informed consent, research on embryos/fetuses, dual use of technology, animal research, and research involving developing countries.
The document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, and technology transfer. It addresses the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in host countries, including respecting basic human rights and adopting appropriate technology. Environmental ethics for engineers are also covered, emphasizing sustainable development and environmental protection. Some specific environmental issues discussed include plastic waste, e-waste, industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This document discusses several global issues related to engineering, including multinational corporations, globalization, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, and engineers as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these contexts.
environmental ethics approaches and theories.pptxSehrishSarfraz2
The document discusses environmental ethics and its core principles. It defines environmental ethics as the study of human moral obligations toward the environment. The core principles discussed are intrinsic value, interconnectedness, stewardship, and sustainability. The document also outlines several theories of environmental ethics, including anthropocentrism, biocentrism, ecocentrism, deep ecology, and ecofeminism. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of critically engaging with these theories to guide ethical human-environment interactions and promote well-being for all species.
This chapter examines business and environmental ethics, including:
1) The meaning of ecology and ecosystems, and how business impacts the environment.
2) Traditional business views of the environment as unlimited and views of pollution costs.
3) The ethics of environmental protection and debates around who should pay pollution costs.
4) Approaches to environmental goals like regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms.
5) Deeper questions around obligations to future generations and animal welfare.
The document discusses ethics trends that have changed business expectations and developments in response. It covers stakeholders, factors affecting expectations like environmental concerns, and issues like environmental ethics, pesticides, air pollution, and climate change. It also discusses moral sensitivity, fairness, discrimination, activist stakeholders, economic pressures, financial scandals, and governance failures. The high-level purpose is to explore how ethics trends have shaped business expectations and the responses that have emerged.
14.02, Wennersten — Lecture intro to industrial ecologyWDC_Ukraine
The document discusses the concept of industrial ecology and outlines several key topics:
1. It defines industrial ecology as the study of technological systems and their interactions with the natural world to enable global sustainability.
2. It provides examples of tools used in industrial ecology like life cycle analysis and material flow accounting.
3. It discusses the dimensions of industrial ecology including its scientific, temporal, spatial, sectoral aspects as well as development in different regions.
4. Specific cases like the industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark and the Hammarby Model of an urban residential area with reduced environmental load are examined.
This document discusses several issues related to business ethics and the environment. It describes how businesses can harm the environment through resource extraction and waste disposal, damaging ecosystems. It also discusses how traditional business attitudes ignored environmental protection. Pressure from groups and consumers is increasing scrutiny of business practices. There are arguments that acting ethically is both good for business through customer support and higher costs of ethical practices. The document examines different approaches to allocating the costs of environmental protection, such as regulations, incentives, pricing mechanisms, and pollution permits.
This document discusses several topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues faced by engineers. It covers multinational corporations and their environmental and social responsibilities. It also discusses environmental ethics, noting engineers' duties to assess environmental impacts, establish pollution standards, implement countermeasures, and increase environmental awareness. Specific global environmental issues covered include plastic waste disposal, e-waste disposal, industrial waste disposal, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
Environmental Ethics and social responsibility / Ethics and social responsibi...Samir (G. Husain)
1) Environmental ethics studies the moral relationship between humans and the natural environment, including non-human individuals. It provides a framework for protecting the environment through various approaches like ecocentrism, anthropocentrism, and technocentrism.
2) Principles of environmental ethics include preserving biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, avoiding harm, and conducting environmental impact assessments before altering nature.
3) Social responsibility means individuals are accountable for fulfilling civic duties, balancing economic growth with environmental welfare, and preserving resources for future generations through efforts like conservation, pollution control, and sustainable practices.
This document provides an introduction to environmental science and environmental education. It discusses how humans now have the power to impact the environment through resource extraction, waste production, and modification of the natural world in ways that threaten both human and other species' existence. It also notes that while solutions to environmental problems are understood, implementing them faces social, economic, and political challenges. The document defines key terms like environment, environmental science, ecology, and sustainable civilization. It also outlines the scientific method and different levels of ecological organization.
The speaker, Hazel Henderson, is the founder of Ethical Markets Media, LLC and the creator and co-executive Producer of its TV series. She is a world renowned futurist, evolutionary economist, a worldwide syndicated columnist, consultant on sustainable development, and author of The Axiom and Nautilus award-winning book Ethical Markets: Growing the Green Economy (2006) and eight other books. She co-edited, with Harlan Cleveland and Inge Kaul, The UN: Policy and Financing Alternatives, Elsevier Scientific, UK 1995 (US edition, 1996).
This chapter discusses the nature of environmental science and interrelationships. It covers key topics including:
- Environmental science is interdisciplinary and includes both scientific and social aspects of human impacts.
- Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is considered part of its environment.
- There are interrelationships among seemingly unrelated factors, and tugging on one part can impact the whole universe.
- The reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone led to changes in water flow, vegetation, and other species populations, showing these interconnections.
The City Sustains ItselfEnvironmental StudiesWe have.docxmehek4
The City Sustains Itself
Environmental Studies
We have to care about the natural environment. It impacts our well-being as a species. We cannot exist without:
Air
Water
Land
Each place is composed of a different collection of natural assets, so each place requires a different set of solutions.
There may be resulting best practices though that demonstrate successful approaches.
The Urban Environment
The components of the physical environment are man-made structures and natural features.
The resulting quality of life is a result of interaction between these components.
What are some of Cleveland’s natural assets?
What are they worth to us?
Urban Outdoors
Air pollution is of special significance for cities.
Point sources of urban pollutants:
Motor vehicles
Industrial smokestacks
Landfills
Construction sites
Regulation has been the primary way to address air quality.
The availability of open spaces offers natural filter systems.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The U.S. EPA was established on December 2, 1970 as a consolidation of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection.
The agency was created to oversee implementation of The Clean Air Act of 1970. The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions.
This law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.
Urban Indoors
Household contaminants include lead and radon.
Lead is found in deteriorating urban infrastructure: water pipes (pre-1978) and paint (pre-1986).
Health risks for lead are particularly acute for children aged 6 and under. Impairs physical and mental development.
Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas which comes from the natural breakdown (radioactive decay) of radium, which is itself a decay product of uranium. Uranium and radium are both common elements in the soil.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, causing thousands of deaths each year in the United States. It is the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers.
Where are concentrations of older homes?
Urban Service Systems
Transportation, waste management, and utilities.
Utilities include:
Electricity,
Natural gas/oil for heating,
Water.
Service systems involve complex technologies that are costly to implement, operate and maintain.
Because of the high cost, maintenance is often deferred until a crisis occurs.
Sustainable
Solution
s
The Future of Energy
Global Environmental Issues
In some cases, pollution created in one place affects another (transfrontier pollution).
Acid rain
Chemical fires
Discharge of pollutants into natural waters
Hole in the ozone.
Global (and local) climate change.
Wicked Problems
Urban environmental problems are “wicked problems”.
A wicked problem is a social or cultural problem that is difficult or i ...
This document discusses environmental ethics and provides definitions of key concepts. It begins by stating that ethics are important for development and societies without ethical principles can experience moral decay. It then defines concepts like values, morals, environment, ecology, ecosystem, and different perspectives on environmental ethics like anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. The document examines environmental ethics as the application of ethical standards to human relationships with the environment and poses example ethical dilemmas. It explores expanding ethical consideration to include animals, communities, and nature. In closing, it recommends developing a holistic perspective that preserves ecological connections.
This document discusses environmental ethics and different approaches to valuing the natural environment. It presents three general ethical approaches that have emerged over the last 40 years: libertarian extension, the ecologic extension, and conservation ethics. It also discusses anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism as different perspectives on human interactions with the environment.
Unit 1. Introduction to environmental studies.pdfAvniChawla1
Unit 1 provides an introduction to environmental studies. It discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, drawing on fields like zoology, botany, ecology, geology, chemistry, social sciences, philosophy and more. It examines the key components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Finally, it discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development, giving the Brundtland definition, and provides a brief history of environmentalism, highlighting international conferences and key Indian environmentalists.
This document outlines the key objectives and content of Chapter 9, which discusses business and environmental sustainability. It provides background on the historical context of environmentalism and perspectives on the natural environment. It also describes two major approaches to conceptualizing business' environmental responsibilities - the market approach and regulatory approach. The market approach argues that environmental problems can be addressed through efficient markets, while the regulatory approach argues that government regulation is needed to address issues like externalities. Both approaches are also outlined and their inadequacies discussed.
This lecture will help you understandThe meaning of the t.docxchristalgrieg
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science, including:
1) It defines the environment and natural resources, and explains that environmental science studies human interactions with the natural world.
2) It discusses pressures on the global environment like population growth and resource consumption, and frameworks for understanding these issues like ecological footprints and the tragedy of the commons.
3) It outlines the scientific method and how science aims to increase understanding through observation, hypothesis testing, and building theories supported by evidence.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to assess the potential environmental consequences of planned projects to inform decision making, though definitions vary, with EIA serving as an organized means to gather and analyze information to predict likely impacts on the biophysical and human environments, which often depends on individual values and judgements, and EIA is also viewed as an environmental management tool by recommending mitigation measures if a project is approved to manage impacts. EIA has become an important decision-making process that involves predicting impacts through interpreting available information, and it provides recommendations for managing impacts if a project moves forward in order to implement mitigation based on predicted impacts.
Low power VLSI aims to minimize individual component power consumption by reducing activity, frequency, transition time, capacitive load, voltage, leakage current, and peak current to decrease total power used. These factors all relate to the value of each power component and by lowering them the total power consumption can be reduced.
This document discusses optical sources including LEDs such as superluminescent LEDs (SLEDS) and edge-emitting LEDs (ELEDs), as well as lasers. It covers the basic principles, construction and operation, properties, comparisons of these sources, and their applications.
The document discusses the characteristics of embedded systems. Embedded systems require real-time performance, high availability, and reliability. They are developed around a real-time operating system and usually have easy diskless operation and ROM boot. Embedded systems are designed for one specific task.
Satellites provide three types of communication services: telecommunications, broadcasting, and data communications. Telecommunication services include telephone calls and services provided to telephone companies as well as wireless, mobile, and cellular network providers.
A fiber-optic cable contains one or more optical fibers that carry light signals for communication. Each optical fiber is coated with plastic and contained in a protective tube. Different types of fiber-optic cables are used for various communication applications such as long-distance telecommunication or providing high-speed data connections within buildings.
The document discusses computation flow for reconfigurable systems at both run-time and compile-time. It may be necessary to iterate some steps for certain applications. Synchronization is usually used between the processor and reconfigurable device (RD), and blocking access is used for memory access. Devices like Xilinx FPGAs feature soft or hard processors that allow complete system integration. Reconfiguration can be full, reconfiguring the entire device, or partial, reconfiguring only a part of the device. The document also discusses design flows, placement and routing challenges, and references reconfigurable computing architectures.
The document discusses memory and programmable logic devices. It begins by defining random access memory (RAM) and simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs) such as programmable read-only memory (PROM), programmable array logic (PAL), and programmable logic array (PLA). RAM can be static RAM (SRAM) or dynamic RAM (DRAM). SPLDs allow implementing logic functions through configurable AND/OR arrays. PALs have a programmable AND array and fixed OR array, while PLAs have configurable AND and OR arrays.
This one sentence document appears to be a website URL, www.Vidyarthiplus.com, repeated four times. The URL www.Vidyarthiplus.com is mentioned four consecutive times without any other context or information provided.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation. It begins by explaining how experimentation plays an important role in engineering design and product development. Engineers conduct experiments and tests at various stages of the design process to evaluate designs and make modifications. While engineering projects share some similarities to scientific experiments, such as uncertainty and continuous monitoring, they also have important differences. Engineering experiments involve human subjects and consequences, requiring concepts like informed consent. The document also discusses codes of ethics for engineers and the need for a balanced approach to law and regulations regarding engineering work.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. Global Issues
Multinational Corporations
Environmental Ethics
Computer Ethics
Weapons Development
Engineers as Managers
Consulting Engineers
Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors
Moral Leadership
Code of Conduct
Corporate Social Responsibility.
3. Globalization
Means integration of countries thro’
commerce, transfer of technology and
exchange of information and culture.
Includes acting together and interacting
economies through trade, investment, loan,
development schemes and capital across
countries.
4. 1.Multinational corporations
Organizations who have established business in more
than one country are called multinational corporations.
The headquarters are in the home country and the
business is extended in many host countries.
The western organizations doing business in the less-
economically developed countries gain the advantage
of inexpensive labor, availability of natural resources,
conducive-tax atmosphere.
The developing countries are also benefited by fresh
job opportunities, jobs with higher remuneration and
challenges.
5. Threats of globalization
Loss of jobs for the home country.
Loss or exploitation of natural resources.
Political instability for the host countries.
6. International rights
To know what are the moral responsibilities
and obligations of the multinational
corporations operating in the host countries,
let us discuss with the frame of work of rights
ethics.
Common minimal rights are to be followed to
smoothen the transactions when engineers
and employers of MNCs have to interact at
official, social, economic and sometimes
political levels.
7. Ten international rights
The right to freedom of physical movement.
The right to ownership of property.
The right to freedom from torture.
The right to fair trial.
The right to nondiscriminatory treatment.(fair)
The right to physical security.
The right to freedom of speech and association.
The right to minimal education.
The right to political participation
The right to subsistence(survival)
8. Promoting morally just measures
A few principles to maintain the morality by MNCs are enlisted here:
MNC should respect human rights of the people of the host
countries.
The activities of the MNC should give economic and transfer
technical benefits and implement welfare measures of the workers
of the host countries.
The business practices of the multinational organizations should
improve and promote morally justified institutions in the host
countries.
The multinationals must respect the laws and political set up,
besides culture and promote the culture of the host countries.
9. Promoting morally just measures
The multinational organizations should provide
a fair remuneration to the employees of the host
countries.
Multinational organizations should provide
necessary safety for the workers when they are
engaged in hazardous activities and ‘informed
consent’ should be obtained from them.
Adequate compensation should be given to
them for the additional risks undertaken.
10. Technology transfer
It is a process of moving technology to a new setting and
implementing it there.
Technology includes hardware and the techniques.
It may mean moving the technology applications from
laboratory use to field/factory or from one country to
another.
This transfer is effected by governments, organizations,
universities and MNCs.
11. Appropriate technology
It refers to identification of most suitable technology
for a set of new situations.
Factors such as economic, social and engineering
constraints are the causes for the modification of
technology.
Depending on the availability of resources, physical
conditions, social acceptability which includes their
traditions, beliefs and religion, the appropriateness is
to be determined.
12. Appropriate technology-examples
Small farmers in our country prefer to own and the power
tillers, rather than the high-powered tractors.
On the other hand, the latest technological device, the cell
phones have found their way into remote villages than the
landline telephone connections.
The term “appropriate” is value based and it should ensure
fulfillment of the human needs and protection of the
environment.
13. 2. Environmental ethics
It is the study of
moral issues concerning the environment
moral perspectives, beliefs or attitudes concerning
those issues.
Engineers in the past are known for their negligence of
environment, in their activities.
It has become important that engineers design eco-
friendly tools, machines, sustainable products, processes
and projects.
There are essential now to
Ensure protection of environment.
Slow down the exploitation of natural resources.
14. Environmental ethics
The American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) code of ethics,
has specifically requires that “engineers shall hold paramount
safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply
with the principles of sustainable development in the performance
of professional societies.”
The term “sustainable development” emphasizes on the investment,
orientation of technology, development and functioning of an
organization to meet the present needs of the people and at the
same time ensuring the future generations to meet their needs.
15. Engineers as experimenters have certain
duties towards environmental ethics
Environmental impact assessment: One major but sure
and unintended effect of technology is wastage and the
resulting pollution of land, water, air and even space.
Study how the industry and technology affects the
environment.
Establish standards: Study and to fix the tolerable and
actual pollution levels.
Counter measures: Study what the protective or
eliminating measures are available for immediate
implementation
Environmental awareness: Study on how to educate the
people on environmental practices,issues, and possible
remedies.
17. Case studies
Acid rain
Large emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrous oxides are
being released into the air from the thermal power stations
using the fossil fuels and several processing industries.
These gases form compounds with water in the air and
precipitates as rain or snow on to the earth.
The acid rain in some parts of the world has caused
sufficient damage to the fertility of the land and to the
human beings.
18. Case studies
Depletion of Ozone Layer
The ozone layer protects the entire planet from the ill-effects of
ultraviolet radiation and is vital for all living organisms in this
world.
It is eaten away by the chloro-floro carbons(CFC) such as freon
emanating from the refrigerators, air conditioners.
This has caused also skin cancer to sun-bathers in the western
countries.
Further NO and NO2 gases were also found to react with ozone.
Apart from engineers, the organizations, laws of the country and
local administration, mechanisms are required to take up
concerted efforts to protect the environment.
19. Philosophical views of nature
Philosophers have explored a wide range of moral perspectives
concerning the environment.
The most fundamental issue is whether ethical theories need to be
rethought by widening the circle of things that have inherent worth.
That is , value in themselves, independent of human desires and
appraisals.
Traditional theories were exclusively human-centered or
“anthropocentric”.
They recognized only persons as having inherent worth and regarded
nature as a mere source for humanity.
20. Philosophical views of nature
While examining the philosophers’ views of
environmental ethics, we should bear in mind that the
world’s great religions have invariably given the
nature a prominent role in their prescriptions for
moral living.
21. Sentient-centered ethics
It recognizes all sentient animals as having inherent worth.
Sentient animals are those that feel pain and pleasure and
have desires.
Some utilitarians extend their theory to sentient animals as
well as humans.
Peter Singer developed a utilitarian perspective in his
influential book ,”Animal Liberation”.
Singer insists that moral judgments must take into account
the effects of our action on sentient animals.
Failure to do so is a form discrimination what he labels
“speciesism”.
22. Biocentric ethics
A life-centered ethics regards all living organisms as having inherent
worth.
Albert schweitzer set forth a pioneering version of this perspective
under the name of “reverence for life”.
He argued that the most fundamental feature of us is our will to live,
by which he meant both a will to survive and a will to develop
according to our inherent tendencies.
All organisms share these instinctive tendencies to survive and
develop, and hence consistency requires that we affirm the inherent
worth of all life
23. Ecocentric ethics
A frequent criticism of sentient-centered and bio centered ethics is that
they are too individualistic.
Ecocentric ethics locates inherent value in ecological systems.
The naturalist Aldo Leopold who urged that we have an obligation to
promote the health of ecosystems.
“ A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and
beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.”
24. Human-centered environmental ethics
This approach assumes that only human beings have
inherent moral worth duly to be taken care of.
Other living being and ecosystems are only instrumental
in nature.
Utlitarianism aims to maximize good consequences for
human beings.
Most of the goods are engineered products made out
natural resources
25. Human-centered environmental ethics
Human beings have also
recreational interests (enjoy leisure thro’ sports and past times)
aesthetics interests (enjoy nature as from seeing water falls and
snow-clad mountains)
scientific interests to explore into nature or process.
a basic interest to survive, by preservation as well as conservation
of nature and natural resources.
Right ethicists favor the basic rights to live and right to liberty, to
realize the right to a in supportive environment.
Virtue ethics stresses importance of humility, appreciation of natural
beauty and gratitude to the mother nature that provides everything
26. 3. Computer ethics
It is defined as
a study of nature and social impact of computer technology
formulation and justification of policies, for ethical use of
computers.
The use of computers have raised a host of moral concerns
such as free speech, privacy, intellectual property right and
physical as well as mental harm.
27. Power relationships
The development and proliferation of microcomputers became
increasingly powerful and economically competitive with larger
models.
Remote access and time sharing allowed computer users in distant
locations to share the resources of large computer systems.
These changes opened new possibilities for decentralized computer
power.
Computers are power tools which do not by themselves generate
power shifts. They contribute to greater centralization or
decentralization insofar as human decision-makers so direct them.
28. Few Moral issues in computer ethics
Job Elimination
Customer Relations
Biased Software(Unfair)
29. Property
The most troublesome issues about property and
computers fall under two general headings.
The first is the use of computers in misuse and
other forms of stealing money or financial assets.
30. Embezzlementc(Misuse)
Computers are only incidentally involved when extortion
is attempted via a phone that is part of a computerized
telephone system.
Two factors make computers especially troublesome:
their speed and geographical coverage, which allows
the large number of people to be victimized.
the difficulty of tracing the underlying transactions to
apprehend the thieves.
30
31. Common cases of computer abuse
Stealing or cheating by employees at work.
stealing by non-employees or former employees.
Stealing from or cheating clients and consumers
Violating contracts for computer sales or service.
Conspiring to use computer networks to engage
in widespread fraud.
32. Protection against criminal abuse
It has become a major constraint for effective and successful
design of many computer systems an programs.
Engineers predict not only the intended context in the
computer will be used , but both likely and possible abuses.
For some time, secret computer passwords have been used
as a security feature.
Now, data encryption technique is widely employed to
prevent theft from funds transfers systems.
33. Data and software
Data refers to information stored in a computer whether the
information expresses facts or falsehoods.
Software refers to programs that direct an electronic
machine to perform certain tasks, typically tasks involving
problem solving.
Programs have several aspects:
an algorithm
a source code
an object code
Computer hardware is protected by patent laws. Software
can be protected by trade secrets and copyrights.
34. Privacy
By making more data available to more people with
more ease, computers make privacy more difficult
to protect.
Privacy issues
Inappropriate access
Data Bank Errors
Hackers
Legal responses
36. 4.Weapons development
Military activities including the world wars have stimulated the
growth of technology.
The growth of internet illustrates this fact fully.
The development of warfare and the involvement of engineers
bring out many ethical issues concerned with engineers such as
the issue of integrity in experiments as well as expenditure in
defense research and development ,issue of personal
commitment and conscience and the issues of social justice and
social health.
37. Engineer’s involvement in weapons development
Engineers’ involve in weapon development because of
the following reasons:
It gives one job with high salary.
One takes pride and honor in participating in the activities
towards the defense of the nation.
One believes that he fights a war on terrorism and thereby
contribute to peace and stability of the country. Ironically, the
wars have never won peace, only peace can own peace.
By research and development, the engineer is reducing or
eliminating the risk from enemy weapons and saving one’s
country from disaster.
By building-up arsenals(weapon store) and show of force, a
country can for the rouge country towards regulation.
38. 5. Engineers as managers
Engineers undergo the most intensive technical training of any
professionals.
Many companies prefer engineers as managers because their technical
understanding is essential to managing technological corporations.
Engineers find management inviting because of an array of corporate
incentives.
Some corporations have instituted a “ dual-ladder system” that allows
engineers to advance in their careers along either administrative or
technological tracks.
39. Managers as professionals
Managers require expanded knowledge about finances and scheduling.
They require strengthened skills in coordinating and motivating other
people
They should have ability to make risk-taking decisions involving wider
range of factors than purely technical considerations.
The ultimate goal of managers and engineers alike should be to make
“valuable products” that are also profitable.
Two responsibilities of engineer-managers are:
Promoting an ethical climate. - through framing organization
policies, responsibilities and by personal attitudes and obligations
Resolving conflicts - by evolving priority, developing mutual
understanding, generating various alternative solutions to problem
40. Managing conflicts
In solving conflicts, force should not be resorted.
In fact the conflict situations should be tolerated, understood and
resolved by participation by all the concerned.
The conflicts in the case of project managers arise in the following
manners:
Conflicts based on schedules.
Conflict based on the availability of personnel.
Conflict over expenditure and its deviations
Conflict over technical, economic, and time factors such as cost,
time, and performance level
Conflict arising in administration such as authority, responsibility,
accountability, and logistics required
41. Resolving conflicts
Following principles are widely used for resolving conflicts:
“People: Seperate the people from the problem.”
“Interests: Focus on interests, not positions.”
“Options: Generate a variety of possibilities before deciding what
to do.”
“Criteria: Insist that the result of conflict resolution be based on
objective standard.
42. 6. Consulting engineers
The consulting engineers work in private.
There is no salary from employers.
They charge fees from the sponsor and they have
more freedom to decide on their projects
43. Responsibilities of Consulting engineers-advertising
Consulting engineers are directly responsible for advertising their
services, even when they hire consultants to them.
They are allowed to advertise but to avoid deceptive ones.
Deceptive advertising can be done in many ways including :
By white lies.
Half-truth, e.g., a product has actually been tested as prototype, but it was
claimed to have been already introduced in the market. An architect shows the
photograph of the completed building with flowering trees around but actually
the foundation of the building has been completed and there is no real garden.
Exaggerated claims. The consultant might have played a small role in a well-
known project. But they could claim to have played a major role.
Making false suggestions. The reduction in cost might have been achieved
along with the reduction in strength, but the strength details are hidden.
Through vague wordings or slogans.
44. Responsibilities of Consulting engineers-
competitive bidding
It means offering a price and get something in return for the service
offered.
The organizations have a pool of engineers
The expertise can be shared and the bidding is made more realistic.
Individual consultants have to develop creative designs and build
their reputation steadily and carefully over a period of time.
45. Responsibilities of Consulting
engineers-contingency fee
This is the fee or commission paid to the consultant when one is
successful in saving the expenses for the client.
A sense of fairness and honesty is required in fixing this fee.
The fee may be either as an agreed amount or a fixed percentage of
the savings realized.
46. Responsibilities of Consulting engineers-safety
and client needs
The greater freedom for the consulting engineers in decision making
on safety aspects and difficulties concerning the truthfulness are
matters to be given attention.
E.g. in design-only projects, the consulting engineers may design
something and have no role in the construction.
Some times, difficulties may crop up during construction due to
non-availability of materials.
Properly trained supervision is needed.
The contractor may not understand and be willing to modify the
original design to serve the clients best.
47. 7. Engineers as expert witness
gives expert view on the facts in their area of their expertise.
interprets the facts in terms of the cause and effect relationship.
comments on the view of opposite side.
reports on the professional standards, especially on the precautions
when the product is made or the service is provided.
48. Engineers as expert witnesses-abuse
Hired Guns
Violate the standards of honest and due care in conducting
investigations.
Forward white lies and distortions.
Finance Bias
Consultants may be influenced for monetary considerations.
49. Engineers as expert witnesses-abuse
Ego Bias
The assumption that the own side is innocent and the other side is
guilty, is responsible for this behavior.
Sympathy Bias
Sympathy for the victim on the opposite side may upset the
testimony.
The integrity of the consultant will keep these biases away from the
justice.
50. Engineers as advisers in planning and policy
making
Technology is always involved in decisions about policy-making and
public planning.
In policy making, public officials and the general public need objective
studies about the costs and benefits of alternative transportation,
housing , energy use, land use and national defense.
In public planning, they need expert advice about the feasibility , risks
and benefits of particular technological projects that affect local
communities.
51. Normative models of advisers
Hired Guns
This model makes the obligation to clients paramount if not
exclusive.
Facts favorable to the client are dramatically highlighted an
unfavorable facts down played.
The minimal level of interest is shown for public welfare.
52. Value neutral analysts
This assumes an impartial engineer.
They exhibit careful decisions, impartiality.
53. Value guided advocates
The consulting engineers remain honest and autonomous in
judgment and show supreme importance to the public.
54. 8. Moral leadership
It means adopting reasonable means to motivate the groups to achieve
morally desirable goals.
Moral leader are individuals who direct, motivate, organize,
creatively manage or in other ways move groups toward morally
valuable goals.
Moral leaders are morally creative.
Moral creativity consists in identifying the most important values that
apply in particular situation, bringing them into focus thro’ effective
communication within groups and forming workable commitments to
implementing them.
55. Participation in professional societies
Moral leadership within engineering is often manifested in
leadership within professional societies.
Professional societies do more than promote continuing education
for their members.
Professional societies provide a forum for communicating,
organizing and mobilizing change within and by large groups.
Many of the current tensions in professional societies exist because
of uncertainties about their involvement in moral issues.
56. Leadership in communities
This is another platform for engineers to exhibit their moral
leadership.
The engineers can help in guiding , organizing and stimulating
the community towards morally and environmentally desirable
goals.
E.g. The corporate organizations have come forward to
adopt villages and execute many welfare schemes towards
this objective.
57. Ideals of voluntary service
Promoting services without fee or at reduced fees to the
needy groups.
Voluntarism of this sort has long been encouraged in
medicine, law and education.
By sharp contrast, ABET code was revised during 1960s to
state: “Engineers shall not undertake nor agree to perform
any engineering service on a free basis.”
58. 9. Codes of Ethics
Codes of Ethics promote and sustain the ethical
environment and assist in achieving the ethical
goals
It creates an environment in a profession, where ethical behavior
is the basic criterion.
It guides and reminds the person as to how to act, in any given
situation.
It provides support to the individual, who is being pressurized or
tortured by a superior or employer, to behave unethically.
Apart from professional societies, companies and universities
have framed their own codes of ethics, based on the individual
circumstances and specific mission of the organizations. These
codes of conduct help in employees’ awareness of ethical issues,
establish, and nurture a strong corporate ethical culture.
59. Sample code of conduct
National Society of Professional Engineers(NSPE).
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE).
60. Four Sections of the
Code of Ethics for Engineers
Preamble – Answers the question “Why have a Code
of Ethics?”
Fundamental Canons – Describes the “bedrock”
principles or fundamental obligations of Professional
Engineers
61. How the Code of Ethics for Engineers is
structured
Rules of Practice – Describes the fundamental rules that
govern the professional practice of engineering
Professional Obligations – Describes the standards of
professional conduct for Professional Engineers
62. I. Fundamental Canons
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional
duties, shall:
1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.
4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. Avoid deceptive acts.
6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and
lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and
usefulness of the profession.
63. Rules of Practice
II. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,
health and welfare of the public.
Engineering judgment overruled under circumstances
that endanger life or property must be reported to their
employer, client and other authority as appropriate.
Only approve work that is in conformance with
applicable standards.
Engineers shall not reveal confidential information
except as required by law or Code.
Engineers shall not associate in fraudulent or
dishonest enterprise.
Engineers shall not aid unlawful practice of
engineering
Engineers shall report violations of the Code.
64. Rules of Practice
II. Engineers shall perform services only in the
area of their competence.
Only accept assignments you are qualified for.
Don’t stamp documents that you are not qualified to
stamp.
Don’t stamp documents not prepared under your
direction and control.
Engineers can assume responsibility for coordination
of an entire project and sign and seal the documents,
provided that each technical segment is signed and
sealed only by the qualified engineers who prepared
the segment.
65. II. Rules of Practice
II. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an
objective and truthful manner.
Be objective and truthful (factual) in reports,
statements and testimony. Include all relevant
information.
Engineers may express technical opinions that are
founded on knowledge of the facts.
Engineers shall make no statements, criticisms or
arguments on technical matters that are inspired or
paid for by interested parties, without first divulging
the interest.
66. Rules of Practice
II. Engineers shall act for each employer or client
as faithful agents or trustees.
Engineers shall disclose all known or potential
conflicts of interest.
Engineers shall not accept compensation from more
than one party for services on the same project.
Engineers shall not solicit or accept consideration
from outside agents in connection with the work for
which they are responsible.
Engineers in public service shall not participate in
decisions with respect to services solicited or provided
by them in their public or private practice.
Engineers shall not accept a contract from a
governmental body on which a principle or officer of
their organization serves as a member.
67. Rules of Practice
II Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit
misrepresentation of their or their associates’
qualifications.
Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit or receive any
contribution to influence the award of a contract by
public authority.
Engineers shall not offer gifts to secure work.
Engineers shall not pay a commission or brokerage
fee to secure work, except to a bona fide employee or
established commercial or marketing agencies
retained by them.
68. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall be guided in all relations by
the highest standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and not distort
facts.
Engineers shall advise their employer and client if they
feel a project will not be successful.
Engineers shall not accept outside employment that is
detrimental to their regular work or interest.
Engineers shall not attempt to attract engineers from
other employers by false or misleading premises.
Engineers shall not promote their interests at the
expense of the dignity and integrity of the profession.
69. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the
public interest.
Engineers are encouraged to participate in civic affairs
and work for the advancement of the safety, health and
well-being of their community.
Engineers shall not complete, sign or seal plans and/or
specifications that are not in conformity with applicable
engineering standards.
Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge
and promote engineering and its achievements.
Engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of
sustainable development(1) in order to protect the
environment for future generations.
70. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice
that deceives the public.
Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing a
material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material
fact.
Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise
for recruitment of personnel.
Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may prepare
articles for the lay or technical press, but such articles
shall not imply credit to the author for work performed by
others.
71. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent,
confidential information concerning the business affairs
or technical processes of any present or former client or
employer, or public body on which they serve.
Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties,
promote or arrange for new employment or practice in connection
with a specific project for which the engineer has gained a
particular specialized knowledge.
Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties,
participate or represent an adversary interest in connection with a
specific project or proceeding in which the engineer has gained
particular specialized knowledge on behalf of a former client or
employer.
72. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall not be influenced in their
professional duties by conflicting interests.
Engineers shall not accept financial or other
considerations, including free engineering designs, from
material or equipment suppliers for specifying their
product.
Engineers shall not accept commissions or allowances,
directly or indirectly from contractors or other parties
dealing with clients or employers of the engineer in
connection with the work for which the engineer is
responsible.
73. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment
or advancement or professional engagement by
untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by other
improper or questionable methods.
Engineers shall not request, propose or accept a commission
on contingent basis under circumstances in which their
judgment may be compromised.
Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time
engineering work only to the extent consistent with the policies
of the employer and in accordance with ethical considerations.
Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, supplies,
laboratory or office facilities of an employer to carry on outside
private practice.
74. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or
falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional
reputation, prospects, practice or employment of
other engineers. Engineers who believe others are
guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall present
such information to the proper authority for action.
Engineers in private practice shall not review the work of
another engineer for the same client, except with the
knowledge of such engineer, or unless the connection of such
engineer with the work has been terminated.
Engineers in government, industrial, or educational employ are
entitled to review and evaluate the work or other engineers
when so required by their employment duties.
75. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall not…to the proper authority for
action. (continued from previous page)
Engineers in sales or industrial employ are entitled to
make engineering comparisons of represented products
with products of other suppliers.
76. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility
for their professional activities, provided
however that engineers may seek
indemnification for services arising out of their
practice for other than gross negligence, where
the engineer’s interests cannot otherwise be
protected.
Engineers shall conform with state registration laws in the
practice of engineering.
Engineers shall not use association with a non-engineer,
a corporation or partnership as a “cloak” for unethical
acts.
77. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work
to those to whom credit is due, and will
recognize the propriety interests of others.
Engineers shall name the person or persons who may be
individually responsible for designs, inventions, writings,
or other accomplishments.
Engineers using designs supplied by a client recognize
that the designs remain the property of the client and may
not be duplicated by engineer for others without express
permission.
Engineers, before undertaking work…that may justify
copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive
agreement concerning ownership.
78. Professional Obligations
III. Engineers shall give…propriety interests of
others. (continued from previous page)
Engineer’s designs, data records, and notes referring
exclusively to an employer’s work are the employer’s
property. The employer should indemnify the engineer for
use of the information for any purpose other than the
original purpose.
Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers and should keep current in their
specialty fields by engaging in professional practice,
participating in continuing education courses, reading in
the technical literature and attending professional
meetings and seminars.
79. IEEE Code of Ethics
We, the members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our
technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world, and in
accepting a personal obligation to our profession, its members and the
communities we serve, do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical
and professional conduct and agree:
1. to accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety,
health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might
endanger the public or the environment;
2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to
disclose them to affected parties when they do exist;
3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available
data;
4. to reject bribery in all its forms;
5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application,
and potential consequences;
80. IEEE Code of Ethics(continued)
6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake
technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or
experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations;
7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to
acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the
contributions of others;
8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion,
gender, disability, age, or national origin;
9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by
false or malicious action;
10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional
development and to support them in following this code of ethics.