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Part 4: Human Cost

• Your goal:
Be able to
  explain, using
  examples, why
  suffering is
  sometimes
  deemed
  acceptable.
What is Human Cost?
• The impact of an event on people.
• The price in suffering paid to achieve a goal.
Cost Benefit Analysis
• Decision-making tool
• Compares costs to benefits

• Is it worth it?
Cost Benefit Analysis
Going to the State Fair

Costs                     Benefits
$12 ticket                Fun with friends
Unhealthy food            Good food
Sunburn                   Live shows
Vomit                     Free exhibits
Sore feet                 Art
$20 souvenir t-shirt      Goats
$20 ride tickets          Carnival rides
Acceptable Risk
• Understanding
  what suffering
  might result

• Deciding that
  the benefits
  outweigh the
  costs
Cost Benefit Analysis
Dropping the atomic bomb on Japan

Costs                 Benefits
The Nuclear Bomb
The United States ended World War II by
dropping nuclear bombs on Japan.




           •Where did this idea come from?
           •What is “nuclear”?
           •What were its effects?
Where did this idea come from?

•Decades of research in physics
 and chemistry
•Not bomb development

It all came from the idea that
matter can produce energy.
2
E=mc

Albert Einstein
1905
2
E=mc

E = mc², is based on the fact that
the speed of light, c, is very fast and
just a small
    amount of mass, m, can
        release large quantities
            of energy, E.
Physicists were leaving Europe.



Oppenheimer           Szilard              Teller
American              Hungarian Jew        Hungarian Jew
Educated in Germany   Came to US in 1938   Came to US in 1935




                       Why?
Physicists were leaving Europe.
Why were such great physicists in Europe?




               Why were they leaving?




                            Why?
Physicists were leaving Europe.
Why were such great physicists in Europe?




               Why were they leaving?



                                            •Fascism
                                            •Communism
                                            •Anti-Semitism




                            Why?
US paid for research.
Once it was shown to have the potential to be a significant weapon, the US
was willing to spend lots of money on research.

It required LOTS of money, but …

•Some country will discover it soon.
•It might be Nazi Germany.
•We’d rather have it ourselves.
What is “nuclear”?
This is an atom. All matter is made
up of atoms.




              This is a nucleus. Every atom has a
              very tiny nucleus.
What is “nuclear”?
When an atom’s nucleus is hit, it
breaks apart and sends out energy.

LOTS of energy




                                     This nuclear fission can be
                                               a chain reaction.
What is “nuclear”?
When an atom’s nucleus is hit, it
breaks apart and sends out energy.

LOTS of energy




             This is a nucleus. Every atom has a
             very tiny nucleus.
What is “nuclear”?
We need energy for everything we do.

This is a great, clean way to do it!




                    Oh, … and it also makes a pretty
                    powerful bomb
What is “nuclear”?
Two incentives for developing nuclear
fission:

•A country needs energy.
•A country needs weapons.
What did we do?
In 1945, the US
was planning an
invasion of Japan:
Operation Downfall

Starting in
Okinawa, it would
be long and it
would be bloody.
What did we do?

Operation Downfall might cost as many as 1
million American casualties.

US President Truman wanted to minimize
American casualties.
The atomic bomb made that possible.

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Unit5 suffering part 4a

  • 1. Part 4: Human Cost • Your goal: Be able to explain, using examples, why suffering is sometimes deemed acceptable.
  • 2. What is Human Cost? • The impact of an event on people. • The price in suffering paid to achieve a goal.
  • 3. Cost Benefit Analysis • Decision-making tool • Compares costs to benefits • Is it worth it?
  • 4. Cost Benefit Analysis Going to the State Fair Costs Benefits $12 ticket Fun with friends Unhealthy food Good food Sunburn Live shows Vomit Free exhibits Sore feet Art $20 souvenir t-shirt Goats $20 ride tickets Carnival rides
  • 5. Acceptable Risk • Understanding what suffering might result • Deciding that the benefits outweigh the costs
  • 6. Cost Benefit Analysis Dropping the atomic bomb on Japan Costs Benefits
  • 7. The Nuclear Bomb The United States ended World War II by dropping nuclear bombs on Japan. •Where did this idea come from? •What is “nuclear”? •What were its effects?
  • 8. Where did this idea come from? •Decades of research in physics and chemistry •Not bomb development It all came from the idea that matter can produce energy.
  • 10. 2 E=mc E = mc², is based on the fact that the speed of light, c, is very fast and just a small amount of mass, m, can release large quantities of energy, E.
  • 11. Physicists were leaving Europe. Oppenheimer Szilard Teller American Hungarian Jew Hungarian Jew Educated in Germany Came to US in 1938 Came to US in 1935 Why?
  • 12. Physicists were leaving Europe. Why were such great physicists in Europe? Why were they leaving? Why?
  • 13. Physicists were leaving Europe. Why were such great physicists in Europe? Why were they leaving? •Fascism •Communism •Anti-Semitism Why?
  • 14. US paid for research. Once it was shown to have the potential to be a significant weapon, the US was willing to spend lots of money on research. It required LOTS of money, but … •Some country will discover it soon. •It might be Nazi Germany. •We’d rather have it ourselves.
  • 15. What is “nuclear”? This is an atom. All matter is made up of atoms. This is a nucleus. Every atom has a very tiny nucleus.
  • 16. What is “nuclear”? When an atom’s nucleus is hit, it breaks apart and sends out energy. LOTS of energy This nuclear fission can be a chain reaction.
  • 17. What is “nuclear”? When an atom’s nucleus is hit, it breaks apart and sends out energy. LOTS of energy This is a nucleus. Every atom has a very tiny nucleus.
  • 18. What is “nuclear”? We need energy for everything we do. This is a great, clean way to do it! Oh, … and it also makes a pretty powerful bomb
  • 19. What is “nuclear”? Two incentives for developing nuclear fission: •A country needs energy. •A country needs weapons.
  • 20. What did we do? In 1945, the US was planning an invasion of Japan: Operation Downfall Starting in Okinawa, it would be long and it would be bloody.
  • 21. What did we do? Operation Downfall might cost as many as 1 million American casualties. US President Truman wanted to minimize American casualties. The atomic bomb made that possible.