This presentation deals with the coating of tablets including the coating equipments and the types of coatings along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation deals with the coating of tablets including the coating equipments and the types of coatings along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
A Review on TABLET COATING & A DETAILED STUDY OF ENTERIC COATING OF TABLETVishal Shelke
A Review on TABLET COATING & A DETAILED STUDY OF ENTERIC COATING OF TABLET
by Mr. Vishal Shelke
Sub :- Final Year B.Pharm Project (50 Marks)
B.Pharm Sem VIII
College :- Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon
Shivaji University Kolhapur.
Pharmaceutical film coating is considered a key part in the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms since it gives superior organoleptic properties products. In addition, it can improve the physical and chemical stability of dosage forms, and modify the release characteristics of the drug. Several troubleshooting problems such as twinning mottling, chipping, etc., may arise during or after or even during the shelf life of the film coated dosage forms. These troubleshooting problems may be due to tablet core faults, coating formulation faults and/or coating process faults. These problems must be overcome to avoid unnecessary product problems. Film coating as well as other parts of the pharmaceutical technology is subjecting to continuous innovation. The innovation may be at different levels including pharmaceutical excipients, processes, software, guidelines and equipment. In fact, of particular note is the growing interest in process analytical technology, quality by design, continuous coating processing and the inclusion of new ready for use coating formulations. In this review, we tried to explore and discuss the status of pharmaceutical film coating, the challenges that face this manufacturing process and the latest technological advances in this important manufacturing process.
A Review on TABLET COATING & A DETAILED STUDY OF ENTERIC COATING OF TABLETVishal Shelke
A Review on TABLET COATING & A DETAILED STUDY OF ENTERIC COATING OF TABLET
by Mr. Vishal Shelke
Sub :- Final Year B.Pharm Project (50 Marks)
B.Pharm Sem VIII
College :- Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon
Shivaji University Kolhapur.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
4. COMPONENTSCONSIDEREDINTABLET
COATING
Tablet Properties- Shape, tolerance, Surface area
Coating process -
A. Coating equipment
B. Coating parameters
C. Facility & ancillary equipment
D. Automation of coating process
Coating composition which involves
polymers, color ,plasticizer ,solvent.
5
5. TABLETPROPERTIES
Tablet to be coated must posses the proper
physical characteristics like spherical shape and
uniform surface.
To tolerate attrition of tablets during coating
process they must be resistant to abrasion and
chipping.
As the tablet surfaces that are brittle and soften
in presence of heat or effected by coating
composition and tend to become rough in the
early stages of coating process are unacceptable
for film coating.
6
7. COATING COMPOSITION
ISAPPLIED TO
MOVING BED OFTABLETS
HEATEDAIR IS
INTRODUCED
EV
APORATION OFTHE SOLVENT
Tablet coating is
accomplished by the
movement of tablets in
Perpendicular or vertical
direction to the
application of the coating
composition
7
8. A. EQUIPMENTS
8
The equipments used for the tablet coating
are :-
I. Standard coating pan
I. Perforated coating pan
II. Fluidized bed coater
10. I. STANDARDCOATINGPAN
10
It is also known as conventional pan system
Circular metal pan(mounted angularly on a
stand)
8-60 inches in diameter
Rotated on its horizontal axis by a motor
Heated air is directed into the pan & on to the
tablet bed surface and is exhausted by means of
ducts through the front of the pan
11. Coating solution are applied to the tablets by ladling
or spraying the material on to the rotating tablet bed.
Use of spraying systems-
Produces a faster, more even
distribution of the solution or suspension.
Reduces drying time between solution application in
sugar coating .
Allows continuous application of the solution in film
coating.
13
12. In standard coating pan ,the drying
efficiency is improved by:-
Pellegrini pan
The immersion sword
Immersion tube systems
12
14. Pellegrinipan-
Baffled pan
Diffuser(distributes the drying air uniformly over the tablet
bed surface).
IMMERSION- SWORD SYSTEM-
Perforated metal sword device immersed in the tablet bed.
Drying air is introduced through this device and flows
upward from the sword through the tablet bed.
IMMERSION-TUBE SYSTEM-
Tube immersed in the tablet bed.
Tube delivers the heated air.
In immersion tube system the coating solution is applied with the
heated air from the immersed tube
16
16. II. PERFORATED PAN SYSTEMS-
16
Perforated or partially perforated drum.
Rotated on its horizontal axis in an enclosed housing.
The coting solution is applied to the surface of the
rotating bed of tablets through spraying nozzles,
which are present inside the drum.
Perforated pan coaters are efficient drying systems
with high coating capacity.
17. PERFORATED PAN SYSTEM HAS-
$- Accela-cota system
$- Hi coater system
$- Dria coater pan
$- Glatt coater
17
19. ACCELA COTA & HI COATER SYSTEM-
Drying air is directed in to the drum,
Passed through tablet bed,
Exhausted through perforations in drum.
DRIACOATER PAN-
Drying air enters through hollow perforated ribs ,located
on inside periphery of the drum.
As the coating pan rotates, the ribs dip into the tablet bed
and drying air passes up through
Exhaust is from the back of pan.
21
23. GLATTCOATER
It is the latest perforated pan coater to be
introduced in the industry.
In this, drying air can be directed from
inside the drum through tablet bed
Exhausted out through an exhaust duct.
23
25. III. FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM
In this system fluidization of the tablet mass is
achieved in a columnar chamber by the upward
flow of drying air.
The air flow is controlled, so that more air enters
the center of the column, causing the tablets to
rise in the center.
The movement of tablets is upward trough the
center of the chamber. 27
27. FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM
They then fall towards the chamber wall,
Move downwards to reenter the air stream
At the bottom of the chamber.
Coating solutions are applied from a spray
nozzle which is located at the bottom of
the chamber.
{Or }
are sprayed onto the top of the Cascading tablet
bed by nozzles located in the upper region of
the chamber.
29
28. SPRAY APPLICATIONSYSTEM
2 Basic systems used to apply a finely
divided (atomized) spray of coating
solutions or suspensions on to tablet
are-
* High pressure, airless
* Low pressure, air atomized
30
29. AIRLESS SPRAY SYSTEM-
Liquid is pumped at high pressure{250-3000 pounds per
square inch gauge(psig) },
through a small orifice (.009 inch to .020
inch) in the fluid nozzle Which results in a finelydivided spray.
In this ,the degree of atomization & the spray rate are
controlled by
Fluid pressure,
orifice size and
Viscosity of the liquid.
31
30. LOW PRESSURE AIR- ATOMIZED SYSTEM
Liquid is pumped through a somewhat large orifice
(0.020 inch-0.060 inch in diameter ) at relatively low
pressure(5-50 psig)
Low pressure air contacts with the liquid stream at the
tip of the atomizer,& a finely divided spray is produced.
The degree of atomization is controlled by the fluid
pressure , Fluid cap orifice
Viscosity of liquid
Air pressure
Air cap design.
32
31. TABLET COATING PROCESS
The coating of tablets classified into three types
I. Sugar coating
II. Film coating
III. Enteric coating
33
32. SUGARCOATING
It involves the application of sugar solution with
color for several times to give -
UNIFORM AND ELEGANT FILM.
ADVANTAGES
It prevents unpleasant odour ,
Give sweet taste to tablet by masking bitter taste,
Highly elegant and glossed tablets are obtained.
34
34. The tablet having deep convex surfaces
with thin rounded edges are suitable for
sugar coating.
In sugar coating, the tablet should be
resistant to breakage, chipping, and
abrasions.
Because sugar coating tends to
be long and vigorous.
36
35. 1.SEALING
It prevents moisture penetration in to the tablet core.
Seal coating agents -
shellac,zein,Oleicacid,PG,PEG4000,alcohol,methylene
chloride.
Zein is alcohol-soluble protein derivative.
Shellac is more effective(because of polymerization of
shellac),
But it lengthens tablet disintegration
and dissolution times.
37
36. Over wetting of tablet
Moisture is absorbed
Leads to
Tablet softening or disintegration
and effects
Physical and chemical stability
(To over come this problem seal coating is done)
38
37. 2.SUBCOATING
Sub coating is applied :
To form uniform edges,
To build up the tablet size.
Sub coating increases the tablet weight from 50 to 100
percent.
Examples- Gelatin, sugarcane powder, corn syrup,
syrup , distilled water, Gum acacia. 39
38. It involves
Application of binder solution
To the
Tablets
followed by
Dusting of sub coating with powders
and drying until
the tablet edges have been covered
&
The desired thickness is achieved.
40
39. 3.SYRUPING
It is done to cover the imperfections in the Tablet
surface caused during sub coating step.
It involves-
Application of syrup coating with grossing syrups
followed by the addition of dilute colorants to provide
tinted base.
In subsequent steps, the syrup solution containing dye
are applied until
final size and Color are achieved.
The final step a clear syrup coat without dye are applied.
41
40. No colour is added until the tablets are quit
smooth,
Premature application to the rough tablets
can produce a Mottled appearance in the
final coated tablets.
Syrup coating constituents- colorant , sub
coating powder , calcium carbonate ,cane sugar
powder, corn starch, syrup , distilled water.
42
41. 4.POLISHING
The desired luster to the tablet is obtained by polishing .
Tablets are polished
in a
Standard coating pans
by application of
carnauba wax(yellow), bees wax(white),paraffin wax
(Or) warm solutions of waxes in naphtha
(or) suitable volatile solvent.
43
42. FILM COATING
42
It is the process of polymeric solution to bring a
uniform film.
Advantages
Film coating gives a tablet with less Weight and
small size.
The film formed is very thin.
In film coating engravings are possible on tablet
surface which are not possible in sugar coating.
45. NON-ENTERICFILMFORMERS
They are incorporated to give uniform film with desired
mechanical strength which are as follows:
1. HPMC(Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose)
2. MHEC(Methyl hydroxyl ethyl cellulose)
3. EC(Ethyl cellulose)
4. HPC(Hydroxy propyl cellulose)
5. POVIDONE
6. SCMC
7. PG
8.ACRYLA
TE POL
YMERS 47
46. 1.HPMC
46
It is prepared by reacting alkali treated cellulose
with
methyl chloride with propylene oxide.
As it forms bridging & rough Tablet surface, it
has to
be mixed with other polymers or plasticizers.
47. 2.MHEC
47
It is prepared by reacting alkali treated cellulose with
methyl chloride
& then with ethylene oxide.
It has similar properties as that of HPMC,
But it is soluble in fewer organic solvents, it is not
used as frequently as HPMC .
48. These polymers used in combinations with
other
polymers to modify film Properties.
FOR EXAMPLE-
Combinations of PG waxes with
Cellulose acetate phthalate
provide film that are soluble in
GI fluids. 50
49. 3.EC
49
It is manufactured by the reaction of ethyl
chloride with cellulose dissolved in NaOH.
It is available in different viscosity grades.
Unplasticized EC forms brittle films &
requires film modifiers to obtain acceptable
film.
50. It is water insoluble & thus Cannot be used
alone for tablet coating.
50
It is usually combined with water Soluble
additives
E.G.- HPMC to prepare film
with reduced water soluble Properties
&This combinations are widely Used
in sustained release coating.
51. 4.HPC
51
It is manufactured by the treatment of
cellulose with NaOH
followed by the reaction with propylene oxide
at
Elevated temperature and pressure.
It forms tacky films.
52. Used in combinations with other polymers to
improve film characteristics.
It is soluble in water (below 40 ͦ
c & insoluble
above 45°𝒄) ,
GI fluids &
in many polar
Organic solvents.
52
53. 5.POVIDONE
53
It is synthetic polymer consisting of linear
1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone groups.
It gives clear, glossy, hard films when dry.
It give tacky films which can be overcome
by plasticizer or other polymer.
54. 6.ACRYLATEPOLMERS
Preparation is similar to that of EC formulations. 56
These are marketed under the trade Name of
Eudragit.
Eudragit RL & RS are copolymers of
Acrylic and meth acrylic acid
esters.
These films produce pH independent,
delayed actions.
55. ENTERICFILMFORMERS
REASONS FOR ENTERIC FILM
FORMERS-
To protect acid-labile drugs from
gastric fluid e.g. Enzymes & certain
Antibiotics.
To prevent gastric distress or nausea
due to irritation from the drug .
e.g., Sodium salicylate.
57
56. 58
To deliver drugs intended for local Action
in the intestines, e.g. Intestinal antiseptics.
To deliver drugs that are optimallyAbsorbed
in the small intestine to their primary
absorption site.
To provide a delayed-release component for
repeat-action tablets.
57. PROPERTIES OFAN IDEAL ENTERIC
COATING MATERIAL
Resistance to gastric fluids.
Susceptibility or permeability to intestinal fluids.
Compatibility with most coating solution
components & the drug substrates.
Stability alone and in coating solution.
The film should not change on aging. 59
58. Formation of a continuous film, nontoxicity,
with low cost.
Ease of application without Specialized
equipment.
Ability to be readily printed and allow film
to be applied to debussed tablets.
58
60. 1.CAP
It is widely used.
As it is hygroscopic and relatively permeable to moisture
and gastric Fluids, film formed are brittle and
hence formulated with hydrophobic- Film forming materials
to achieve better enteric films.
Aquateric coating is a reconstituted colloidal dispersion of
latex particles. It is Composed of solid or semisolid polymer
spheres of cap ranging in size from 0.05-3 Microns with an a
average particle size of 0.2 microns. 62
61. 2.ACRYLATE POLMERS
2 forms of commercially available Enteric acrylic resins
are
Eudragit Land Eudragit S.
Eudragit l is available as an organic
Solution, solid or aqueous dispersion.
Eudragit s is available only as an organic solution and
solid.
Eudragit l & s are soluble in intestinal Fluid at pH 6&7.
63
62. 3.HPMCP
It is derived from HPMC by
esterification with phthallic anhydride.
These are stable than cap and dissolve At lower pH
compared to cap and acrylate polymers.
The solubility characteristic may result in Higher
bioavailability of some specific drugs.
It is available in various grades-
HP55,HP50 etc.
64
63. 4PVAP
63
It is manufactured by the esterification of partially
hydrolyzed Polyvinyl alcohol with phthallic
Anhydride.
It is similar to HPMCP(HP55) in
stability and
pH dependent solubility.
65. 1.SOLVENT
65
It is to dissolve or disperse the polymers and other
additives and convey them to the substrate surface.
The ideal requirements of the solvent are
It should either dissolve or disperse the polymer
system.
It should have no environmental impact.
It should easily disperse other coating solution
components in to the solvent system.
It should have rapid drying rate(ability to coat
300kg load in 3-5 hours)
66. It should be
Colorless, tasteless, odorless, Inexpensive,
nontoxic, inert and Noninflammable
and rapid drying Rate.
Examples-
Water, Ethanol, Methanol, Isopropanol,
Chloroform, Acetone, Methylene chloride ,
Methylene ethyl ketone.
66
67. 2.PLASTICIZERS
It is used to modify the quality of the film .
Plasticizing techniques involve internal plasticizers
and external plasticizers.
Internal plasticizers involves Chemical modification of the
basic polymer that alters
the physical properties of the
polymers.
Chemical plasticizersAdditives of the Coating solution to
achieve the desire effect of the film
(flexibility ,tensile Strength, adhesive properties)
69
68. Level of plasticizers ranges from 1-50% by weight of
film former.
Examples
Castor oil,
Propylene glycol,
Glycerin,
Surfactants
e.g., Polysorbate(tweens),sorbitan
esters(spans), organicacid esters. 70
69. 3.COLORANTS
It is to provide the distinct color and
Elegance to the dosage form.
To achieve the proper distribution of suspended
colorants in the coating solutions requires
Use of fine powdered colorants
(<10 microns)
The concentration of colorants in the coating solution
depends on the color shade, desired the type of dye
and the concentration of the opaquqnt extenders 71
70. For very light shade conc. Lt 0.01%
For dark shade Conc. Mt 2.0% is required.
The most common colorants in use are certified by
FOOD DRUG AND COSMETICS (FD&C)
or DRUGAND COSMETIC (D&C) Colorants.
These are lakes and dyes.
Lakes are derived from dyes by precipitating with
carriers e.g., Alumina or talc.
72
71. The inorganic materials and the natural colorants are-
Iron oxides,
Caramel,
Carotenoid,
Chlorophyll, indigo,
Flavones,
Turmeric and carminic acid.
A variety of productsthat are Commercially availableare-
Opalux- Opaquant color concentrate for sugar coating.
Opaspray -for film coating.
Opadry- complete film coating concentrate.
73
72. OPAQUANT-EXTENDERS
These are very fine inorganic powders used In the coating
solution formulation to provide more pastel colors and
increase film coverage.
Provide white coating or mask the color of
the tablet core.
Examples Titaniundioxide
Silicates like (Talc, Aluminiumsilicate)
Carbonates like-magnesium carbonate,
Sulphates like calcium sulphate. 74
73. FILMDEFECTS
75
STICKINGAND PICKING-Attaching of tablet to another.
REASONS
OVER WETTING
RAPID DRYING
TACKINESS OF TABLETS
REMEDY
REDUCE LIQUID APPLICATION
CONTROL RATE OF DRYING
CHANGE FORMULATIONS
ROUGHNESS- Formation of rough or gritty surface .
REASONS REMEDY
INCREASE IN PATH LENGTH OF DECREASE IN PATH LENGTH.
SPRAY NOZZLE TO TABLET BED.
RAPID DRYING CONTROL THE DRYING RATE.
77. REASONS
RAPID DRYING.
HIGH VISCOSITY OF
COATING SOLUTION.
REMEDY
DECREASE IN DRYING RATE.
DECREASE THE VISCOSITY BY
ADDING SOLVENT.
BRIDGING – Shrinking or pulling away of film from
corners.
REASONS REMEDY
OVER WETTING. DECREASE THE APPLICATION
RATE.
LESS VISCOUS LIQUIDS. INCREASE VISCOSITY.
SPREADABILITY
PROBLEMS. CHANGE THE FORMULATION.
77
ORANGE PEELEFFECT- Inadequate of spreading
coating solution.
78. REASONS REMEDY
RAPID EVAPORATION OF
SOLVENT DUE TO INCREASE
IN TEMPERATURE.
DECREASE THE
TEMPERATURE OF DRYING.
HIGH VISCOSITY OF COATING
SOLUTION.
DILUTE THE COATING
SOLUTION.
78
BLISTERING-Removal of film due to rapid evaporation of
solvent from tablet core.
79. Apart from the all mentioned film coating techniques special
techniques are used like
LAMINA
TED COA
TING are used.
79
COMPRESSION COATING,
ELECTROSTATIC COATING,
DIP COATING,
VACUUM FILM COATING ,
DRY COA
TING ,
80. CONCLUSION
Coating is one of the important technique in
manufacturing of dosage forms, improve the
stability, shelf life and release pattern .
Coating of dosage forms helps in improving
patient compliance.
Now-a-days, advanced techniques are preferred
over the conventional types, because of effective
coating, taking less time, and also improve the
stability of the product (chances of degradation
in coating time). 82