The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscular system, which work together to enable movement of the body. The skeleton provides structure, support, and protection of organs, while allowing movement at joints. The muscular system enables body movement and gives shape. Bones connect at joints, including fixed joints like the skull and movable joints like the knee. Cartilage covers bone ends and ligaments connect bones at joints. Muscles contract to cause movement and relax to return to original length. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposition to cause movement. The nervous system coordinates body functions and movement through the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons transmit signals within the nervous system to control voluntary and involuntary actions. The

3. The musculoskeletal system
Consists of
skeleton
Muscular system
Both system work together to make the
body move.
The skeleton consists of all the bones
in the body.
The muscular system consists of al
the muscles in the body.
The skeleton:
-It supports the body
- It enables the movement
-It protects delicate organs such as
heart, lungs and brain.
The muscular system:
-Enables the body to move
-Gives the body its shape
-Protects the organs such as
the liver

4. • Fixed joints, such us the
skull.
skull
• Movable joints, such us
knee or elbow.
elbow
hip
• Gliding joints, such us
between vertebrae.
vertebrae

5. Femur
Cartilage
Femur
Cartilage
Ligament
Tibia
Tibia
The ends of the bones are
covered with flexible tissue
called cartilage.
Fibula
The bones of a joint are connected
by strong elastic tissues called
ligaments.

6. Write the words of each sentence in the correct order to make sense:
1.body/ supports/ the/ the/ skeleton
2. meet/ places/ bones/ two/ joints/ where/ are/ the
3. ends/ the/ of/ cartilage/ covers/ bones/ the
4. flexible/ cartilage/ tissue/ is
5. elastic/ strong/ ligaments/ are/ tissue

8. Muscles can change in length:
- When they contract, they become shorter and thicker.
- When they relax, they return to their original length and
thickness.
tendon
tendon
Relaxed muscle
Contracted muscle
Muscle contraction

9. Tissues called tendons connect muscles to bones.
Body movement occurs at movable joints.
Two muscles are used in each movement. These muscles are called
antagonistic because the perform opposite actions. When one muscle
contracts, the other relaxes.
Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement. They straighten with an
extending movement.
Flexing movement
Extending movement
The biceps
relaxes
The biceps
contracts
The triceps
contracts
The triceps
relaxes
The arm bends
The arm straightens

10. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. If they are false, correct them.
•When muscles contract, they become longer
T/F
•When muscles relax, they return to their original length and thickness T / F
•Tendons connect the bones of a joint
T/F
•Antagonistic muscles perform the same actions T / F
•Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement T / F

12. The nervous system sends and receives information.
It coordinates the functions of internal organs. And
it also coordinates systems like the digestive
system.
The central nervous system consists of
Brain
Spinal cord
This system receives information,
interprets it and decide on a response.
The peripherial nervous system consists on
nerves. It transmits information from the sense
organs to the central nervous system and from the
central nervous system to other organs.

13. These
are the
result of
decisions
The
cerebrum
controls
voluntary
movements
The brain stem
regulates internal
organs.
The
central
nervous
system
The brain has got three
parts:
The cerebellum
coordinates
movements and
maintains balances.
The spinal cord controls reflex movements
These are involuntary movements in
response to external stimuli.

14. Neurons are the principal cells of the nervous system. They
receive and transmit information. They are grouped together to
form nerves.

15. Read the following definitions and write the corresponding words:
1.This part of the brain controls voluntary movements.
2.This part of the brain coordinates movements and maintains the balance.
3.This part of the brain regulates internal organs.
4.These are the principal celss of the nervousn system.
5.These are involuntary movements in response to external stimuli.
CEREBELLUM
REFLEX MOVEMENTS
NEURONS
BRAIN STEM
CEREBRUM

17. Beating of
the heart
Involuntary
muscles
Such us
To control and
coornidate
controls
Body´s
Internal
process
Such us
Endocrine
system
Digestion of
the food

18. Involuntary muscles
They work automatically. We cannot control them with our decisions.
The body needs involuntary muscles in order to function correctly.

19. GROWTH
REPRODUCTION
Responsible for
Functions such as
The endocrine system
Consists of
Endoncrine
Glands
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Enables the
body to
absorb
nutrients
Controls the
amount of
sugar in the
bloodstream
They secrete substances called
hormones into the bloodstream
Ovaries and
testes
Pituitary glands
Responsible
for
reproduction
Coordinates
endocrine glands
and also produces
growth hormone.

20. Project: measuring your own temperature
Human body temperatures vary due to an individual´s metabolism, the time of the day and
the part of the body where we measure. Normal body temperatures range betwee 36,6º and
37.3º
- When you have a very high temperature, what does it mean?
Data
Time
2011.10.24
8:00
36,2º
22:00
37º