Unit2 the body
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The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscular system, which work together to enable movement of the body. The skeleton provides structure, support, and protection of organs, while allowing movement at joints. The muscular system enables body movement and gives shape. Bones connect at joints, including fixed joints like the skull and movable joints like the knee. Cartilage covers bone ends and ligaments connect bones at joints. Muscles contract to cause movement and relax to return to original length. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposition to cause movement. The nervous system coordinates body functions and movement through the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons transmit signals within the nervous system to control voluntary and involuntary actions. The
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Unit2 the body
The document discusses the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It describes how the skeleton and muscles work together through joints to enable movement. The skeletal system includes bones and cartilage, while the muscular system contains muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The nervous system coordinates internal organs and voluntary movement through the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system transmits signals through nerves.
The body blog.pps
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscular systems, which work together to enable movement of the body. The skeleton provides structure, support, and protection of organs, while the muscular system allows for body movement and shape through contraction. Joints connect bones and allow for both fixed and movable connections. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and contract to flex or extend the joints. The nervous system coordinates internal organs and systems like the digestive system through the central nervous system of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nerves. It controls both voluntary and involuntary reflex movements. The endocrine system regulates internal processes through hormone-secreting glands like the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, and pituitary gland, which
The human body and interaction
This document discusses the key body systems involved in the three vital functions of the human body: nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. It focuses on the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems that enable nutrition, and describes how the nervous, sensory, and musculoskeletal systems facilitate interaction by transmitting and responding to stimuli. It provides details on bones, joints, muscles, and the main parts of the brain and nervous system that allow for coordinated movement and responses.
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The human body has three vital functions: nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. The interaction function involves stimuli, sensation, processing information in the brain, and responses. The body has five sensory systems - smell, taste, touch, sight, and hearing - which detect stimuli through sense organs and send messages to the brain via sensory nerves. The brain then sends responses through the nervous system and musculoskeletal system, resulting in either involuntary or voluntary movements and responses.
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The document provides information about various topics in biology including:
- The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, digestive, and sensory systems of the human body.
- It gives definitions of key terms and structures related to these systems such as muscles, bones, neurons, hormones, organs etc.
- It poses questions about each topic and provides the corresponding answers in a multiple choice format.
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The document discusses the nervous system and its key components and functions. It is divided into three main parts:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) which controls all body activities and consists of the brain and spinal cord.
2. The peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS to the rest of the body via nerves and sense organs like the skin, eyes, and tongue.
3. The autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary body functions like breathing and heart rate.
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Unit2 the body
The document discusses the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It describes how the skeleton and muscles work together through joints to enable movement. The skeletal system includes bones and cartilage, while the muscular system contains muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The nervous system coordinates internal organs and voluntary movement through the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system transmits signals through nerves.
The body blog.pps
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscular systems, which work together to enable movement of the body. The skeleton provides structure, support, and protection of organs, while the muscular system allows for body movement and shape through contraction. Joints connect bones and allow for both fixed and movable connections. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and contract to flex or extend the joints. The nervous system coordinates internal organs and systems like the digestive system through the central nervous system of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nerves. It controls both voluntary and involuntary reflex movements. The endocrine system regulates internal processes through hormone-secreting glands like the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, and pituitary gland, which
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This document discusses the key body systems involved in the three vital functions of the human body: nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. It focuses on the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems that enable nutrition, and describes how the nervous, sensory, and musculoskeletal systems facilitate interaction by transmitting and responding to stimuli. It provides details on bones, joints, muscles, and the main parts of the brain and nervous system that allow for coordinated movement and responses.
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The document discusses the nervous system and its key components and functions. It is divided into three main parts:
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2. The peripheral nervous system which connects the CNS to the rest of the body via nerves and sense organs like the skin, eyes, and tongue.
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The document discusses the functions of the nervous system. It states that the nervous system sends messages from the brain to different parts of the body to allow responses to stimuli from the senses. It also controls internal systems like digestion and respiration. The brain is the most important organ as it controls the nervous system and processes information from the senses. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem which control cognitive thinking, movement and involuntary functions respectively. The spinal cord runs from the brain down the spine and controls reflex actions.
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The document summarizes key body systems including the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems.
The skeletal system functions to support and protect internal organs. It is made up of 206 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. The skeletal system works with the muscular system.
The muscular system produces movement in the body and consists of skeletal muscles that are voluntary and involuntary muscles like the heart.
The endocrine system creates hormones that control functions like growth and digestion. Glands secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to control organs.
The reproductive system functions to produce new living organisms. Its main organs are ovaries and testes that produce eggs and sperm, respectively.
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The document summarizes key body systems including the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems.
The skeletal system functions to support and protect internal organs. It is made up of 206 bones including long, short, flat, and irregular bones. The skeletal system works with the muscular system.
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This document provides information about the muscular system, including definitions of important vocabulary terms like agonist, antagonist, extension, and flexion. It explains how muscles work in pairs as agonists and antagonists to flex and contract. The basic unit of a muscle cell is called a sarcomere, which is made up of actin and myosin filaments. There are three main types of muscles: skeletal muscles which attach to bones and allow voluntary movement; cardiac muscles which make up just the heart and contract involuntarily; and smooth muscles which control involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
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The document discusses the human body and interaction. It explains that humans have three vital functions: nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. For interaction, humans receive stimuli through their five senses of smell, taste, touch, sight, and hearing. The nervous system then controls the body by sending, receiving, and interpreting this sensory information to produce responses. It consists of the brain, nerves, and spinal cord working with sense organs, sensory nerves, and motor nerves to transmit messages and information throughout the body.
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The muscular system allows the body to move through muscle contraction and relaxation. There are approximately 600 muscles in the human body. Muscles are categorized as voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary muscles like those in the arms and legs can be consciously controlled, while involuntary muscles in organs cannot. The three main types of muscle are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles move bones and are striated and voluntary. Smooth muscles are found in organs and are involuntary. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart and is also involuntary. Muscles work in opposing pairs to enable movement, such as the biceps and triceps raising and lowering the arm.
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The human body interacts with its environment through three vital functions: nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. For interaction, the body receives external and internal stimuli, which are sensed and processed by the brain to produce motor or glandular responses. Humans have five senses - smell, taste, touch, sight, and hearing - that receive information through sense organs and send it to the brain via sensory nerves. The nervous system then controls and coordinates the body by sending and receiving information through the brain, nerves, and spinal cord to produce appropriate responses via motor nerves.
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The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It controls our internal organs and processes sensory information. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body and allows for communication between the brain and external stimuli through sensory and motor neurons.
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The document discusses the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal muscles, which allow movement and maintain posture; smooth muscles, which are found in internal organs and blood vessels; and cardiac muscle, which is found only in the heart and causes it to beat. Each muscle type has distinct characteristics and functions.
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The muscle system has several functions including locomotion, protection, and heat production. There are three main types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that moves the bones and is composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax. It comes in two forms - red muscle contains many mitochondria and contracts for long periods, while white muscle contracts quickly. Smooth muscle involuntarily controls internal organs like the digestive and urinary tracts. Cardiac muscle specifically controls the heart.
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- There are approximately 640 muscles in the human body that make up 40% of body mass.
- The longest muscle is the sartorius and the smallest is the stapedius. The largest is the gluteus maximus.
- Muscles are classified by structure as striated, smooth or cardiac, and by function as voluntary or involuntary.
- The main types of muscle are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
1 GNM anatomy Unit _ 14 Muscular System.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit XIV
Type, structure and functions of muscle
Origin, Insertion, and action of muscles
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscle cells or myocytes contain protein filaments called myofilaments actin & myosin that producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
Types of Muscles:
There are 3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle or “voluntary muscle” or striated Muscles is attached to bone, helps in movement & in maintaining posture.
Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle” or non striated muscles is found within the walls of organs and structures
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" found only in the heart.
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Skeletal muscle consist plasma membrane is called sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm & specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum that play important role in regulation of Calcium.
Cells contain many nucleus peripherally
It consist of number of elongated cells called muscle fibers or muscle cell , that consist of myofibrils (elongated protein molecules).
These Muscle fibers are arranged in bundle called fasciculi
Each muscle fibers covered by endomysium, each fasciculi covered by perimysium & the whole muscle is covered by epimysium.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or myoneural junction is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
Properties of skeletal muscle:
Excitability: this refers to muscle tissue being able to react to nervous stimulation.
Extensibility: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to lengthen when contracting
Elasticity: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to return to its normal resting length once it has been stretched.
Contractility: this refers to the capacity of a muscle to contract or shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones
Muscle contraction:
Muscle use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction.
In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves
Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with.
All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic contractions maintain constant force or tone in the muscle as the muscle length changes
Isometric contractions changes in force without changing the length of the muscle
Muscle tone is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest.
Function of skeletal muscles
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Constriction of organs and vess
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- 3. The musculoskeletal system Consists of skeleton Muscular system Both system work together to make the body move. The skeleton consists of all the bones in the body. The muscular system consists of al the muscles in the body. The skeleton: -It supports the body - It enables the movement -It protects delicate organs such as heart, lungs and brain. The muscular system: -Enables the body to move -Gives the body its shape -Protects the organs such as the liver
- 4. • Fixed joints, such us the skull. skull • Movable joints, such us knee or elbow. elbow hip • Gliding joints, such us between vertebrae. vertebrae
- 5. Femur Cartilage Femur Cartilage Ligament Tibia Tibia The ends of the bones are covered with flexible tissue called cartilage. Fibula The bones of a joint are connected by strong elastic tissues called ligaments.
- 6. Write the words of each sentence in the correct order to make sense: 1.body/ supports/ the/ the/ skeleton 2. meet/ places/ bones/ two/ joints/ where/ are/ the 3. ends/ the/ of/ cartilage/ covers/ bones/ the 4. flexible/ cartilage/ tissue/ is 5. elastic/ strong/ ligaments/ are/ tissue
- 8. Muscles can change in length: - When they contract, they become shorter and thicker. - When they relax, they return to their original length and thickness. tendon tendon Relaxed muscle Contracted muscle Muscle contraction
- 9. Tissues called tendons connect muscles to bones. Body movement occurs at movable joints. Two muscles are used in each movement. These muscles are called antagonistic because the perform opposite actions. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement. They straighten with an extending movement. Flexing movement Extending movement The biceps relaxes The biceps contracts The triceps contracts The triceps relaxes The arm bends The arm straightens
- 10. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. If they are false, correct them. •When muscles contract, they become longer T/F •When muscles relax, they return to their original length and thickness T / F •Tendons connect the bones of a joint T/F •Antagonistic muscles perform the same actions T / F •Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement T / F
- 12. The nervous system sends and receives information. It coordinates the functions of internal organs. And it also coordinates systems like the digestive system. The central nervous system consists of Brain Spinal cord This system receives information, interprets it and decide on a response. The peripherial nervous system consists on nerves. It transmits information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to other organs.
- 13. These are the result of decisions The cerebrum controls voluntary movements The brain stem regulates internal organs. The central nervous system The brain has got three parts: The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balances. The spinal cord controls reflex movements These are involuntary movements in response to external stimuli.
- 14. Neurons are the principal cells of the nervous system. They receive and transmit information. They are grouped together to form nerves.
- 15. Read the following definitions and write the corresponding words: 1.This part of the brain controls voluntary movements. 2.This part of the brain coordinates movements and maintains the balance. 3.This part of the brain regulates internal organs. 4.These are the principal celss of the nervousn system. 5.These are involuntary movements in response to external stimuli. CEREBELLUM REFLEX MOVEMENTS NEURONS BRAIN STEM CEREBRUM
- 17. Beating of the heart Involuntary muscles Such us To control and coornidate controls Body´s Internal process Such us Endocrine system Digestion of the food
- 18. Involuntary muscles They work automatically. We cannot control them with our decisions. The body needs involuntary muscles in order to function correctly.
- 19. GROWTH REPRODUCTION Responsible for Functions such as The endocrine system Consists of Endoncrine Glands Thyroid gland Pancreas Enables the body to absorb nutrients Controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream They secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream Ovaries and testes Pituitary glands Responsible for reproduction Coordinates endocrine glands and also produces growth hormone.
- 20. Project: measuring your own temperature Human body temperatures vary due to an individual´s metabolism, the time of the day and the part of the body where we measure. Normal body temperatures range betwee 36,6º and 37.3º - When you have a very high temperature, what does it mean? Data Time 2011.10.24 8:00 36,2º 22:00 37º