The document discusses locomotion and movement. Locomotion refers to the movement of an organism from one place to another using appendages like limbs. It is voluntary and requires energy. Movement is a broader term that refers to any type of motion and can be either voluntary or involuntary. The skeletal and muscular systems work together to enable locomotion and movement. The skeletal system provides structure and protection, while muscles contract and relax to cause movement at the joints. There are different types of skeletons, joints, and muscles that allow organisms to move in various ways.

1. LOCOMOTION
The movement of an organism from one place
to another is known as locomotion. In this
process, there is the action of appendages such
as limbs, wings, and flagella. In some animals,
such as fish, whales, and shark, the locomotion
results from a wave-like series of muscle.
Some examples of locomotion are walking,
running, swimming, etc. Movement, on the
other hand, refers to any type of motion that
need not be localized.

2. Movement
Movement is generally defined as a state of
changing the position from rest to motion or vice-
versa. Movement can be both voluntary and
involuntary. Movement helps an organism to
perform necessary functions, such as pumping of
blood to the different parts of the body, and etc.
For example, walking is a voluntary movement,
while breathing is an involuntary movement.

3. • Locomotion and movement are two
important terms in the study of motion and
the most important features in all living
beings. All living organisms excluding plants
move from one place to another in search of
food, shelter, to escape predators and for a
variety of reasons. Both Locomotion and
movement are the same term which is
related to the motion but are different from
each other.

4. Locomotion Movement
Moving away from the original position of an organism.
Movement can happen with or
without moving away from an
organism’s original position.
It is always voluntary.
It can either be voluntary or
involuntary.
Locomotion takes place at the organism level.
A movement takes place at the
biological level.
Locomotion doesn’t necessarily require energy Movement requires energy.

5. Skeleton system
is any firm structure of the body of an
organism that helps with locomotion and
movement. It consists of bones and
connective tissue, including cartilage,
tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the
musculoskeletal system.

6. Types of skeleton
Endoskeleton, this skeleton is found
inside the body of an organism, that
means the skeleton is covered with the
skin. For example, human, birds, cattle
etc…
exoskeleton, this is found outside the
body of an organism. this one is mostly
made up of polysaccharides called chitin.
For example insects.

7. Hydrostatic skeleton is formed by a fluid-filled
compartment within the body: the coelom. The
organs of the coelom are supported by the
aqueous fluid, which also resists external
compression. This compartment is under
hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and
supports the other organs of the organism. This
type of skeletal system is found in soft-bodied
animals, like, sea anemones, earthworms, Cnidaria,
and other invertebrates.

8. Human Skeletal system
The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that
consists of 206 bones in the adult. It has five
main functions: providing support to the body,
storing minerals and lipids, producing blood
cells, protecting internal organs, and allowing
for movement.
The skeletal system in vertebrates is divided into
the axial skeleton, which is consists of the skull,
vertebral column, and rib cage, and while the
appendicular skeleton, is consists of the
shoulders, limb bones,(upper and lower limbs)
the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

10. Joints
are where two or more bones meet. They provide
stability to the skeleton, and allow movement. There
are different types of joints,
Synovial (movable)Joints
those are like arms and legs. The ends of the
bones are covered with cartilage and separated
by the joint cavity which is filled with a thick gel
called synovial fluid. Synovial fluid helps to
lubricate the cartilage and provides nourishment
to it. Ligaments stretch across the joint,
connecting one bone to another and help to
stabilize the joint so it can only move in certain
directions.

11. Cartilaginous(slightly movable) joints
Those are spine and pelvis and the joints
between the ribs and the sternum are
slightly movable joints, also they provide
more stability but not as much movement.
The bones are connected by cartilage in this
type of joint.
Fibrous(immovable) joints
those joints allow no movement, just
stability. They are held together by fibrous
connective tissue. For example skull is
made up of different bones and attached by
fibrous.

12. Muscles
There are different types of muscles, each with different
functions, but they all work to produce movement of the
body or to stabilize the body. Skeletal muscles are also
responsible for generating heat in the body to maintain
body temperature and help regulate blood sugar levels.
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle or striated muscle)
is muscle that you can consciously control. Skeletal
muscles run from one bone to another, usually
passing at least one joint. Each muscle is comprised
of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves and tendons.
Skeletal muscles are usually attached to the bone by
tendons.

13. When your brain tells a muscle to contract, it
shortens, pulling one bone towards another
across a joint. Muscles work in pairs, when one
shortens, a corresponding muscle lengthens. For
example, when you contract your bicep on the
front of your upper arm, your triceps on the
back of your upper arm lengthens. Physical
activity maintains or increases the strength of
skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscle plays an important part in
regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels, by taking
up glucose from the blood to use as fuel or to
store for later

14. Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is found inside blood vessels and
organs like the intestines. You can’t consciously
control smooth muscle. It contracts to move
substances through the organ, and so helps
regulate your blood pressure, airways and
digestion.
Cardiac muscle
The heart is made of special muscle called cardiac
muscle. You can’t control it consciously. It contracts
to make your heart beat under the control of the
heart’s inbuilt pacemaker, the sinoatrial node.

15. Disorder of muscular and skeleton system
Myasthenia gravis: It is the abnormal weakening
and rapid fatigue of certain muscles. It is due to
a breakdown in communication between nerves
and muscles.
Muscular Dystrophy: This is mostly hereditary. It
causes progressive weakness and degeneration
of skeletal muscle, which controls movement.
Tetany: It is caused due to low blood calcium
and is characterized by rapid or wild spasms.

16. •Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more
joints. Arthritis leads to the limited movement
of joints and pain.
Osteoporosis: The chances of contracting this
disease increase with age, resulting in reduced
bone mass and fragile bones, thus increasing the
chances of fracture. Low levels of estrogen are a
common cause.
Gout: This too is the inflammation of joints, but
due to an accumulation of uric acid crystals.

17. THANK YOU
GROUP-7